Milkfish Bibliography

DOCUMENT LISTINGMILKFISH BIOLOGY1Ako, H., C.S. Tamaru, C.S. Lee. 1994. Chemical and physical differences in milkfish (Chanoschanos) eggs from natural and hormonally induced spawns. Aquaculture 127(2-3):157-167.Fatty acid and amino acid analyses were performed on milkfish (Chanos chanos) eggs from natural(n 8) and hormonally induced (n 12) spawns. No significant differences were observed in amountsof 18:1n-9, 18:3n-3, 22:1n-11, and 22:6n-3 in eggs. However, all other fatty acids were significantlyhigher in naturally spawned eggs. No significant differences were observed in non-essential aminoacids between eggs from natural and hormonally induced spawns; however, the majority of essentialamino acids were found to be significantly higher in naturally spawned eggs. The mean egg diameterwas significantly larger in naturally spawned eggs, while the number of eggs per spawning eventwas found to be significantly higher from hormonally induced spawns. Using the relationship ED 1.069 (ID) 0.372 (P 0.001, r super(2) 0.493), where ED spawned egg diameter in mm and ID initial oocyte diameter in mm, the oocyte size at which a female that will spawn naturally andinitiates final maturation was estimated to be 0.849 mm. Collectively, the data indicate that the initialoocyte diameter (0.750 mm) previously used as the standard size for induced spawning of milkfish ispremature.Keywords: induced breeding; fish eggs; sex hormones; natural populations; biochemical analysis;fatty acids; amino acids; Chanos chanosLocation: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)Author Affiliation: Dep. Environ. Biochem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA2Almendras, J.M.E. 1982. Changes in the ionic and osmotic content in milkfish (Chanos chanosForsskal) fry and fingerlings during abrupt transfer to different test salinities. 42 p. M.S.thesis.Changes in ionic and osmotic concentrations were determined in milkfish fry and fingerlings aftertransfer to 0, 8, 16, 32 and 45 /00 salinities from a base salinity of 32 /00. Milkfish fry showedstable ionic and osmotic concentrations within 12 to 24 hours after transfer. On the other hand,fingerlings showed stable plasma osmolality and chloride content at 36 to 60 hours when transferredto the low salinities, and 60 to 84 hours when transferred to 45 /00. Muscle chloride content offingerlings followed the same curve as that of plasma chloride, while stable levels of musclepotassium and sodium were attained at 12 to 24 hours after transfer. Furthermore, muscle moisturecontent of fingerlings transferred to 8 and 0 /00 salinities stabilized at 12 hours while that offingerlings in 45 /00 continued to decrease until 60th hour. Extracellular space of fingerlings in0 /00 showed significant decreases at 6 to 12 hours but was subsequently returned to pre-transferlevels. On the other hand, extracellular space of fingerlings in 45 /00 increased at 6 to 12 hours andwas stabilized at a level significantly higher than initial value.Keywords: ionic and osmotic content; transfer; different salinitiesLocation: University of the Philippines, Quezon City.3Anon. 1983. Milkfish bibliography: a classified list of materials available at the SEAFDECAquaculture Department Library. Bibliography Series of Brackishwater AquacultureInformation System, No. 3, 174 p.Bibliographic citations are presented under the following major section headings: 1) abstracts andbibliographies; 2) general weeks; 3) biology; 4); development and growth; 5) ecology, geographicaldistribution, population dynamics; 6) culture; 7) diseases, pests and parasites, predators; 8) feedingand feeds; 9) fertilizers and fertilization; 10) reproduction; 11) law and policy; 12) research andresource development; 13) socioeconomic aspects; and 14) indices.1

Keywords: fish culture; bibliographies; Chanos chanosLocation: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)4Anon. 1988. Milkfish abstracts. Bibliography series. Brakischwater Aquaculture InformationSystem No. 9, SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, Tigbauan, Iloilo City, Philippines. 104 p.The publication covers 231 references on milkfish (Chanos chanos) ecology, biology, nutrition,fishery, culture and pathology. Entries are arranged alphabetically by author, and author, title,subject, taxonomic and geographic indexes provided.Keywords: abstracts; fish culture; autecology; animal nutrition; fishery biology; pathology; ChanoschanosLocation: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)5Anon. 2002. Fisheries Research Institute collected reprints. Fisheries Research Institute, Vol.1.This issue contains reprints of the following articles: Regulation of pituitary gonadotropin II andgrowth hormone content by sex steroids and pituitary extract in the aquacultured Japanese eel,Anguilla japonica. By Shan-Ru Jeng, Guan-Ru Chen, Jong-Yih Lai, Yung-Sen Huang, SylvieDufour, Chang-Fong Chang. Effects of dietary protein level on growth performance, carcasscomposition and ammonia excretion in juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus). By Shuenn-DerYang, Chyng-Hwa Liou, Fu-Guang Liu. Timing and factors affecting cannibalism drum, Sciaenopsocellatus, larvae in captivity. By I. Chiu Liao, Emily Y. Chang. Roles and contributions of fisheriesscience in Asia in the 21st century. By I. Chiu Liao. Effects of size difference and stocking densityon cannibalism rate of juvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides. By Jinn-Rong Hseu. Hepatopancreasand ovary are sites of vitellogenin synthesis as determined from partial cDNA encoding ofvitellogenin in the marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. By Deng-Yu Tseng, Ying-Nan Chen, KuanFu Liu, Guang-Hsiung Kou, Chu-Fang Lo, Chang-Ming Kuo. Selectivity and accessibility of prey incaptive juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus Linnaeus. By I. Chiu Liao, Emily Y. Chang. Inducingeffects of hormones in metamorphosis-arrested grouper larvae. By Jinn-Rong Hseu, Hui-Fen Chang,Yun-Yuan Ting. Histological changes in the thyroid and digestive glands during spontaneous andartificially-induced metamorphosis of larvae of the grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). By Ying-MeiLin, Jinn-Rong Hseu, Tsung-Han Lee. Docosahexaenoic acid is superior to eicosapentaenoic acid asthe essential fatty acid for growth of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus. By Feng-Cheng Wu, YunYuan Ting, Houng-Yung Chen. The exotic American eel in Taiwan: ecological implications. By Y.S. Han, C.-H. Yu, H.-T. Yu, C.-W. Chang, I. Chiu Liao, W.-N. Tzeng. An evaluation of twoprobiotic bacterial strains, Enterococcus faecium SF68 and Bacillus toyoi, for reducingedwardsiellosis in cultured European eel, Anguilla anguilla L. By C.-I. Chang, W.-Y. Liu. Technicalinnovation in eel culture systems. By I. Chiu Liao, Ya-Ke Hsu, Wu-Chang Lee. Technical responsesto challenges in milkfish aquaculture. By Mao-Sen Su, Cheng-Sheng Lee, I. Chiu Liao. Aquaculturedevelopment strategies in Asia for the 21st century. By I. Chiu Liao. Determination of in situ targetstrength of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) aggregated around sub-surface fish aggregatingdevices by acoustics. By Long-Jing Wu, Wei-Cheng Su, Jiun-Chern Lin, Le-Min Chen. Geographicdistribution and area demarcation on the fisheries resource of South Atlantic albacore. By Chi-LunWu, Shean-Ya Yeh.Keywords: fishery organizations; documents; fishery sciences; fish physiology; fish culture;aquaculture development; disease control; microbiology; marine ecology; target strength; tunafisheries; fishery resources; commercial species; Bidyanus bidyanus; Sciaenops ocellatus; Anguillajaponica; Epinephelus coioides; Litopenaeus vannamei; Epinephelus malabaricus; Enterococcusfaecium; Bacillus toyoi; Chanos chanos; Thunnus albacares; Thunnus alalunga; Taiwan; AsiaLocation: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)2

6Bagarinao, T. 1994. Systematics, distribution, genetics and life history of milkfish, Chanoschanos. Environmental Biology of Fishes 39(1):23-41.Chanos chanos belongs to a monotypic gonorynchiform family and is most closely related to thefreshwater Ostariophysi. At present, milkfish occurs near continental shelves and around oceanicislands throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific. Milkfish populations throughout the range show highgenetic variation but low genetic divergence, similar to many other commercially important teleosts.The natural life history of milkfish is one of continual migration. Adults are relatively large (to 1.5 mor 15 kg), long-lived (to 15 years), pelagic and schooling. They spawn offshore near coral reefs orsmall islands. The eggs, embryos and larvae are pelagic and relatively larger than those of mostmarine species. Larvae greater than or equal to 10 mm long and 2-3 weeks old move inshore via acombination of passive advection and active migration. Passing shore waters and surf zones, theysettle in shallow-water depositional habitats such as mangrove swamps and coral lagoons, wherethey metamorphose and spend a few months as juveniles. Some juveniles may enter freshwater lakeswhere they grow into sub-adults but do not mature. Both small juveniles and large sub-adults goback to sea when they reach the size limit supportable by the habitat. Little else is known of thedynamics of wild populations of milkfish. A fishery on inshore larvae supports the centuries-oldaquaculture of milkfish in Southeast Asia. During the past ten years, milkfish have matured andspawned under various conditions of captivity, and hatcheries have produced larvae to supply theculture ponds. Much remains to be learned concerning the milkfish, particularly its ecology andphysiology.Keywords: spawning behavior; ecological distribution; dispersal; life history; phylogeny; geneticvariance; Chanos chanos; Indo-Pacific RegionLocation: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)Author Affiliation: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Tigbauan, 5021 Iloilo, Philippines7Bagarinao, T. 1994. The natural life history of milkfish. SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture 16(3):36.Following brief descriptions of the various phases in the natural life history of the milkfish (Chanoschanos), namely adults, eggs and embryos, larvae, fry and metamorphosis, juveniles and sub-adults,a summary is provided of the life history, providing also a schematic diagram.Keywords: life history; developmental stages; fish culture; biological development; brackishwateraquaculture; Chanos chanosLocation: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)Author Affiliation: SEAFDEC/AQD, P.O. Box 256, 5000 Iloilo City, Philippines8Bagarinao, T. and K. Thayaparan. 1986. The length-weight relationship, food habits andcondition factor of wild juvenile milkfish in Sri Lanka. Aquaculture 55(3):241-246.Wild juvenile milkfish (Chanos chanos) were obtained from Negombo lagoon in Sep. 1984. Thirtyone specimens (92-186 mm FL) had a fork length-body weight relationship of log W -5.6083 3.2598 log L. These fish were caught in the early morning and had empty guts. The mean conditionfactor (K) was 8.7. The intestine length to fork length ratio (I) was 3.7. Two large specimens (245mm and 340 mm FL) caught around mid-day from the ocean off Negombo had full guts. Food wasmostly blue-green algae, diatoms and detritus, with a number of copepods and nematodes. These fishhad K values of 11.7 and 13.6 and I values of 8.1 and 8.5. The age and the month of spawning ofthese fish were back-calculated using known milkfish growth rates. It seems that in Sri Lanka,milkfish spawn from January to at least November.Keywords: length-weight relationships; condition factor; juveniles; fish culture; seed (aquaculture);food organisms; coastal lagoons; growth; age at recruitment; spawning; feeding behavior; Chanoschanos; ISW, Sri Lanka, Negombo LagoonLocation: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)3

Author Affiliation: Aquacult. Dep., SEAFDEC, P.O. Box 256 Iloilo City, Philippines9Banasihan, E.T. 1978. Levels of alpha-tocopherol and the development of rancidity in milkfish(Chanos chanos). University of the Philippines in the Visayas, Miag-ao, Iloilo. 89 p. M.S. thesis.Muscle tissues from fresh round milkfish (Chanos chanos) was examined for the estimation ofalpha-tocopherol content. Two chemical indices of fat deterioration, peroxide and iodine values wereadopted to analyze the extent of fat rancidity at varying storage times. An attempt to correlate thedetectable rancidity in stored round fish samples to the above objective tests was also simultaneouslydone. The estimated tocopherol content of milkfish was approximately 5.05 mg % which is highcompared to other fishes. This is probably responsible for its known stability and rancidity. Milkfishstored at 0 deg C was observed to be rancid at its 91st hour storage. Peroxide and iodine values at thistime were 19.17 meq/1000 g of fat and 63.57 g/100 g of fat respectively. Tochoperols were stillpresent in the iced milkfish. A very high coefficient correlation was observed between the estimatedtocopherols, iodine and peroxide numbers. A decrease in iodine content of the fish was found to runparallel to the decrease in the tocopherol levels. An inverse relationship was observed between theloss in tocopherol content and an increase in peroxides. The rate at which the former decrease wasmore rapid than the rate of increase in the latter until the 60th hour of storage. No correlation wasobtained between the objective rancidity tests and the organoleptic test.Keywords: alpha-tocopherol; rancidity; milkfishLocation: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Library10Bandonil-Tiro, L.D. 1980. Studies on the digestive proteases of juveniles and marketable-sizedmilkfish, Chanos chanos Forsskal. University of the Philippines, Quezon City. 54 p. M.S. thesis.The distribution of total proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the digestive tract of the milkfish,Chanos chanos is presented. The major sites of protease secretion in milkfish are the pyloric caece,intestines and pancreas. In general, protease activity is higher in fishes fed with "lablab" (a biologicalcomplex of minute plants and animals) than those fed with "lumot” (Chaetomorpha). The proteaseactivities were observed to be maximal at 50 C to 60 C and at pH 9.0 to 10.5. Tryptic activities wereobserved only in the fishes fed with "lablab". In these fishes tryptic activity was always higher thanthe chymotryptic activity. Inhibition of tryptic activity by the "lumot" extract was detected. Thepresence of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the digestive tract of milkfish is confirmed by the inhibitionof chymotryptic and tryptic activity by L-tosylamide-2-phenylchloromethyl ketone (TPCK) andsoybean trypsin inhibitor respectively.Keywords: digestive proteases; juveniles; marketable-sized; milkfish; Chanos chanosLocation: University of the Philippines, Quezon City11Banno, J.E. 1980. The food and feeding habits of milkfish fry Chanos chanos (Forsskal)collected from two habitats along the coast of Hamtik, Antique. University of the Philippines inthe Visayas, Miag-ao, Iloilo. 77 p. M.S. thesis.Milkfish fry were collected weekly and daily from the marine and estuarine habitats for food habit,feeding periodicity and abundance studies during the 1977 and 1978 fry seasons in Hamtik, Antique.Gut content analyses of the milkfish fry, 13.4 0.9 mm total length and 7.5 1.9 mg body weight,indicated that 71 of the 636 and 34 of the 391 collected weekly from the marine and estuarinehabitats, respectively, contained plankton in their guts. Likewise, only 40 individuals of the 1289marine samples and 71 of the 1377 estuarine samples collected daily, ingested plankton. Five generaof the diatoms, three of copepods, two types of foraminiferans, and sand grains were found in theguts of the milkfish fry. The most common were Coscinodiscus sp., Oithona sp., Paracalanus sp.,and Calanus sp. Milkfish fry started feeding on plankton at 0600 hours and stopped at 1900 hours,with active feeding at 0700 to 1300 hours, 1400 to 1700 hours and 0000 to 0200 hours which werethe highest, the intermediate and the least pronounced peak feeding, respectively. The data indicate alow incidence of feeding on plankton in both habitats. This could be due to the small quantity of4

plankton during fry collection. However, this also strongly suggests that the primary sources of foodfor the fry are the vast quantities of detritus and inorganic nutrients which abound along coastal areasand which the fry could easily utilize for their nutritional requirements. Milkfish fry abundance isnot related to the height of tide, per se.Keywords: food; feeding habit; milkfish; Chanos chanosLocation: University of the Philippines in the Visayas Main Library, Miag-ao, Iloilo, Philippines12Benitez, L.V., L.B. Tiro and Y.N. Chiu. 1982. The digestion process of milkfish in relation to itsnatural food. Presented at the Second International Symposium on Marine Biogeography andEvolution in the Pacific, 5-7 July 1982, Sydney, Perth, Australia.The digestion process of milkfish (Chanos chanos) grown in brackishwater ponds was studied inrelation to its natural food base of which there are two distinct types: (1) a complex community ofunicellular algae and other planktons and (2) filamentous green algae and its associated organisms.Carbohydrate digestion occurred primarily in the pyloric caeca and intestines. Fish that fed onfilamentous algae had general higher carbohydrase activity. A study of intestinal amylase activityand feeding index over a 24-hour period showed that amylase activity peaked once daily at aboutnoon when milkfish gut was full. This suggests that enzyme secretion is in phase with feedingactivity. Protease activity was observed mainly in the pyloric caeca, intestines and pancreas. Fishthat fed on unicellular algae has a consistently higher protease activity. The activity of chymotrypsinwas observed in fish grown on both types of natural food. In contrast, tryptic activity was observedonly in fish grown in unicellular algae. Milkfish trypsin was strongly inhibited by crude extract fromfilamentous algae. This inhibition may account for the poor growth rate of fish grown on this naturalfood.Keywords: digestion; natural food; milkfishLocation: University of the Philippines in the Visayas, Research Abstracts (1980-1987)Author Affiliation: Aquaculture Department, SEADEC P.O. Box 256, Iloilo City, Philippines13Bensam, P. 1987. Early developmental stages of some marine fishes from India. 2. Ilishamelastoma, I. megaloptera, Thryssa dussumieri, T. mystax and Chanos chanos. Umi/la mer(Tokyo) 25(2):43-52.Four clupeiform species and one gonorhynchiform species in the import

referencing. An important feature of this bibliography is the cross-listing of abstracts falling under two or more classifications. Cross-referencing of such materials are provided at the end of each section and are indexed using their main entry number. The project team hopes that Milkfish Bibliography will serve as a useful source of .