Health Impact Assessment For The Environmental Impact Assessment Of The .
HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTFOR THEENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTOF THEDUNDEE PRECIOUS METALS TSUMEBSMELTER EXPANSION PROJECTPROFESSOR J E MYERSDECEMBER 2016 revised 31 January 2019
Page 2DUNDEE PRECIOUS METALS TSUMEB: SMELTEREXPANSION COMMUNITY HEALTH STUDY AND HEALTHIMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE EIAEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis Community Health study and Health Impact Assessment has been undertaken aspart of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Amendment processbeing undertaken for the Dundee Precious Metals Tsumeb (DPMT) proposed upgradingof the Tsumeb Smelter to increase production by 54%.As the key emissions ofconcern related to the smelter operations are sulphur dioxide (SO2) and arsenic, theassessment focused mainly on these aspects as the priority hazards related tocommunity health. No new occupational and community health hazards are expecteddue to the proposed project and only the existing hazards are thus discussed. Impactswere assessed cumulatively to current baseline conditions being experienced.KEY FINDINGSBaseline ConditionsAmbient air quality monitoring shows that since the installation of the Sulphuric AcidPlant, residential areas in Tsumeb rarely experience exceedances of the World HealthOrganisation (WHO) daily limits for SO2. Short-term exceedances of the hourly limitsare, however, still being experienced in the northern parts of the town which can causetemporary mild upper respiratory symptoms of cough and throat irritation.Lessfrequently, more severe lower respiratory symptoms may be experienced. A survey ofresidents showed that compared with Oshakati (which is a completely unexposed
Page 3control area) there is evidence of respiratory symptoms being significantly moreprevalent in Tsumeb. Long-term monitoring data shows that the SO2 exposures to thecommunity, however, continue to decline. This was confirmed by the results of therespiratory health questionnaire survey in the community health study conducted in2016.Measured urine arsenic levels indicate that there is some systemic overexposure forTsumeb residents as a whole compared with Oshakati. The geometric mean forinorganic arsenic is actually well below the most conservative occupational hygienestandard (ACGIH BEI). A small number of high exposure outliers were foundinOndundu in Town North which is likely related to behaviours such as hand to mouthand ingestion. In other areas of Tsumeb where most of the population resides, arsenicin urine levels were found to be closer to those in Oshakati, which were similar to globalreference values.When considering the likely arsenic exposure pathways to the closest communities,airborne arsenic levels in PM10 samples often exceed the European Union’s annualcriteria limit, but levels are low and unlikely to impact urine arsenic levels, or to pose ameaningful lung cancer risk for most Tsumeb residents. Ongoing measures to controlfugitive dust emissions from the smelter complex is, however, still to be prioritised.Similarly, drinking water was also not identified as a source of significant arsenicexposure to Tsumeb residents. Mean values for arsenic in drinking water in allresidential areas in and around Tsumeb are well below the WHO and Namibian arsenicexposure limits.Despite all measured values being below WHO limits there isnevertheless a significant trend with small increases of arsenic in water levels the closerthe residential area was to the smelter. Drinking water is not a source of significantarsenic exposure to residents.Preliminary results of a recent soil sampling campaign identified numerous historic minedump sites outside of the smelter boundary and in close proximity to residential areaslike Ondundu in the north of town. These samples showed elevated levels of arsenic
Page 4and it is most likely to be a contributor to arsenic exposure for residents in that area viathe soil exposure pathway and dust inhalation from disturbance of these areas.The community study also found that significant determinants of inorganic urinaryarsenic included recent contact with the smelter, especially having household memberswho work at the smelter. This means that some arsenic is being brought home onclothes, shoes, bags and vehicles and other objects, and is finding its way probably viathe hand-to-mouth route and ingestion to household members.For Ondundu only, growing vegetables and fruit, and picking wild fruit, vegetables andedible insects locally also contributes to the urine arsenic burden among residents.In summary, for the baseline situation at the current smelter throughput capacity,ambient air quality monitoring has shown continuous improvement across all measuredparameters, however, an irritant burden from SO 2 emissions is still experiencedperiodically. Arsenic in air levels are low and are unlikely to be cause elevated urinearsenic levels. Drinking water is also not a source of significant arsenic exposure. Soil,hand-to-mouth behaviour and eating wild plants from contaminated areas are the mostlikely sources of arsenic exposure.Project scenarioIt is expected that with the higher concentrate throughput capacity, SO 2 emissionswould also increase. Modelling data have shown that with the efficient utilisation of thesulphuric acid plant, it is not expected that exceedances of the long term criteria wouldbe experienced outside of the smelter boundary. Exceedances of the hourly criteriamight, however, still be experienced during upset plant conditions, leading to temporaryrespiratory irritation.Modelled data for concentrate throughput, showed that for arsenic in air levels in thecommunity, and urine arsenic levels in smelter employees, the likely cumulative impactof a 54% increase in production throughput is expected to be very low.
Page 5Other Environmetal Health IndicatorsReference is made in the report to available data on other general environmental healthindicators in order to identify project risks for DPMT. Of these, housing and respiratoryissues (e.g. Tuberculosis), sexually transmitted infections such as HIV/AIDS, soil,water, sanitation and waste related diseases, food and nutrition related issues and noncommunicable diseases were rated as high risk areas. These ratings are, however, notsurprising or alarming when compared with baseline conditions in other parts of subSaharan Africa. A well designed internal health management plan aligned with existingMinistry of Health and local municipal strategies and priorities would significantlymitigate any negative effects and accentuate benefits, e.g. contributions to local healthcare services which DPMT is already contributing to as part of its Corporate SocialResponsibility.RECOMMENDATIONSRecommended actions are provided for reducing SO2 and arsenic exposures tocommunity residents, and also to smelter employees.On balance, with the necessary strengthening of the smelter’s industrial hygienecapacity and increasing application to controlling sources of fugitive emissions in thesmelter, the overall levels of arsenic and SO2 exposures will in all likelihood continue todecline, notwithstanding a 54% increase in production. The largest positive impactscome from the closure of the arsenic plant, and the remediation of legacy waste in thesmelter precinct.Progress should be monitored in two ways - continued collection of routine data fromthe monitoring stations; and periodic surveillance of arsenic levels in soil, locally grownand consumed vegetables, fruit and insects, house dust, and urine of members of thecommunity, in Ondundu in particular.The first of these periodic surveillanceprogrammes was undertaken in the fourth quarter of 2018, with data currently beinganalysed. Health surveillance should additionally focus on the principal adverse healtheffect of lung cancer. The Namibian Government should consider setting up a cancerregistry.
Page 6TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARYCONTENTS1. BACKGROUNDPROJECT MOTIVATIONEconomicCompatibility with key policy and planning guidanceSTUDY SCOPESTUDY AREA AND PROJECT AREA OF INFLUENCETEMPORAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY LOCATIONCLIMATIC CONDITIONSTemperatureRainfallWind2. OVERVIEW OF THE SMELTER PROCESSES AND PLANTOPERATIONSReceiving BayTop Submerged Lance (TSL) FurnacePeirce Smith Convertor FurnaceSlag millRevertsPower PlantOxygen PlantArsenic PlantSulphuric acid plantWaste sites (active and historical)Ancillary operations3. THE POTENTIALLY AFFECTED COMMUNITY (PACCommunity Health HazardsCommunity Stakeholder ConcernsSensitve Community Receptors and Exposure 303132323232324. LIMITATIONS405. METHODS41HIA METHODOLOGYEnvironmental Health Areas (EHAs)Baseline Health study with emphasis on #7 EHAGeneral ObjectivesImpact AssessmentRisk Assessment Methods414246464649
Page 7COMMUNITY RESIDENTS STUDY METHODSHazards AssessmentExposure AnalysisRisk CharacterisationRisk ManagementDifferent management scenarios6. RESULTSNAMIBIAN HEALTH PROFILE :EHA 1 - 6 & 8 - 12EHA#1 Housing and Respiratory IssuesEHA#2 Vector-related diseaseEHA#3 Sexually transmitted infectionsEHA#4 Soil, water, sanitation and waste related diseasesEHA#5 Food and nutritionEHA#6 InjuryEHA#7 ToxicologyEHA#8 Social determinants of healthEHA#9 Cultural health practicesEHA#10 Health services infrastructure and capacityEHA#11 Non communicable diseasesEHA#12 Zoonotic diseasesRISK RATING RESULTS FOR EHA 1 - 12EHA#1 Housing and Respiratory IssuesEHA#2 Vector-related diseaseEHA#3 Sexually transmitted infectionsEHA#4 Soil, water, sanitation and waste related diseasesEHA#5 Food and nutritionEHA#6 InjuryEHA#7 ToxicologyEHA#8 Social determinants of healthEHA#9 Cultural health practicesEHA#10 Health services infrastructure and capacityEHA#11 Non communicable diseasesEHA#12 Zoonotic diseasesSummary ratingsAdditional risk rating results for EHA # 7: community healthbaseline study focussing on Arsenic and SO2 57678808284858788
Page 8COMMUNITY RESIDENTS BASELINE HEALTH STUDYFINDINGS89REVIEW OF THE DUNDEE SMELTER ROUTINE AIR QUALITY DATAAND ESTIMATION OF THE IMPACT OF AIRBORNE POLLUTANTSON HEALTH90Exposure standards for air pollutants of concernParticulate matter (PM10)Sulphur dioxide (SO2)Bioavailable ArsenicData sources used for community studyPM10SO2Arsenic in PM10Summary of airborne pollutant findingsMEASUREMENT OF ARSENIC IN TSUMEB DRINKING WATERAVAILABLE TO TSUMEB RESIDENTS ANDASSESSMENT OF ITS HEALTH IMPACTSources of dataDrinking water pollution findingsSummary of arsenic in drinking water studyRESPIRATORY HEALTH SYMPTOMSAsthma-related symptomsBurney 1Burney 2Burney 3Pekkanen scoreSummary of asthma-related symptoms in relation to SO2Odour perceptionSymptoms of irritation due to SO2URINE ARSENIC LEVELS IN COMMUNITY RESIDENTSComparing Tsumeb and OshakatiComparing Tsumeb suburbs and OshakatiGenderAgeGender and age combinedDietOther potential determinants of arsenic in urinetobaccovisited the smelterGrowing one’s own vegetablespicking wild fruitExceedances of the upper limit of normalthe 95th percentile of the Oshakati 118119117117120121121123128129130131132133
Page 9PAST COMPARATIVE DATA FOR TSUMEB (2011) ANDGROOTFONTEIN (2012)136The 2011 study by Mapani et al.136The Namibian Government Study 2012138Summary of urine arsenic findings in the community study 140SUMMARY OF EXPOSURES FROM ALL PATHWAYS142Water pathway142Air pathway142Soil pathway143Food pathway145Hand to mouth pathway146Integration of all pathways in urine arsenic147DUNDEE SMELTER EXPANSION ENVIRONMENTAL (ANDOCCUPATIONAL) LUNG CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT148Occupational hygiene exposure measurements148Community exposures149MODELLING OF THE HEALTH IMPACT OF 54% INCREASEDPRODUCTION THROUGHPUT152The nature of scaled up operations152Occupational Health Impact154Impacts based on qualitative assessments155Modelling of the impact of increased production on urinearsenic levels156Environmental health impact160Modelling of the impact of increased production onarsenic in PM10 measured at the monitoring stations160Summary of impact of a 54% production increase160Scenario 1165Scenario 21657. SUMMARY OF HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT163Criteria for Assessing Impacts163Community Health Impact for Tsumeb as a whole for Arsenic 164Community Health Impact for Ondundu for Arsenic exposure 165Community health impact for Tsumeb as a whole for SO21668. APPENDICESAPPENDIX 1: TOXICOLOGY OF ARSENICAPPENDIX 2: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIREAPPENDIX 3: GLOSSARY OF VARIABLESFROM COMMUNITY STUDYAPPENDIX 4: LABORATORY ANALYTIC METHODSAPPENDIX 5: MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDSASSOCIATED WITH PLANT OPERATIONS16716718218619190
Page 10LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1:Regional setting of Tsumeb smelter17Figure 2:Local setting of the Tsumeb smelter18Figure 3Site Location20Figure 4:Layout of the smelter site21Figure 5:Annual Rainfall recorded in Tsumeb (1914-2009)22Figure 6:Average Monthly Rainfall Data recorded at Tsumeb (1914-2009)23Figure 7:Tsumeb Period Average Wind Roses (2006)24Figure 8:Figure 9 :Tsumeb Seasonal Wind Roses (2006)The production process2526Figure 10:Exposure zones and residential suburbs in Tsumeb39Figure 11:Conceptual site model showing sources and pathways of exposures toreceptors40Figure 12:Figure 13:HIA 5 x 5 Risk MatrixIHME estimates for Burden of Disease and Healthcare access5165Figure 14:Map of monitoring stations94Figure 15:Water scheme layout in Tsumeb106Figure 16:Generic Box and Whisker Plot110Figure 17:Arsenic levels in water by residential area111Figure 18:Total arsenic levels in μg/g by residential areas123Figure 19:Total arsenic levels in μg/g by residential areas withone outlier removed in Oshakati124Figure 20:Inorganic arsenic in μg/g by residential area125Figure 21:Inorganic arsenic in μg/g by residential area with one outlierremoved from area 2 (Town North)125Extent of pollution with Arsenic in topsoil and the rhizosphere144Figure 22:Figure 23:Relative risks for lung cancer (ATSDR)149Figure 24:Diagram showing changes in the production process with the expansion154
Page 11LIST OF TABLESTable 1:Long-Term Average Monthly Temperatures in Tsumeb22Table 2:Environmental Health Areas (EHAs)44Table 3:Results for the 11 EHAs56Table 4:Summary risk ratings87Table 5:PM10 and SO2 exceedances for the residential areas of Tsumeb in 201696Table 6:Trends in annual average PM10 concentrations in ug/m397Table 7:Burden of disease due to air pollution98Table 8:Trends in annual average SO2 concentrations in ug/m3100Table 9:Arsenic in PM10 monitoring results at 5 monitoring stations102Table 10:Arsenic in water levels109Table 11:Burney 1 asthma-related symptoms114Table 12:Burney 2 asthma-related symptoms115Table 13:Burney 3 asthma-related symptoms115Table 14:The Pekkanen score for asthma-relatedness116Table 15:Perception of strong unpleasant odour118Table 16:Frequency of malodorous incidents for those who perceived the problem116Table 17:Symptoms of SO2 irritation120Table 18:Total urine arsenic by location121Table 19:Inorganic urine arsenic by location122Table 20:Total arsenic μg/g by residential area126Table 21:Inorganic arsenic μg/g by residential area126Table 22:Different Arsenic species and their relation to sources of Arsenic128Table 23:Female urine arsenic levels by residential areas128Table 24:Male urine arsenic levels by residential area128Table 25:Child urine arsenic levels by residential areas129Table 26:Adult urine arsenic levels by residential area129thTable 27:Arsenic exposures as geometric mean and 95 percentile by residential area133Table 28:Comparative findings for uncorrected total urine arsenic in μg/L in Tsumeb andOshakati as exposure control area137Table 29:Comparative findings for Tsumeb and Oshakati in μg/g(corrected total urine arsenic)137Table 30:Comparison of total arsenic (μg/g) in urine across studies138Table 31:Comparison of total arsenic in μg/g in urine with theGovernment Study 2012 with Grootfontein controls139Arithmetic mean for total Arsenic (creatinine corrected) in µg/g forthe smelter as a wholeAnnual production (tons) data for total ore concentrate157158Table 32:Table 33:
Page 12Table 34:Regression of total arsenic in urine (µg/g) on total concentrate(tons) processed per quarter159Table 35 :Criteria for Assessing Impacts163Table 36:HIA Community Health Impact for Tsumeb as a whole withrespect to arsenic exposure164Table 37:HIA Community Health Impact for Ondundu with respect to arsenic exposure165Table 38:Community Health Impact for Tsumeb as a whole with respect to SO2 exposure 166
Page 131. BACKGROUND.Dundee Precious Metals Tsumeb Ltd (DPMT) has applied for an Environmental ImpactAssessment 1 to be carried out for the smelter expansion in the Oshikoto Region ofNamibia. The proposed smelter expansion would be contained within the existing sitefootprint and would include the following components, to enable the copper concentrateprocessing capacity to increase by 54% from 240 000 to 370 000 tons per annum: Upgrading of the existing Ausmelt feed and furnace; Installation of a rotary holding furnace (RHF); Implementation of slow cooling of the RHF and converter slag; Upgrading of the slag mill to improve copper recovery and handle the increasedtonnage from slow cooled slags; Installation of an additional Peirce-Smith (PS) converter and new exhaust hoods; Additional related infrastructure improvements (power supply).The Tsumeb Smelter is currently owned and operated by Dundee Precious MetalsTsumeb (DPMT), a subsidiary of the Canadian based Dundee Precious Metals (Pty)Ltd. The smelter is located on the outskirts of Tsumeb in the Oshikoto Region ofNamibia, approximately 2 km northeast of the Tsumeb town centre. The regional andlocal settings of the Tsumeb Smelter are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.With additional custom concentrates available worldwide and areas for operationalimprovements identified, DPMT is now proposing to expand their current operations inorder to increase their concentrate processing capacity from approximately 240 000 to370 000 tons per annum (tpa). The proposed expansion would be contained within theexisting facility footprint and would include the following components:1 Upgrading of the existing Ausmelt feed and furnace; Installation of a rotary holding furnace (RHF); Implementation of slow cooling of the RHF and converter slag;SLR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING (NAMIBIA) (PTY) LTD (2016): Scoping Report as part of an EIA Amendment Processfor the Proposed Upgrading and Optimisation of the Tsumeb Smelter, July 2016, Report No. Report No. 1
Page 14 Upgrading of the slag mill to improve copper recovery and handle the increasedtonnage from slow cooled slags; Installation of an additional Peirce-Smith (PS) converter; and Additional related infrastructure improvements (power supply, etc.).The new project components and associated service infrastructure, together with theexisting (approved) infrastructure/facilities, is collectively referred to as the ‘TsumebSmelter Upgrade and Optimisation Project’.DPMT currently holds an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) in terms of theEnvironmental Management Act (No. 7 or 2007; EMA) for its operations at the TsumebSmelter. To allow for the proposed Upgrade and Optimisation Project, an amendmentof the original Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP) is required. This report focuses on the above mentionedadditional components not covered in the current ECC and EMP.DPMT currently also holds various other ECCs and EMPs for different projectcomponents established after the original ECC for the Smelter operations was issued.The objective of this project and ESIA Amendment process is further to combine all ofthe commitments in the separate EMPs into one consolidated EMP for all DPMT’sfacilities and operational components.This is beneficial, as impacts and relatedmanagement and mitigation measures will be considered cumulatively and it would beeasier to manage the environmental aspects if consolidated into one document linked toDPMT’s overarching management system. If approval is granted and an AmendedECC issued, it would then serve as a consolidated ECC for the entire DPMT Smeltercomplex and would supersede the previous ECCs.PROJECT MOTIVATIONEconomicThe motivation to support the project is economic in nature, with the project having thepotential to directly and indirectly benefit the country and surrounding communities.The Tsumeb smelter currently employs between 600 and 700 persons in Tsumeb, withmany other services directly dependent on DPMT operations. As the proposed project
Page 15would largely relate to the optimisation of existing components and processes within thefacility, it would not create a high number of new employment opportunities. Someopportunities would, however, be created for contractors during the construction phase.The proposed upgrade and optimisation of the smelter and related increase in thethroughput capacity of the smelter would, however, promote long term efficiency andeconomic sustainability of the facility. By increasing the efficiency and sustainability ofthe facility, long term employment security would be ensured, together with downstreameconomic benefits to the town of Tsumeb.The Tsumeb Smelter is unique in that it has the ability to process high sulphur, higharsenic and low copper grade concentrates. It is one of only five commercial-scalesmelters in Africa capable of processing concentrates with a high arsenic content. Itthus provides highly specialised services to global clients.Upgrading the smeltercapacity to 370 000 tpa would ensure that the facility can operate at a higher efficiencylevel with the related economic benefits.An essential aspect of the upgrade is the installation of a RHF, which would make itpossible to increase the throughput of the existing Ausmelt furnace.Much of thesmelter upgrades that have been implemented since 2012 have enabled the plant toaccommodate a concentrate throughput of at least 370 000 tpa, but the Ausmeltproduction rate cannot be increased without the addition of the holding furnace. Thecurrent low utilisation is costly in terms of fixed costs and depreciation of equipment,(such as the acid plant, oxygen plant, converters, etc.) which incurred high costs overthe past three years. This, however, presents a unique opportunity for the company toleverage previously invested capital and to achieve higher throughput by alleviatingbottlenecks with limited additional expenditure, thereby increasing the profitability andensuring the sustainability of the operations. In addition, the RHF would facilitate higherproduction rates, improved recoveries and the reduction in metal lock-up due to reverts(e.g. circulating load in furnace), resulting in a reduction in pollution (reduction of metalin slag and reduction of reverts).By ensuring sustainability and increasing theprofitability of the operations, current jobs at the smelter and additional jobs related tothe expansion would be preserved and the continued prosperity of Tsumeb would bebolstered.
Page 16The current proposed Upgrading and Optimisation Project is one of the later phases ofan overall optimisation and expansion which has already required substantial capitalinvestment.Recovering the cost of this investment would be significantly morechallenging should the proposed project not go ahead.Compatibility with key policy and planning guidanceA critical aspect of economic desirability of the proposed project is the compatibility ofthe project with key Namibian policy and planning guidance. A comprehensive reviewof compatibility with socio-economic policy and planning was undertaken as part of thisESIA (see Appendix H2). The review includes a consideration of the followingdocuments: Vision 2030;The Fourth National Development Plan (NDP4);Namibia’s Industrial Policy; andThe Logistics Master Plan for Namibia.The overall conclusion from the review is that the proposed DPMT expansion would belargely compatible with key economic policies and plans, provided environmental andother impacts can be adequately mitigated.Note also that the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) produced an execution strategyfor industrialisation in 2015 called Growth at Home (MTI, 2015). Growth at Homeidentifies six sectors that show promise in terms of their potential to deliver economicgrowth and job creation: Agro-processing;Fish-processing;Steel manufacturing and metal fabrication;Automotive industry;Chemical industry; andJewelry industry.Overall, the Strategy emphasises the importance of beneficiation as a means tostimulate economic activity. Industrial policy is thus focused on encouraging greaterindustrial activity and local value addition. Emphasis is also placed on encouragingsuch activity in areas where other opportunities are limited and socio-economic needs
Page 17are greatest (MTI, 2015).The proposed expansion would increase the amount offoreign revenue generated by DPMT through value addition and provide benefits in aregion with relatively high socio-economic needs. It should thus achieve in-principlecompatibility with the Strategy.STUDY SCOPE AND APPROACHThe purpose of this Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is to assess potential healthrelated impacts associated with the DPMT expansion project. It can be used to informkey DPM decision makers, relevant Namibian Government authorities, other relevantstakeholders and to provide DPMT with information to help identify management andmitigation measures. These mitigation measures aim to avoid, minimise and reducepotential health impacts as identified below.As requested by DPMT, the study considered the European Bank for Reconstructionand Development (EBRD) Performance Requirements (PRs) as it relates to health andsafety of the surrounding community. In this regard, PR4 is of particular relevance as itrecognises the importance of avoiding or mitigating adverse health and safety impactsand issues associated with project activities on workers, surrounding communities andconsumers. In line with this PR and other international standards for HIAs, a furtherstandard set of twelve health effects categories or Environmental Health Areas (EHAs)were considered in the compilation of this report. Further details of the twelve EHAsare provided in Table 2 under the HIA methodology section.
Page 18STUDY AREA AND PROJECT AREA OF INFLUENCEFigure 1: Regional setting of Tsumeb smelterLEGENDRegionalboundariesFigure 2: Local setting of the Tsumeb smelter
Page 19TEMPORAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY LOCATIONThe HIA covers the period since DPM took over the smelter precinct andoperations at Tsumeb in 2011.Since that time data relating to relevantexposures are available. There is a focus on the most recent data for 2016and 2017, since important capital improvements have recently beenintroduced at the smelter precinct.The Tsumeb Smelter is located adjacent to the town of Tsumeb in theOshikoto Region of Namibia, approximately 2 km north-east of the towncentre Figures 3 & 4). The town lies approximately 430km north of Windhoek,the capital of Namibia. The town is directly South of the smelter.The main road link into Tsumeb is the B1 highway which connects Tsumeb tothe Namibia/Angola border in the north and to Windhoek and eventually theNamibia/South Africa border in the south.Key railway infrastructure (TransNamib) runs from Walvis Bay on the coast toTsumeb, providing a pathway for feed materials to, and products from, thesmelter, and from Windhoek to Tsumeb.
Page 20Figure 3 Site Location
Page 21Figure 4: Layout of the smelter siteCLIMATIC CONDITIONSTemperatureThe climate in Tsumeb is subtropical with a mean annual temperature of 22 C and monthly temperatures varying between 16 C and 26 C. October isthe warmest month when temperatures rise to a maximum of 33 C. Thecoldest conditions are experienced in July when temperatures drop to aminimum of 8 C. The monthly average temperatures are indicated in Table 1.RainfallTsumeb has an annual average rainfall of 478 mm (1914-2009). The annualrainfall in Tsumeb in this period is illustrated in Figure 5.
Page 22Table 1:Long-Term Average Monthly Temperatures in TsumebMINIMUMTEMP.AVERAGETEMP.MAXIMUMTEMP.( C)( C)( ce: Agro-ecological Zoning Project, Data from 1951-1989Figure 5: Annual Rainfall recorded in Tsumeb (1914-2009)1000.0900.0800.0700.0Rainfall 8193419301926192219181914100.00.0
Page 23Most of the rainfall occurs between October and April with January andFebruary being the wettest months, both receiving an average of over 100mm of rain. Average monthly rainfall (1914-2009) is shown in Figures 5 & 6.Figure 6: Average Monthly Rainfall Data recorded at Tsumeb (1914-2009)140120100604020JanFeb March AprilMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec0Rainfall (mm)80
Page 24WindPrevailing winds in the Tsumeb area are predominantly from a south-easterlyand south-south-easterly direction. During the day the wind is predominantlyfrom the north east and during the night the wind shifts and blows from thesouth east. Wind direction and speed recorded at the weather station (2006)at the reservoir on the hill to the north of the Tsumeb Mine are shown inFigure 7. The windiest conditions are experienced in the drier winter months(May-August) – see Figure 8.Figure 7:Tsumeb Period Average Wind Roses (2006)Source: Airshed Planning Professionals (2011)
Page 25Figure 8:Tsumeb Seasonal Wind Roses (2006)Source: Airshed Planning Professionals (2011)
Page 262. OVERVIEW OF THE SMELTER PROCESSES AND PLANTOPERATIONSFigure 9 : The production processClosed in February 2017The key operational processes comprise the following
HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE DUNDEE PRECIOUS METALS TSUMEB SMELTER EXPANSION PROJECT PROFESSOR J E MYERS DECEMBER 2016 - revised 31 January 2019 . Compatibility with key policy and planning guidance 16 STUDY SCOPE 17 STUDY AREA AND PROJECT AREA OF INFLUENCE 18 .
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