Water And Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines For Water Utilities
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water UtilitiesWater and Wastewater QualityMonitoring Guidelines for WaterUtilitiesDecember, 2014i
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water UtilitiesContentsContents .iiAbbreviations and Acronyms . ivAcknowledgement . v1. Introduction . 12. Monitoring of Drinking Water. 22.1Check Monitoring. 22.2Audit Monitoring . 33. Allocation of Sample Numbers and Sampling Frequency . 53.1General . 53.2Microbiology . 53.3Physicochemical . 64. Selection of Sample Sites and Frequencies . 74.1Selection of Sampling Sites in a Drinking Water Distribution System . 74.1.1Distribution System Type 1a: One Source to Distribution System . 74.1.2Distribution System Type 1b: One Source to Distribution System . 84.1.3Distribution System Type 2: Branch Distribution System. 94.1.4Distribution System Type 3: Loop Distribution System . 104.1.5Distribution System Type 4: Combined Branch and Loop the Systems . 115. Test Methods, Preservation and Handling . 146. Reporting . 147. Wastewater Effluent Quality Discharges . 167.1Check Monitoring. 167.2Audit Monitoring . 167.3Sampling Locations and Sampling Frequency . 177.4Sampling and Test Methods. 177.5Reporting. 17Appendix 1a: Chemical and Physical Limits for Quality of Drinking Water Supplies (TZS 789:2008) . 18ii
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water UtilitiesAppendix 1b: Microbiological Limits for Quality of Drinking Water Supplies (forMicrobiological requirement and classification of non-chlorinated piped watersupplies) (TZS 789:2008) . 19Appendix 1c: Radioactive Materials Limits for Quality of Drinking Water Supplies(TZS 789:2008). 19Appendix 2: Permissible Limits for Municipal and Industrial Wastewaters (TZS860:2006). . 20Appendix 3 Summary of Water Quality Distribution System Performance Report –Check Monitoring . 24Appendix 4: Summary of Wastewater Quality Performance Report – CheckMonitoring . 27Bibliography . 29List of Figures:Figure 1: One Source Entering Distribution System . 8Figure 2: Water from One Treatment Plant Entering Two Clear Water Tanks . 8Figure 3: Branch Distribution System . 10Figure 4: Loop Distribution System . 11Figure 5: Combined Branch and Loop System . 13List of Tables:Table 1:Physicochemical, Microbiological parameters and Radioactive Materials . 4Table 2:Recommended Minimum Sample Numbers and Sampling Frequency for FaecalIndicator Testing in Water Distribution System . 6Table 3: Recommended Minimum Sample Numbers and Sampling Frequency forPhysicochemical Testing in Water Distribution System . 6Figure 1: One Source Entering Distribution System . 8Figure 2: Water from One Treatment Plant Entering Two Clear Water Tanks . 8Figure 3: Branch Distribution System. 10Figure 4: Loop Distribution System . 11Table 4:Evaluation of Sampling Locations . 12Figure 5: Combined Branch and Loop System. 13iii
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water UtilitiesAbbreviations and AcronymsDAWASADar es Salaam Water and Sewerage AuthorityDAWASCODar ea Salaam Water and Sewerage CorporationWater UtilitiesMeans Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities,DAWASCO and DAWASATZSTanzania StandardTBSTanzania Bureau of StandardsWHOWorld Health Organisationiv
Water and Westwater Quality Monitoring Guidellines for Water UtilitiesAcknowledgementEWURA would like to express appreciation to all who were involved in the processof preparation of these Water Quality Monitoring Guidelines. Special gratitude isgiven to the Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ), for theirfinancial support that facilitated procurement of a consultant for this work. Theconsultant was instrumental for organizing expert sessions, stimulating suggestionsand helped to coordinate the writing of these guidelines.Furthermore, EWURA would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation thecontribution provided by all participants in the expert sessions which was held at theLandmark Hotel, Ubungo - Dar es Salaam, on 16th May 2014. EWURA would like toacknowledge the following institutions and Ministries for granting permission totheir staff to participate in a one day expert session; Directorate of Environment fromthe Vice Presidents Office, Ministry of Water, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare,National Environmental Management Council, Water Development ManagementInstitute, Pangani Basin Water Board, Tanzania Bureau of Standards, and Associationof Tanzania Water Suppliers.Special thanks goes to the following Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities(WSSAs) which also participated in a one day expert session; Igunga WSSA, MwanzaWSSA, Same WSSA, Chalinze WSSA, Handeni Trunk Main WSSA, Makonde WSSA,Tanga WSSA, Dodoma WSSA, and DAWASCO. Last but not least, thanks goes to theEWURA Government Consultative Council and EWURA Consumer ConsultativeCouncil for their valuable comments.v
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water Utilities1.IntroductionThe Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA) is mandated toregulate water supply and sanitation services provided by Water Supply andSanitation Authorities (WSSAs) in regional and district headquarters, small towns,and national projects areas, and, DAWASA and DAWASCO for Dar es Salaam Cityand parts of Bagamoyo and Kibaha.The overall objective of the Water Quality Monitoring Guidelines is to provideguidance to Water utilities to develop their own water quality monitoring programsfor drinking water supply and wastewater effluent discharges.Powers to regulate the water supply and sanitation service providers emanate fromEWURA Act, Cap 414; Water Supply and Sanitation Act, Cap 272; and Dar es SalaamWater Supply and Sewerage Authority Act, Cap 273.The functions conferred to EWURA in relation to water supply and sanitation servicesinclude, among other things, to monitor water quality and standards of performancefor the provision of water supply and sanitation services (The Water Supply andSanitation Act (Cap 272): Section 28(1) (e)) and DAWASA Act, CAP 273: Section26(d).There are two types of water and wastewater quality monitoring, namely CheckMonitoring and Audit Monitoring.i. Check monitoring regularly provides information as to whether the waterquality complies with the relevant parametric values laid down in the latestTanzania Standard (TZS 789:2008).ii.Audit monitoring provides information necessary to determine whether or notall the parametric values specified in the latest Tanzania Standard (TZS789:2008) are complied with.The minimum requirement for monitoring the quality of water and wastewaterservices to consumers includes:i. to monitor the minimum required number of samples and tests on quality ofwater supplies;ii.to monitor the minimum required number of samples and tests on quality ofwastewater effluents;iii.to collect data, analyse and check compliance with set standards; andiv.to ensure publication of test results.1
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water Utilities2.Monitoring of Drinking WaterThere are thousands of substances found in natural state of water. For practicalreasons, it would obviously be impossible to monitor all these substances in routinedrinking water quality monitoring programs.The assessment of the adequacy of the chemical quality of drinking-water relies oncomparison of the results of water quality analysis with the correspondingparametric values of the latest Tanzania Standard, in this case the Drinking (potable)water ( latest TZS 789: 2008) specification. On the other hand, the microbiologicalquality requirement for drinking-water is that it should not contain any organisms offaecal origin and this compliance should always be met whenever monitoring isdone.The understanding of the Standard, Drinking (potable) water (latest TZS 789: 2008)specification is that, just like all other standards for drinking water quality,itprovides parametric values for all chemical contaminants than will actually affect anyparticular water supply.Therefore, judicious choices for contaminants to be monitored in any given watersupply should be made prior to initiating an analytical chemical assessment. Thewater quality monitoring program should therefore select and focus on clearly setnumber of parameters. Based on this, contaminants to be monitored are primarilyselected based on legislation, regulation(s), WHO Guidelines for Drinking WaterQuality – 4th Edition (2011) and /or standards of Tanzania related to drinking waterquality monitoring. The limits for water quality parameters to be monitored are asshown on Appendix 2.Accordingly, water quality parameters to be monitored are split into two partsnamely, Check Monitoring parameters and Audit Monitoring parameters.2.1 Check Monitoring ParametersThe purpose of Check monitoring is to regularly provide information on the overallperformance of the drinking-water supply chain and safety of drinking-water supplyto consumers as to whether it complies with the relevant parametric values laiddown in the latest Tanzania Standard (TZS 789: 2008) for Drinking (potable) Waterspecification (Appendix 1).The selection of the parameters that constitute the ‘Check’ monitoring should bemade based on the latest Tanzania Standards, TZS 789: 2008.Parameters constituting Check Monitoring are the following:2
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water i.xiv.xv.AmmoniumArsenic (Note 1)ColourConductivityFaecal Coliform bacteriaFluoride (Note 4)Iron (Note 2)Lead (Note 1)Mercury (Note 1)Nitrite (Note 3)OdourpHResidual Chlorine (Note 3)TasteTurbidityNotesNote 1:Note 2:Note 3:Note 4:Necessary only if the water originates from mining areasNecessary only when used as flocculantNecessary only when chlorination or chloramination is used as adisinfectant.Necessary only in urban centres located in the Rift valley andother areas where water is suspected of having high fluoridelevels2.2 Audit MonitoringThe purpose of audit monitoring is to provide information necessary to determinewhether or not all the parametric values specified in the latest Tanzania Standard(TZS 789:2008 (Appendix 1) are complied with unless it can be establishedotherwise, that a parameter is not likely to be present in a given drinking-watersupply in concentrations which could lead to the risk of a breach of the relevantparametric value. This will be the sole criteria for the selection of parameters foraudit monitoring from the list of parameters for microbiology and physicochemicalas shall be contained in the latest Tanzania Standard for Drinking (potable) Water(TZS 789: 2008) specification. Parameters constituting Audit Monitoring are as shownon Table 1.EWURA or its delegated Agency will carry out audit monitoring as external auditorsand water utilities will conduct audit monitoring as internal auditors.3
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water UtilitiesTable 1: Physicochemical, Microbiological parameters and RadioactiveMaterialsImpact of a Groupof ParametersParameterToxic1. Lead (Pb)4.Chromium (6 ) (Cr)7. Barium (Ba)2. Arsenic (As)3. Selenium (Se)5. Cyanide (CN)6. Cadmium (Cd)8. Mercury (Hg)9. Silver AgAffecting HumanHealth1. Fluoride (F)2. Nitrate (NO3ˉ)Organoleptic1. Colour2. Turbidity3. Taste4. OdourSalinity andHardness1. pH2. Total FilterableResidue3. Total Hardness(CaCo3)4. Calcium (Ca)5. Magnesium (Mg)6. Magnesium Sodium SO4Less Toxic Metals1. Iron (Fe)2.Manganese(Mn)3. Copper (Cu)4. Zinc (Zn)OrganicPollution ofNaturalOrigin1. BOD (5 days at30 C)2. PV (Oxygenabs KMN04)3. CadmiumOrganicPollutionIntroducedartificially1. Surfactants(Alkly BenzylSulphonates)2. Organic Matter (ascarbon in Chloroformextract)7. Sulphate (SO4)8. Chloride (CI)4. Ammonium, (NH3 NH4)Microbiological Parameters:Faecal ColiformTotal ColiformRadioactive Materials:Gross alpha activityGross beta activity45. Total Nitrogen(Excluding NO3)3.PhenolicSubstances (AsPhenol)
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water Utilities3.Allocation of Sample Numbers and SamplingFrequency3.1 GeneralThe objective of water sampling program within the scope of water qualitymonitoring program is for regulation and process control of the entire water supplychain. Whereas regulation is in terms of verification of compliance to set standards,process control is for the purpose of operational quality control.Allocation of sample numbers and sampling frequency to be followed in anydrinking (potable) water quality monitoring program should comply with theminimum requirements of the latest Tanzania Standard for Drinking (potable) Water(TZS 789)-specification. Currently, the latest standard being followed is TanzaniaStandard for Drinking (potable) Water, TZS 789:2008. The relevant clauses of theStandard that specifies sample numbers and sampling frequency are the following:Clause 5.4.4.2: Frequency of sampling: Irrespective of the size of the population, alltypes of water should be tested at least two times per year – once under dryconditions and once under rainy conditions.Clause 6(b): Frequency of sampling should be based on:i. size of the population served,ii.risk of pollution i.e. distance from and nature of pollution source, andiii.nature and extent of sanitary protection of the source.Clause 6(d): The minimum number of samples to be taken from a distributionsystem is calculated at the rate of one sample per 5000 population in addition to theintake or source.The proposed guidelines are inclusive of the minimum requirements of thelegislation, regulations and standards related to drinking water quality monitoring.3.2 MicrobiologyThe allocation of microbiological sample numbers and frequency of sampling isbased on the total population served.Table 2 shows recommended minimum sample numbers and sampling frequency forfaecal indicator testing in water distribution systems. The basis for the allocation ofsample numbers and the frequency of sampling is based on the existing Tanzania5
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water UtilitiesStandard for Drinking (potable) Water, TZS 789:2008. The Guideline emphasizesthat, Table 3 refers to those water supplies, which on previous examination showedtotal absence of faecal coliform. If the result of bacteriological examination indicatesfaecal pollution, the water supply in question should be re-examined within afortnight, at the latest, irrespective of the type of source or population served.Table 2:Recommended Minimum Sample Numbers and SamplingFrequency for Faecal Indicator Testing in Water DistributionSystemPopulation Check monitoringAudit monitoringservedMinimum number of samples perMinimum number ofyear (wet and dry season)samples per year (wetand dry season)2 (i.e. one sample for 500012 (1 sample per month)each of the seasons wetand dry respectively) 500012 per 5000 population (i.e. 1 sample2 per 5000 populationper 5000 population per month)(i.e. 1 sample per 5000population per 6months)3.3 PhysicochemicalThe recommended minimum sample numbers and frequency of sampling forphysicochemical tests shown in Table 3 are based on the total population served asprescribed by the current Tanzania Standard for Drinking (potable) Water, TZS789:2008.Table 3: Recommended Minimum Sample Numbers and Sampling Frequencyfor Physicochemical Testing in Water Distribution SystemPopulation Check monitoringAudit monitoringservedMinimum number of samples perMinimum number ofyear (wet and dry season)samples per year (wetand dry season) 500012 (1 sample per month)2 (i.e. one sample foreach of the seasons wetand dry respectively) 500012 per 5000 population (i.e. 1 sampleper 5000 population per month)62 per 5000 population(i.e. 1 sample per 5000population per 6months)
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water Utilities4.Selection of Sample Sites and FrequenciesThe number and location of sampling sites should be:i.ii.representative of each different water source entering the system, andrepresentative of conditions within the system, such as dead ends, loops,storage facilities and pressure zones.Identification of the sampling points within the distribution system will be carried outby the Water Utility and verified by EWURA. However, general guidelines forselection are the following (Adopted from Handbook for Sampling and SamplePreservation of Water and Wastewater – (EPA – 600/4-82-029));i.ii.iii.iv.v.vi.distribute the Sampling points uniformly throughout the system,locate the sample points in both types of distribution system configurationswhich are loops and branches and also in proportion to the relative number ofloops and branches,locate adequate representative sample points within each zone if there ismore than one pressure zone,locate points so that water coming from storage tanks can be sampled, andsample during time of high-demand,for systems having more than one water source, locate the sample points inrelative proportion to the number of people served by each source, andcheck pressures during the proposed sampling times so that the source ofsampled water can be determined. It is possible that excessive demand inone part of the distribution system can cause water to be brought into thatarea from other parts of the system and perhaps other sources.4.1 Selection of Sampling Sites in a Drinking WaterDistribution System4.1.1 Distribution System Type 1a: One Source to Distribution SystemFigure 1 demonstrates one source, in this case the clear water tank effluent, enteringthe distribution system. Only one sampling location is needed.7
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water UtilitiesTreatmentPlant 1ClearWaterTankDistributionTreatmentPlant 2One SampleFigure 1: One Source Entering DistributionSystem4.1.2 Distribution System Type 1b: One Source to Distribution SystemFigure 2 demonstrates one source, in this case a treatment plant effluent, enteringthe distribution system through two clear water tanks. Only one sampling location isneeded.Clear WaterTank 1DistributionTreatmentTreatmentPlantPlantClear WaterTank 2DistributionOneFigure 2: Water from One Treatment Plant EnteringTwo Clear Water Tanks8Sample
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water Utilities4.1.3 Distribution System Type 2: Branch Distribution SystemConditions within the SystemFigure 3 demonstrates determination of representative sampling locations in abranch, dead-end or tree distribution system. Sampling location A is for the entryinto the distribution, location B representative of the water in the main line, locationC is representative of water in the main dead end, and location D and E arerepresentative of the water in the branch and branch dead end, respectively.Turbidity and trihalomethanes (residual chlorine i.e. for chlorinated water) aresampled at point A whereas all other parameters as required for Check Monitoringor Audit monitoring are sampled at point B through E. The frequency of bothmicrobiological and physicochemical sampling is proportioned to the populationserved.For a population of say 10000, the required minimum number of samples per monthis two for microbiological and physicochemical parameters respectively (referTable 2 and 3). Thus the two microbiological samples could be taken at the sametime from any of the designated sampling points B, C, D and E. However,representative sampling means representative in time and location.Therefore, in the case of say Check Monitoring, for a minimum number of twosamples per month, the sampling should occur at points B and E at the beginning ofthe month and for the month that follows next, the sampling should take place atpoints C and D. The same applies for physicochemical samples. Do not sample fromthe same site every time.9
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water UtilitiesCEBBranch Water LinesDMain water lineATreatmentPlantRiverFigure 3: Branch Distribution System4.1.4 Distribution System Type 3: Loop Distribution SystemConditions within the SystemFigure 4 demonstrates sampling locations for a Loop distribution system. Samplinglocation A represents water entering into the distribution whereas locations D and Brepresent water in the main line loop and location C represents water in one of thebranch line loops.10
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water UtilitiesBDCARiverTreatment PlantFigure 4: Loop Distribution System4.1.5 Distribution System Type 4: Combined Branch and Loop the SystemsTable 4 shows the evaluation of sampling locations (Figure 5) for a water distributionsystem consisting of a combined Branch and Loop system. A demonstration of anevaluation for designating sampling locations is shown on Table 4 below11
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water UtilitiesTable 4: Evaluation of Sampling LocationsSampling Evaluation of Sampling Locationslocation:Unacceptable. Location not on the distribution system nor at its entry.ALocation to be maintained for operational monitoring only.BAcceptable. Location on main loop in high-pressure zone; shouldproduce representative samples for that part of the system.CAcceptable. Location on branch loop in the high-pressure zone; servesfor water flow from the storage to the system.DJudgemental. Many authorities advise against dead end sampling pointsas they do not produce representative samples. Possibly true; however,consumers do take water from branch-line dead ends. In this examplethere are seven branch-line dead ends, no doubt serving significantnumber of customers. It would be representative to have one or twosample points on these branch-lines at or near the end.EAcceptable. Located on the main loop of low pressure zone andrepresenting water from treatment plant No. 2, the well, the storagetanks at F, or any combination (depending on system demand atsampling time)FJudgemental. Although important to sample water quality entering thewater distribution system from storage, it is better to collect the sampleat junction of stored water line and main loop (point F), unlessconsumers are served directly from storage branch.GJudgemental. Only one dead end need be sampled in low-pressuresystem. If D is selected, G not needed.12
StorageWater and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water UtilitiesEStorageDCStorageLow Pressure ZoneClear watertank 1GClear watertank 2BCheckValvesHigh Pressure ZoneFTreatmentPlant 1TreatmentPlant 2ARiverFigure 5: Combined Branch and Loop System13
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water Utilities5.Test Methods, Preservation and HandlingThe water sample test methods, preservation and handling may be carried outaccording to the following standards or any other International Standard.i. TZS 574:2002 Part 1 – Method of test for the quality of drinking water – Part 1Physical methods of test for the quality in drinking water.ii. TZS 574:2002 Part 2 – Method of test for the quality of drinking water Part2 – Methods for biological and microbiological test for drinking water.iii. TZS 574:2002 Part 3 – Method of test for the quality of drinking water Part 3- Methods for determining metal contaminants in drinking water.iv. TZS 564: 1997 (Part 2) – Methods of sampling water quality – Part 2 –Guidance on sampling techniques.v. TZS 574:2002 Part 5 – Method of test for the quality of drinking waterPart 5 – Gases, organic compounds and radioactive tests for drinking water.6.ReportingThe essence of water quality monitoring is to detect faults of non-compliance indrinking water, and when detected, to react by solving the problem. It is obviousthat proper information should be available at agreed reporting frequency.The Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities (WSSAs) are required to report toEWURA monthly and quarterly for the conduct of Check monitoring (see Section 2.1)and annually for the internal Audit monitoring (see Section 2.2). EWURA or itsdelegated agency will also conduct water quality monitoring as an external auditor.The contents of reporting are shown in Appendix 3 and 4. The reporting by theWSSAs should be accompanied by a good layout of a water distribution systemdiagram showing and naming designated sampling locations as demonstrated inexamples 1 – 5 (see Section 5.1).The role of EWURA, among other things, is to ensure that water distributed byutilities complies to the Tanzania Standard and to report publicly on drinking waterquality performance of WSSAs’. Such reporting ensures a high level of transparencyand public accountability. This is done annually through published reports. TheAnnual Performance Review Reports produced are usually made available toconsumers and stakeholders. The reports summarize drinking water qualityperformance over the preceding year against parametric standard values andregulatory requirements. The report includes targets for water services quality,14
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water Utilitiesperformance against targets, and interventions undertaken to improve waterservices during the reporting period.However in case an occasional water quality monitoring detects faults of noncompliance of a parameter with respect to parametric standard value or a risk ofsuch non-compliance is in premises where water is supplied for human consumptionthe water utility shall ensure that;i.ii.iii.appropriate measures are taken to reduce or eliminate the risk of noncompliance with the parametric value, including advising premises’owners affected of any possible remedial action which could be takenby them, orother measures are taken, such as application of appropriate treatmenttechniques, to change the nature or properties of the water before it issupplied so as to reduce or eliminate the risk of the water notcomplying with the parametric value after supply, andthe consumers concerned are duly informed and advised of anypossible additional remedial action that should be taken by them.15
Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring Guidelines for Water Utilities7.Wastewater Effluent Quality DischargesThe wastewater effluent quality discharges should comply with the latest TanzaniaStandard, TZS 860:2006, Limits for Municipal and Industrial Wastewaters. Thepurpose of the standard is to indicate the quality of effluents permitted to bedischarged into water bodies. The use thereof is meant to promote a consistentapproach towards prevention of water pollution in Tanzania. The standardprescribes the permissible limits for municipal and industrial effluents
guidance to Water utilities to develop their own water quality monitoring programs for drinking water supply and wastewater effluent discharges. Powers to regulate the water supply and sanitation service providers emanate from EWURA Act, Cap 414; Water Supply and Sanitation Act, Cap 272; and Dar es Salaam
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The Oregon Resilience Plan -Water and Wastewater Systems - February 2013 203 8. Water and Wastewater Systems Introduction Oregon's water and wastewater systems are especially vulnerable to damage resulting from a ascadia subduction zone earthquake. Some of the inherent seismic vulnerabilities of water and wastewater systems include:
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Wastewater treatment plants : wastewater resource recovery facilities ? NITROGEN and PHOSPHOROUS The process is distinguished by the fact that municipal sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants with simultaneous phosphate elimination with iron salts could be used without any changes in the process of wastewater treatment.
