Ch AP Ter 1 Ancient Civilizations: Prehistory To Egypt
C h ap t e r1Ancient Civilizations:Prehistory to EgyptAncient Civilizations: Prehistory to Egypt1Chapter 11-4 Stonehenge, c. 2000 b.c.e., Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, Englandlearning objectives Understand the distinctive artistic, literary,and cultural accomplishments of the ancientcivilizations of Europe, Mesopotamia and Egypt.Hammurabi, Ashurbanipal, Mycerinus, Hatshepsut,and Akhenaten, and their historical importance forancient civilizations. Appreciate the important role that religion Discover the legacies left by ancientcivilizations—from the law code of Hammurabito the Egyptian concept of the afterlife.played in the life of the ancient civilizationsof Mesopotamia and Egypt. Discover what is known today about keyhistorical figures, such as Gudea, Naram-Sin,# 109449 Cust: Pearson Education / NJ / HSSL Au: Benton Pg. No. 1M01 BENT1621 01 SE CH01.indd1Title:Benton/DiYanni Hand book Server:C/M/Y/KShort / NormalDESIGN SERVICES OFS4carlisle07/11/12 12:31 PMPublishing Services
PrehistoryA n c i e n t C i v i l i z at i o n s: Pr eh i story t o E gy p tBackgroundChapter 12Homo sapiens, who had come into being around200,000 b.c.e. in Africa, began to supplant theNeanderthal homo erectus in Europe. Both homoerectus, said to have originated in Africa about1.8 million years ago, and homo sapiens weretoolmakers, who cooked with fire, wore skinsfor clothing, and buried their dead in ritualceremonies. The first historical evidence of aculture—socially transmitted behavior patterns,arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other productsof human work and thought—occurred about35,000 years ago. Sometime between 35,000and 10,000 b.c.e., at the end of the Paleolithicperiod, or Old Stone Age, the first objects thatcan be considered works of art began to appear.These objects expressed the values and beliefs ofthese early Paleolithic people.Paleolithic PeriodThe Paleolithic period corresponds to the geological Pleistocene era, known as the Ice Age. D uringthis era, glaciers moved over the European andAsian continents, forcing people to move south,around the Mediterranean and into Africa. Theseearly people were nomads. They followed herds ofbison, deer, horses, and mammoths, depending onthese animals for their existence.Neolithic PeriodBy 9500 b.c.e., during the Neolithic period, orNew Stone Age, humans began to farm. Theyplowed and planted seeds; they grew crops. Theydomesticated wild pigs, goats, sheep, and cattle.The former hunters and gatherers, thus, becameherders and farmers, and more permanent societies began to develop.Ritual and ReligionIt is believed that prehistoric art, religion, andritual were bound together, with images, words,and physical movement combined to improvethe chance of achieving success in the hunt.Religion and ritual are thought to have beenimportant for prehistoric peoples, used to provide some kind of control over nature and theirsurvival. It is conjectured that prayer, art, andritual enactments of the hunt fostered a kind ofsympathetic magic.ArtPaintings in the cave at Lascaux in southernFrance are believed to have been created between 15,000 and 13,000 b.c.e., the imagesprobably added over a long time (fig. 1-1). Extremely lifelike bison, horse, mammoth, reindeer, boar, and wolf demonstrate the artists’ keenobservation and ability to record an image remembered after the model was no longer beforethe eyes. These naturalistic objective documentsconvey a sense of the animals’ animation. Thepaintings were created by people who dependedon these animals for food.The fact that the paintings are deep insidethe cave, combined with the absence of evidenceof habitation where the paintings are locatedand the subject matter of the animals on which1-1 Wall paintings of animals, 15,000–13,000 b.c.e., Cave at Lascaux,Dordogne, France# 109449 Cust: Pearson Education / NJ / HSSL Au: Benton Pg. No. 2M01 BENT1621 01 SE CH01.indd2Title:Benton/DiYanni Hand book Server:C/M/Y/KShort / NormalDESIGN SERVICES OFS4carlisle07/11/12 12:32 PMPublishing Services
Global PerspectiveAustralia: Paintings of AnimalsAncient Civilizations: Prehistory to EgyptStone Age Australians lived a nomadic life of hunting and gathering. In northern Australia’sArnhem Land, “X-ray style” animals were painted on rocks from c. 2000 b.c.e. to today(fig. 1-2) by Aboriginals. The descriptively named style is characterized by the depictionof bones, internal organs, muscle, fat, and other physical details within the outlines of thebodies—a different form of realism than that found in the prehistoric cave paintings ofFrance. However, in Australia, as in France, food animals were depicted. Particularly notableare the X-ray paintings on rocks at Ubirr.3people relied for survival, have given rise to theso-called mother earth theory—by creating theseanimals in paint in the “womb” of mother earth,more actual animals will be created, facilitatinga successful hunt. The theory that animals werekilled in effigy before the hunt, thereby gainingcontrol over them, is supported by actual spearheads driven into some of the animals as well asthe painting of spears on animals, shown to bleedas a result of their injuries. Handprints are foundon animals, similarly suggesting human ability toobtain the animals.Depictions of the human figure are rarein Paleolithic art, and most of the few knownare sculpted female figures. Curiously, although animals are portrayed realistically, thesame is not true of humans in spite of thegreater possibility of working from a live model!The so-called Willendorf Woman (fig. 1-3), atiny stone figure, only 43 8 inches high, datedc. 25,000–20,000 b.c.e., is named for the placewhere she was found in western A ustria. Voluminous and voluptuous, she is emphatic andexpressive. Because hair covers most of herhead, she cannot have been intended to depicta specific recognizable individual. Perhaps sherepresents an ideal as well-fed at a time whenfood was scarce, or, if intended to be pregnant,to suggest fecundity.Prehistoric architecture survives only fromthe Neolithic period, and very little survives atall. Only megalithic—huge stone—structures remain. The most famous example is Stonehenge(see fig. 1-4 on p.1) in Wiltshire, England, builtc. 2000 b.c.e. A henge is a circle of stones orposts. Stonehenge is an example of a cromlech,Chapter 11-2 “X-ray style” animal painting, c. 2000 b.c.e.–present, Ubirr, Arnhem Land, AustraliaView the Closer Look on Stone Henge on myartslab.com# 109449 Cust: Pearson Education / NJ / HSSL Au: Benton Pg. No. 3M01 BENT1621 01 SE CH01.indd3Title:Benton/DiYanni Hand book Server:C/M/Y/KShort / NormalDESIGN SERVICES OFS4carlisle07/11/12 12:32 PMPublishing Services
MesopotamiaA n c i e n t C i v i l i z at i o n s: Pr eh i story t o E gy p tBackgroundChapter 14Mesopotamian civilization developed in the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers inwhat is present-day Iraq. The word M esopotamiais Greek for “the land between the rivers.”Mesopotamia was the most fertile land in the Near East, and possibly in the world. It washere that agriculture, or land cultivation, firstfully developed around 9000 b.c.e., Sometimearound 6000 b.c.e., people learned to mine anduse copper. By 3000 b.c.e., they were combiningtin with copper to make bronze; this marked thebeginning of the Bronze Age.Fundamentals of Civilization1-3 Willendorf Woman, c. 25,000–20,000 b.c.e.,limestone, height 43 8" (11 cm). NaturhistorischesMuseum, Viennaa henge having a religious purpose. The uprightstones, which are approximately 13½ feet high,form an outer circle and two inner circles orU shapes around a central stone. Stonehenge isbelieved to have been an enormous sun clock,based on the rising and setting sun in the summerand winter solstices, respectively. Stonehenge isconstructed using the post and l intel system. Inits simplest form, two vertical posts support a horizontal lintel. This is a static system of architecturalconstruction, subject only to the forces of gravity.Civilization requires many different components:technology, or tools, and special skills that giverise to trade; laws, for the regulation of society;governmental structures; cities, or permanentsettlements; and writing, through which cultureis transmitted. No one thing guarantees civilization. It is the combination and d evelopment ofscience, technology, agriculture, arts, architecture, law, literature, mathematics, science, andtechnology that constitute civilized life.Sumerians and AkkadiansThe Sumerians lived at the southern end of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. They founded theMesopotamian civilization between 3500 and3000 b.c.e. The height of Sumerian culturewas around 2800–2700 b.c.e. At that time,SpotlightBeerThe beer that people drink today is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting grainsand usually includes hops. However, the process of making beer was discovered nearly8,000 years ago, around 6000 b.c.e. in Sumeria. The Sumerians made beer out of halfbaked crusty loaves of bread, called bappir. They crumbled this bread into water, fermentedit, and then filtered the liquid through a basket. Surviving records indicate that about half ofeach grain harvest was used for the production of beer, including kassi, a black beer; kassag,fine black beer; and kassagsaan, the finest premium beer.# 109449 Cust: Pearson Education / NJ / HSSL Au: Benton Pg. No. 4M01 BENT1621 01 SE CH01.indd4Title:Benton/DiYanni Hand book Server:C/M/Y/KShort / NormalDESIGN SERVICES OFS4carlisle07/11/12 12:32 PMPublishing Services
ArtSumerian temples were built on raised stepped platforms made of brick known as ziggurats, asthat at Ur [El Muqeiyar], Iraq (fig. 1-5) View the image on myartslab.comViewthetheimageimage onon myartslab.com , which was# 109449 Cust: Pearson Education / NJ / HSSL Au: Benton Pg. No. 5M01 BENT1621 01 SE CH01.indd5Title:Benton/DiYanni Hand book Server:C/M/Y/KShort / Normal5Chapter 1constructed c. 2500–2050 b.c.e. Because littlestone was available, the ziggurat is constructedof sunbaked mud brick. The walls are battered,or sloping inward towards the walls, making themstronger than vertical walls, because they are selfbuttressing. The walls are constructed with small,regularly placed weeper holes, through which water that collected in the masonry ran out. The 1-6 Standing Man, c. 2600 b.c.e., from TellAsmar, white gypsum with limestone and shellziggurat of Ur demonstrates the use of specific orientation in architecture because the corners point insets, height c. 11¾" (29.8 cm). Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYnorth, south, east, and west. The lower levels wereoriginally covered with dirt and planted with trees,creating the effect of a mountain with a temple onhimself placed in the shrines—about twenty stattop, a practice explained by the Sumerian belief ues remain, all small in scale. Gudea may sit orthat gods lived on mountaintops, bringing themstand, but his pose does not bend, twist, or sugcloser to heaven.gest movement. He is always serene and forceSumerian stone statues, as that seen inful, his hands firmly clasped, the tension of thefig. 1-6, are readily recognizable: all are small inarms revealed by the carefully rendered muscles.size, with large eyes, a continuous eyebrow, andThe conventionalized face, typical of Sumeriana facial expression of astonishment. Most Sume- sculpture, has huge eyes and a single eyebrow.rian figures are religious or commemorative inAlthough well-preserved examples ofpurpose. While some may represent gods, others Sumerian painting do not survive, related is amay represent worshipers, for it appears that Su- double-sided commemorative panel (fig. 1-8),merians might have a statue do their worshipingfrom Ur, dated c. 2700–2600 b.c.e. The figuresare made of shell or mother-of-pearl, inlaid infor them, in their place, as a sort of stone standin. An inscription on one such statue translates, bitumen, with the background formed from pieces“It offers prayers,” while another inscription says, of lapis-lazuli and bits of red limestone. Scenesof war are portrayed, with events arranged in“Statue say unto my king (god). . . .”Known by name is Gudea (fig. 1-7) View thehorizontalrows.On the top row, the king—tallerimage onmyartslab.comthetheimagethan anyone else, his head breaking through theViewimageonon myartslab.com , ruler of Lagash (Telloh) in Sumer. Gudea had statues of border—steps out of his chariot to inspect theAncient Civilizations: Prehistory to Egypt ilgamesh, Sumer’s most famous king, ruledGUruk, an important city-state. Each Sumeriancity-state had its own local ruler and god. Theking served as an intermediary between the localgod and the people. The city’s buildings wereclustered around the god’s temple.Under the leadership of King Sargon I, whoruled c. 2332–2279 b.c.e., and his grandsonand successor, Naram-Sin, the Akkadian peopleconquered Sumer. The heads of the Sumeriancity-states became slaves to the king of Akkad;he became a god to them.DESIGN SERVICES OFS4carlisle07/11/12 12:32 PMPublishing Services
A n c i e n t C i v i l i z at i o n s: Pr eh i story t o E gy p tThe king, again largest,and his officers sit inchairs and drink. On thetwo lower rows, bootytaken in battle, including animals, is paradedbefore them.An important example of art from Akkad,located north of Sumerin the Valley of the TigrisRiver, is the Victory Stele1-8 Double-sided panel, c. 2700–2600 b.c.e., from Ur, shell or mother-of- of Naram-Sin (fig. 1-9),pearl, bitumen, lapis-lazuli, red limestone, c. 8 19" (20.3 48.3 cm). c. 2300–2200 b.c.e. A steleBritish Museum, Londonis a vertical slab of stonethat serves as a marker; this stele is 6½ feet highand glorifies King Naram-Sin, shown in triumph.He is depicted as larger than anyone else, aboveeveryone else, and wearing the horned crownof the gods. The setting consists of mountains,trees, and starlike emblems of Naram-Sin’s protecting gods.ReligionLike most early religions, Sumerian religion focused on seasonal fertility and was p olytheistic,having many gods and goddesses. These divinities possessed human forms and personalities.Though they were anthropomorphic, they wereimmortal. The four chief gods were Anu, theheaven god; Ninhursag, the mother goddess;Enlil, the god of air; and Enki, the god of water.Chapter 16LiteratureGilgamesh1-9 Victory Stele of Naram-Sin,c. 2300–2200 b.c.e., limestone, height 6' 6"(1.98 m). Musée du Louvre, Pariscaptives. On the two lower rows are soldiers wearing metal helmets, cloaks, and fleece kilts, and riding in four-wheeled chariots. On the other side ofthe panel, the victory feast is shown on the top row.The oldest major literary work in the world isthe Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, which datesc. 1900–1600 b.c.e. Legends about G ilgameshwere told but not recorded until hundreds ofyears after his death. The Gilgamesh stories werewritten down by the Akkadians, a people whospoke a language related to both Hebrew andArabic. The earliest version of the epic was notdiscovered until the seventh century b.c.e., whenit was found in the library of the Assyrian kingAshurbanipal (669–627 b.c.e.).View the Closer Look for the Stele of Naram-Sin on myartslab.com# 109449 Cust: Pearson Education / NJ / HSSL Au: Benton Pg. No. 6M01 BENT1621 01 SE CH01.indd6Title:Benton/DiYanni Hand book Server:C/M/Y/KShort / NormalDESIGN SERVICES OFS4carlisle07/11/12 12:32 PMPublishing Services
SpotlightThe First Poet: EnheduannaThe Epic of Gilgamesh includes elements of folklore, legend,and myth. The work is compiled of what were at first separatestories. Some were about Gilgamesh. Others concerned Enkidu, aprimeval human figure; Utnapishtim, an early version of the biblicalNoah; and a number of other figures. The epic describes the positiveinfluences that Gilgamesh and Enkidu have on one another, theirdeveloping friendship, and their heroic adventures. An additionalsection concerning Gilgamesh in the underworld forms a kind ofepilogue.Gilgamesh’s adventures raise a number of questions, including:1.2.3.4.What is the relationship between humans and their gods?How are human beings linked with the world of nature?What are the obligations of friendship, family, and public duty?How should humans deal with their mortality?Enheduanna’s Hymn to InannaGilgamesh and the Bible: Two Flood Stories7Chapter 1There are strong parallels between Sumerian mythology andthe stories in the biblical book of Genesis. For instance, anepisode in the Epic of Gilgamesh describes a huge flood thatinundated Mesopotamia around 2900 b.c.e. This is similar tothe story of Noah and the flood in Genesis.Lady of all powers,In whom light appears,Radiant oneBeloved of Heaven and Earth,Tiara-crownedPriestess of the Highest God,My Lady, you are the guardianOf all greatness.Ancient Civilizations: Prehistory to EgyptThe earliest known poet was from Mesopotamia and wrote in the Sumerian language. Hername was Enheduanna, and she was the daughter of the Akkadian king Sargon. Her bestknown poems are hymns to gods and goddesses, most notably to Inanna, the Sumeriangoddess of love.Critical ThinkingHow might you account for the fact that two stories of great floodsappear in the literary and religious writings of two different civilizations and cultures?The Oldest Love PoemIn the Istanbul Museum of the Ancient Orient, there is a 4,000-yearold cuneiform tablet that contains a Sumerian love poem. Part of ittranslates: “Bridegroom dear to my heart, goodly is your beauty, honeysweet. You have captivated me, let me stand trembling before you;Bridegroom, I would be taken to the bedchamber.” This may very wellbe the oldest written expression of sexual desire.Read the Epic of Gilgamesh on myartslab.com# 109449 Cust: Pearson Education / NJ / HSSL Au: Benton Pg. No. 7M01 BENT1621 01 SE CH01.indd7Title:Benton/DiYanni Hand book Server:C/M/Y/KShort / NormalDESIGN SERVICES OFS4carlisle07/11/12 12:32 PMPublishing Services
A n c i e n t C i v i l i z at i o n s: Pr eh i story t o E gy p tBabylonians, Assyrians, PersiansChapter 18The Akkadian kingdom lasted less than 200 years. For the next300 years, until about 1900 b.c.e., Mesopotamia was in a state ofconstant conflict. In 1792 b.c.e., Hammurabi [hamoo-RAH-bee], thefirst great king of Babylon, united the city-states of Akkad and Sumerunder his rule. One of Hammurabi’s great accomplishments was tocreate a code of laws, which is the earliest known written body of laws.The 282 laws are arranged in six chapters:1.2.3.4.5.6.personal propertylandtradefamilymistreatmentlabor, including wagesA stele was inscribed with the Law Code of H ammurabi(fig. 1-10), c. 1760 b.c.e. Both a legal document and a workof art, the relief at the top shows enthroned Shamash, theIf anyone brings an accusation of any crimesun god who controlled plant life and weather, dispelledbefore the elders, and does not prove whathe has charged, he shall, if a capital offenseevil spirits of disease, and personified righteousness andis charged, be put to death.justice—appropriate for a law code. Hammurabi appears toIf a builder builds a house for someone, andconverse with Shamash, from whom he receives the laws.does not construct it properly, and the housewhich he built falls in and kills its owner,Babylon fell to the Kassite people about 1550 b.c.e.the builder shall be put to death.After a short period, the Assyrian culture began aroundIf a son strikes his father, his hands shall bethe middle of the second millennium b.c.e. The Assyrianshewn off.If a man takes a woman as a wife, but has no interachieved significant power around 900 b.c.e. Their rulecourse with her, this woman is no wife to him.lasted until 612 b.c.e., when Nebuchadneszzar II [neyIf a man strikes a free-born woman so thatbook-ad-NEZ-zahr], r. 604–562 b.c.e., defeated them. In hisshe loses her unborn child, he shall pay tenshekels for her loss.reign the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of theIf a man puts out the eye of an equal, his eyeSeven Wonders of the World, was created.shall be put out.In 539 b.c.e., the king of Persia, Cyrus II (r. 559–If a man knocks the teeth out of another man,his own teeth will be knocked out.530 b.c.e.), took over Babylon. The Persians had risen to powerby the sixth century b.c.e. By 480 b.c.e., their empire extendedfrom the Indus River in the east to the Danube in the north.Perhaps the most lasting innovation made by Persian culturewas in religion. The prophet Zoroaster, or Zarathustra (c. 600 b.c.e.),developed a dualistic religion, or one that is based on two opposingideas. In dualistic religion, two forces, light and darkness, good andevil, contended for supremacy. Some ideas from the Zoroastrianreligion influenced Christianity later in the writings of St. Augustine.Some Laws from the Codeof HammurabiArtBetween the ninth and seventh centuries b.c.e., stone guardians(fig. 1-11), placed at gateways, were an Assyrian style. These composite creatures combine the body of a lion, wings of a bird, andhead of a man. Further, they are a curious combination of relief andsculpture in the round. When viewed from the front, two front legsare visible. Seen from the side, four legs are visible and the creature# 109449 Cust: Pearson Education / NJ / HSSL Au: Benton Pg. No. 8M01 BENT1621 01 SE CH01.indd8Title:Benton/DiYanni Hand book Server:C/M/Y/KShort / NormalDESIGN SERVICES OFS4carlisle07/11/12 12:32 PMPublishing Services
Ancient Civilizations: Prehistory to Egypt1-11 Human-headed Winged Lion, 883–859 b.c.e.,Neo-Assyrian period, reign of Ashurnasirpal II, frompalace, Nimrud, gypsum alabaster, height10' 3½" (3.14 m). Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYappears to be walking. But, to make this monsterappear correct both from the front and the side,the sculptor has generously endowed him withfive legs! A great quantity of stylized, carefullyincised ornament encrusts the surface; the loveof surface pattern seen here is typically Assyrian.Other than gateway guardians, Assyriansculpture consists mostly of carved stone reliefsset into the walls of the buildings. The instability of life in ancient Assyria is reflected in theemphasis on military subjects in art, which arehistorical documents of actual events, often arranged chronologically. The limestone relief ofthe Sack of the City of Hamanu by Ashurbanipal(fig. 1-12) from his palace at Nineveh (Kuyunjik)was carved c. 650 b.c.e. The Assyrians werethe first to attempt large-scale narrative reliefsdepicting specific events. The story is clearlytold: buildings burn; soldiers tear down buildingswith pick axes; and pieces of the buildings fallthrough the air. Soldiers carry contraband downthe hill.Persian art is found in a large geographicalarea, a portion of which is known today as Iran—yet the art continues to be referred to as Persian.The huge Palace at Persepolis was decoratedwith stone reliefs, including that depicting TributeBearers Bringing Offerings, carved c. 490 b.c.e.Twenty-three different nations of the empire arerepresented by people of various racial typeswearing their local costumes. The groups ofChapter 11-10 Stele with Law Code of Hammurabi,c. 1760 b.c.e., basalt, height c. 7' (2.13 m).Musée du Louvre, Paris9Read the Code of Hammurabi on myartslab.com# 109449 Cust: Pearson Education / NJ / HSSL Au: Benton Pg. No. 9M01 BENT1621 01 SE CH01.indd9Title:Benton/DiYanni Hand book Server:C/M/Y/KShort / NormalDESIGN SERVICES OFS4carlisle07/11/12 12:33 PMPublishing Services
A n c i e n t C i v i l i z at i o n s: Pr eh i story t o E gy p t1-12 Sack of the City of Hamanu by Ashurbanipal, c. 650 b.c.e.,stone relief, from the palace of Ashurbanipal, Nineveh. BritishMuseum, LondonChapter 110figures are divided by cedar trees, the ancienttree of life. Remaining traces of pigment indicate that the reliefs were once brightly colored.The ancient Persian preference was for precisetechnical execution, pattern, and symmetry. ThePalace of Persepolis was burned in 330 b.c.by Alexander the Great (356–323 b.c.e.), whodefeated Persia.EgyptBackgroundAncient Egyptian civilization developed slowlyfrom about 5000 b.c.e. to approximately3100 b.c.e. without a central government. Egyptwas divided into an Upper Egypt and a LowerEgypt, which were united by King Narmer around3100 b.c.e. This historical event is documented onthe Palette of Narmer (fig. 1-13), carved of slate,c. 3100 b.c.e. On the front, Narmer and histroops examine the decapitated enemy dead. Onthe back, Narmer is about to strike an enemy.Narmer is depicted wearing the crown of UpperEgypt on one side and ofLower Egypt on the other.After unification, Egyptianhistory is divided into thirtydynasties. Life was usuallysecure in ancient Egypt.The fertility of the NileRiver valley contributed toa permanent agriculturalsociety. The surroundingdeserts made invasiondifficult. The king, latercalled “pharaoh,” was theabsolute ruler and wasconsidered divine. A classof priests and governmentbureaucratsadministered the country. Stabilitywas ensured by a highly centralized organizationalstructure. A sense of orderand continuity pervadedEgypt for thousands ofyears.Old, Middle, and New KingdomsThe Old Kingdom (c. 2686–c. 2181 b.c.e.) wasa time of political turmoil and social instability inEgypt.After the collapse of the Old Kingdom, aperiod of political and social turmoil followed.For more than 150 years, no dynasty couldreunite the country as Narmer had a thousandyears earlier. In about 2040 b.c.e., Mentuhotep II,from Thebes, subdued Upper and Lower Egypt,inaugurating the Middle Kingdom. The countryprospered during this period, as much authoritywas delegated to regional governors.Following the collapse of the Middle Kingdom, another period of instability occurred. In1674 b.c.e., a Mediterranean tribe, the Hyksos,invaded northern Egypt with bronze weaponsand horse-drawn chariots. For over 200 years,Egypt was again divided, with order reestablishedin 1552 b.c.e. It is believed that through contactwith the Hyksos, Egypt entered the Bronze Age.The New Kingdom that resulted was the most# 109449 Cust: Pearson Education / NJ / HSSL Au: Benton Pg. No. 10 C / M / Y / KM01 BENT1621 01 SE CH01.indd10Title:Benton/DiYanni Hand book Server:Short / NormalDESIGN SERVICES OFS4carlisle07/11/12 12:33 PMPublishing Services
By combining pictograms like these with others, more complex ideas—ideograms—could berepresented. A bird next to an egg symbolizedfertility. Two crossed lines meant “hatred” or“enmity”; two parallel lines signified “friendship”:Ancient Writing:Cuneiform and HieroglyphicsBy about 3000 b.c.e., the people of ancientMesopotamia were using a type of writing calledcuneiform, characterized by wedge-shaped characters. The original purpose of this writing wasto keep agricultural records. Cuneiform writingbegan as a system of simple symbolic pictures.For example, the symbol for cow was an abstractpicture of a cow’s head:But the pictographs were abstracted further. Andso the symbol for cow changed:11Chapter 1brilliant period in Egyptian history. It lasted morethan 300 years, when it came under the influence of Assyria, and later lost its independenceto Persia about 525 b.c.e.Ancient Civilizations: Prehistory to Egypt1-13 Palette of Narmer, front and back, c. 3100 b.c.e., first dynasty, slate, height 25" (63.5 cm).Egyptian Museum, CairoAround 2000 b.c.e., pictograms became associated with sounds. This was the basis for thedevelopment of phonetic writing, which we usetoday.Ancient Egyptians used a pictographic writing called hieroglyphics. For centuries, scholarsthought that the “glyphs” used in hieroglyphicsrepresented complete ideas rather than unitsof sound. Until 1822, the meaning of the hieroglyphics was unknown. In that year, a Frenchman, Jean François Champollion, decipheredthe Rosetta Stone (fig. 1-14), a large stone fragment found near the town of Rosetta in the NileDelta. Incised on the stone is a decree in honorView the Closer Look for the Palette of Narmer on myartslab.com# 109449 Cust: Pearson Education / NJ / HSSL Au: Benton Pg. No. 11 C / M / Y / KM01 BENT1621 01 SE CH01.indd11Title:Benton/DiYanni Hand book Server:Short / NormalDESIGN SERVICES OFS4carlisle07/11/12 12:33 PMPublishing Services
A n c i e n t C i v i l i z at i o n s: Pr eh i story t o E gy p tChapter 112The one exception to Egyptian polytheismis the attempt to develop a monotheistic religion,or the belief in a single supreme being, by theruler Amenhotep IV, also known as Akhenaten.This monotheistic religious direction was linkedwith Akhenaten’s desire to consolidate power,thereby providing an early historical example ofhow religion and political power were connected.KarmaKarma means action; it involves a kind of moralcause and effect, in which one’s actions affectmoral development. The form in which a personis reincarnated depends on one’s actions; karmaplaces responsibility for one’s actions on one’sself. The law of karma suggests that the presentcondition of one’s life has been determined byactions in previous existences.1-14 Rosetta Stone, c. 196 b.c.e., basalt. BritishMuseum, Londonof the Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy V (196 b.c.e.) inthree different languages, one of which is Egyptian hieroglyphics.Critical ThinkingWhy do you think writing became so importantin the ancient world? What was gained with theinvention of writing? What do you think was lost?ReligionAncient Egyptian religion was polytheistic, meaning there were several gods. Among the mostimportant gods were those of the cosmic forces,including the sun, earth, sky, air, and water. TheNile River was worshipped as a deity. Thesenatural forces were often depicted as animalsor humans, or as combinations of the two. Thesun, for example, was portrayed sometimes as afalcon and other times as a falcon-headed manwearing a sun disk as a crown.Among the most important of the Egyptiangods was Osiris, whose worship spread throughout the country. The legend of Osiris’s
Ancient c iviliz A tions: Prehistory to e gy P t 1 Chapter 1 Ancient Civilizations: Prehistory to Egypt ch1AP ter Understand the distinctive artistic, literary, and cultural accomplishments of the ancient civilizations of Europe, Mesopotamia and Egypt. Appreciate the important role that religion played
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Ancient Aliens Introduction: “Ancient Aliens” is a television series about possible links between ancient religions and their texts, great structures, unexplained artifacts, mythology, and many other subjects to the existence of ancient alien
Ancient Egypt Vocabulary (cont.) 13. Nubia—ancient civilization located to the south of Egypt 14. Old Kingdom—period in ancient Egyptian history from 2686 B.C. to 2181 B.C. 15. papyrus—a plant that was used to make paper 16. pharaoh—ancient Egyptian ruler who was believed to be part god and part human 17. phonogram—a picture that stands for the sound of a letter
2.2 Ancient Near East Bard, K.A. (ed.) 1999. Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt. [R 932.003 ENC - articles on various aspects of Ancient Egypt and not only Archaeology] Bienkowski, P. & Millard, A. 2000. Dictionary of the Ancient Near East. London: British Museum Press.
Hickey, Eva E; Davis, Adam J; Keller, Tonya K JCN Q4007, Task 12, Rev Subtask 4 -North Anna ETE Q4007 T12 Rev Sbtk 4, Revised Draft TER.pdf Elinor, Attached is a revised draft of the TER for North Anna ETE, under JCN Q4007, Task 12, Subtask 4. Please let me know if you have any questions. Thanks, Tonya Keller Project Specialist
1 Het onderzoek ter zitting, Groningen 1999, p. 21-22. 2 Zie: ‘Positie OM in relatie tot het onderzoek ter terecht zitting; de tenlas telegging als grondslag voor het strafproces’, in: Het onderzoek ter zitting. Eerste interimrapport onderzoeksproject Strafvorderi ng 2001, Groningen 1999, p. 179-194 (A.E. Harteveld).
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is produced to comply with ASTM C167-64, the "Standard Test Method for Thickness and Density of Blanket- or Batt-Type Thermal Insulating Material". Wool fiberglass insulation production lines usually consist of the following processes: (1) preparation of molten glass, (2) formation of fibers into a wool fiberglass mat, (3) curing the binder-coated fiberglass mat, (4) cooling the mat, and (5 .
