This Report Reflects The Law, And The Policies Of Federal .
This Report reflects the law, and the policies of federal bodies, as at31 March 2008. Commonwealth of Australia 2008This work is copyright. You may download, display, print, communicate electronicallyand reproduce this material in whole or part, subject to acknowledgement of thesource, for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apartfrom any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), all other rights arereserved. Requests for further authorisation should be directed by letter to theCommonwealth Copyright Administration, Copyright Law Branch, Attorney-General’sDepartment, Robert Garran Offices, National Circuit, Barton ACT 2600 orelectronically via www.ag.gov.au/cca.ISBN: 978-0-9804153-2-2Commission Reference: ALRC 108 (Final Report)The Australian Law Reform Commission was established on 1 January 1975 by theLaw Reform Commission Act 1973 (Cth) and reconstituted by the Australian LawReform Commission Act 1996 (Cth). The office of the ALRC is at Level 25, 135 KingStreet, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.All ALRC publications can be made available in a range of accessible formats forpeople with disabilities. If you require assistance, please contact the ALRC.Telephone: within Australia(02)8238 6333 61 28238 6333(02)8238 6379within Australia(02)8238 6363International 61 28238 v.auALRC homepage: www.alrc.gov.auPrinted by Paragon Group
The Hon Robert McClelland MPAttorney-General of AustraliaParliament HouseCanberra ACT 260030 May 2008Dear Attorney-GeneralReview of Privacy Act 1988On 30 January 2006, your predecessor issued terms of reference for the ALRC toundertake a comprehensive review of the Privacy Act 1988.On behalf of the Members of the Commission involved in this Inquiry—includingJustice Berna Collier, Justice Robert French, Justice Susan Kenny and Justice SusanKiefel (until September 2007)—and in accordance with the Australian Law ReformCommission Act 1996, we are pleased to present you with the final report in thisreference, For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and Practice (ALRC 108,2008). Owing to the enormous breadth of the subject matter, and the consequentlength, this report is presented in three volumes.Yours sincerelyProfessor David Weisbrot AMPresidentProfessor Les McCrimmonCommissioner in chargeProfessor Rosalind CroucherCommissioner
ContentsTerms of ReferenceList of ParticipantsList of RecommendationsModel Unified Privacy PrinciplesExecutive Summary19212591103Volume 1Part A – Introduction1311. Introduction to the InquiryIntroductionBackgroundPrivacy ActThe scope of the InquiryRelated privacy inquiriesThe meaning of privacyInformation privacy: the commercial contextProcess of reformOrganisation of this ReportFurther processes1331331341381381391421501531561592. Privacy Regulation in AustraliaIntroductionFederal regulation of privacyState and territory regulation of privacyOther forms of privacy regulation1611611621641853. Achieving National ConsistencyIntroductionThe federal systemIs national consistency important?Constitutional issuesOptions for reformNational legislation to regulate the private sectorAn intergovernmental agreementA reviewOther methods to achieve national consistency189189190192195198203213228230
2For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and Practice4. Regulating PrivacyIntroductionRegulatory theoryALRC’s preference for principles-based regulationALRC’s preference for compliance-oriented regulationScope for co-regulation2332332342402482525. The Privacy Act: Name, Structure and ObjectsIntroductionOverview of the Privacy ActThe structure of the ActThe name of the ActThe objects of the Act2572572592732762816. The Privacy Act: Some Important DefinitionsIntroductionWhat is ‘personal information’?What is not ‘personal information’?Sensitive informationRecordsGenerally available publications2932932933103163263337. Privacy Beyond the IndividualIntroductionPrivacy and group rights generallyExtension of the Privacy Act to groups?Traditional laws and customs of Indigenous groupsPrivacy protocols for Indigenous groupsCorporations and commercial entities3373373383393433453518. Privacy of Deceased IndividualsIntroductionIssues Paper 31Discussion Paper proposals355355361364Part B – Developing Technology3859. Overview: Impact of Developing Technology on PrivacyIntroductionPrivacy-enhancing technologiesThe internetRadio frequency identification387387388392397
ContentsOther wireless technologiesData-matching and data-miningSmart cardsBiometric systemsDNA-based technologiesVoice over Internet ProtocolLocation detection technologiesSurveillance technologiesOther developing technologies340140240440640941041141341510. Accommodating Developing Technology in a Regulatory FrameworkIntroductionShould the Privacy Act be technology neutral?Key themes in a ‘technology aware’ frameworkOversight powers of the OPCTechnology-specific guidance on the application of the model UPPsMandating standards?Co-regulation between the OPC and industryTechnology-related amendments to the Privacy Act41941942042342843244544844811. Individuals, the Internet and Generally Available PublicationsIntroductionIndividuals acting in a personal capacityGenerally available publications45345345446012. Identity TheftIntroductionWhat is identity theft?How prevalent is it?Criminalising identity theftOther responses to identity theftIdentity theft and privacy laws473473474475476479479Part C – Interaction, Inconsistency and Fragmentation48313. Overview: Interaction, Inconsistency and FragmentationIntroductionThe costs of inconsistency and fragmentationFederal information lawsRequired or authorised by or under lawInteraction with state and territory laws485485486489493495
4For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and Practice14. The Costs of Inconsistency and FragmentationIntroductionCompliance burden and costMultiple regulatorsSharing informationGovernment contractors49949949950550852415. Federal Information LawsIntroductionFreedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth)Access, correction and annotationArchives Act 1983 (Cth)A single information Act?A single regulator?Secrecy provisionsObligations of confidence53553553554255555956056156516. Required or Authorised by or Under LawIntroduction‘Required or authorised by or under law’Census and Statistics Act 1905 (Cth)Corporations Act 2001 (Cth)Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth)Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 (Cth)56956957059459760160517. Interaction with State and Territory LawsIntroductionInteraction of federal, state and territory regimesIntergovernmental bodiesState and territory regulatorsPrivacy rules, codes and guidelinesResidential tenancy databases615615615619623626629Part D – The Privacy Principles63518. Structural Reform of the Privacy PrinciplesIntroduction to Part DDevelopment of current Australian privacy principlesPrinciples-based regulationLevel of detail, guidance and protectionTowards a single set of privacy principlesApplication of the Unified Privacy PrinciplesScope and structure of Unified Privacy Principles637637638642644653661663
Contents519. ConsentIntroductionBackgroundA separate privacy principle dealing with consent?66766766768620. Anonymity and PseudonymityIntroductionExpanding the anonymity principleApplication of the ‘Anonymity and Pseudonymity’ principleGuidance on the ‘Anonymity and Pseudonymity’ principleSummary of ‘Anonymity and Pseudonymity’ principle68968969069670670821. CollectionIntroductionCurrent coverage by IPPs and NPPsCollection from the individualUnsolicited personal informationOther aspects of the ‘Collection’ principleSummary of ‘Collection’ principle70970971071172072673222. Sensitive InformationIntroductionBackgroundCollection of sensitive informationRegulation of other aspects of handling sensitive information73573573573775523. NotificationIntroductionCurrent coverage by IPPs and NPPsLocation of notification requirements: separate principle?Nature and timing of notification obligationCircumstances in which notification obligations ariseSubject matter of notificationSummary of ‘Notification’ principle75975976076076476778380424. OpennessIntroductionCurrent coverage by IPPs and NPPsA separate ‘Openness’ principleRegulatory mechanism: ‘Privacy Policies’Content of a Privacy Policy807807807808810813
6For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and PracticeAvailability of Privacy PolicyShort form privacy noticesSummary of ‘Openness’ principle822825829Volume 2Part D – The Privacy Principles (continued)83525. Use and DisclosureIntroductionCurrent coverage by IPPs and NPPsA single ‘Use and Disclosure’ principleCircumstances in which use and disclosure is permittedAdditional exceptions?Logging use and disclosureSummary of ‘Use and Disclosure’ principle83783783884084587188188626. Direct MarketingIntroductionCurrent coverage by IPPs and NPPsApplication of direct marketing principle to agenciesRelationship between privacy principles and other legislationContent of the ‘Direct Marketing’ principleDirect marketing to vulnerable individualsOther OPC guidanceSummary of ‘Direct Marketing’ principle88988989189990390692692892927. Data QualityIntroductionBackgroundApplication of the ‘Data Quality’ principle to agenciesScope of the ‘Data Quality’ principleBalancing data quality and other privacy interestsSummary of ‘Data Quality’ principle93193193193293393894028. Data SecurityIntroductionBackgroundTowards a single data security principlePrevention of misuse and loss of personal information941941941943945
Contents7Disclosure of personal information to third partiesInformation destruction and retention requirementsSummary of ‘Data Security’ principle95295597029. Access and CorrectionIntroductionThe ‘Access and Correction’ principleAccess to personal information: general frameworkAccess to personal information: exceptionsAccess to personal information: intermediariesCorrection of personal informationAnnotation of disputed informationProcedural requirements for access and correction requestsGuidance on the ‘Access and Correction’ principleSummary of ‘Access and Correction’ principle971972973977980988993100510071018101930. IdentifiersIntroductionIs there a need for an ‘Identifiers’ principle?Application of ‘Identifiers’ principle to agencies?Definition of ‘identifier’Content of privacy principle dealing with identifiersMulti-purpose identifiersRegulation of Tax File NumbersSummary of ‘Identifiers’ principle10231024102710301035104110501057106131. Cross-border Data FlowsIntroductionInternational privacy protectionTrustmarksCurrent coverage of cross-border data flowsContent of the model ‘Cross-border Data Flows’ principleInteraction with the ‘Use and Disclosure’ principleDefinition of ‘transfer’Related bodies corporateList of overseas jurisdictionsCross-border enforcementOPC GuidanceRequirement of notice that personal information is being sent overseasSummary of ‘Cross-border Data Flows’ 123112411271129
8For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and Practice32. Additional Privacy PrinciplesIntroduction‘Accountability’ principle‘Prevention of Harm’ principle‘No Disadvantage’ principle11311131113211341136Part E – Exemptions114133. Overview: Exemptions from the Privacy ActIntroductionPrivacy Act exemptionsExemptions under international instrumentsShould there be any exemptions from the Privacy Act?The number and scope of exemptionsComplexity of the exemption provisionsLocation of the exemption provisions1143114311441147114911531159116134. Intelligence and Defence Intelligence AgenciesIntroductionThe defence and defence intelligence agenciesRationale for the exemption of the intelligence and defenceintelligence agenciesInspector-General of Intelligence and Security1165116511661168119835. Federal Courts and TribunalsIntroductionFederal courtsFederal tribunalsAccess to court and tribunal records1205120512061214122736. Exempt Agencies under the Freedom of Information ActIntroductionAustralian Fair Pay CommissionSchedule 2, Part I, Division 1 of the FOI ActSchedule 2, Part II, Division 1 of the FOI ActSubmissions and consultationsALRC’s view123912391240124412471254125937. Agencies with Law Enforcement FunctionsIntroductionAustralian Crime Commission126512651266
ContentsIntegrity CommissionerOther agencies with law enforcement functions91278128638. Other Public Sector ExemptionsIntroductionCommissions of inquiryState and territory authoritiesPrescribed state and territory instrumentalitiesState and territory government business enterprisesOpt-in provisionShould state and territory authorities be exempt from theoperation of the Act?1299129912991303130413051306130639. Small Business ExemptionIntroductionBackgroundDiscussion Paper proposalArguments for removing the exemptionArguments for retaining the exemptionCompliance costsALRC’s viewMinimising costs of compliance on small businesses13151315131613231324133713461355135840. Employee Records ExemptionIntroductionBackgroundDiscussion Paper proposalArguments for removing the exemptionArguments for retaining the exemptionALRC’s viewEvaluative materialLocation of privacy provisions concerning employee records13631364136513721373138213921398140941. Political ExemptionIntroductionExemption for registered political parties, political acts and practicesMinistersParliamentary departmentsGuidance on applying the Privacy Act to the political process141314131415143114331436
10For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and Practice42. Journalism ExemptionIntroductionRetaining an exemption for journalistic acts and practicesScope of the journalism exemptionMedia privacy standardsReassessing the framework for media regulation?14391439144014461453147143. Other Private Sector ExemptionsIntroductionPersonal or non-business useRelated bodies corporateChange in partnership1475147514751477148144. New Exemptions or ExceptionsIntroductionAlternative dispute resolution bodiesEstablishing, pursuing and defending legal rightsPrivate investigatorsInsolvency practitionersValuersArchivists and archival organisationsDeclared t F – Office of the Privacy Commissioner151345. Overview: Office of the Privacy CommissionerIntroductionFacilitating compliance with the Privacy ActStructure of the OPCPowers of the OPCPrivacy codesInvestigation and resolution of privacy complaintsEnforcing the Privacy ActSummary of recommendations to address systemic 2152246. Structure of the Office of the Privacy CommissionerIntroductionStructure, functions and powersManner of exercise of powersAccountability mechanismsCriminal liabilityImmunity1525152615261535153815411542
ContentsPrivacy Advisory CommitteeExpert panels111544155147. Powers of the Office of the Privacy CommissionerIntroductionOversight powersGuidelinesPersonal Information DigestPrivacy impact assessmentsCompliance powersAudit functionsSelf-auditingFunctions under other ActsPublic interest 1590159248. Privacy CodesIntroductionPart IIIAA Privacy codesBinding codes159715971597160349. Investigation and Resolution of Privacy ComplaintsIntroductionInvestigating privacy complaintsTransferring complaints to other bodiesResolution of privacy complaintsAccountability and transparencyOther issues in the complaint-handling process160916091610161416201631163650. Enforcing the Privacy ActIntroductionEnforcing ‘own motion’ investigationsEnforcing determinationsReports by the CommissionerInjunctionsOther enforcement mechanisms following non-compliance164916491650165416561656165951. Data Breach NotificationIntroductionRationale for data breach notificationModels of data breach notification lawsDiscussion Paper proposal16671667166816711681
12For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and PracticeSubmissions and consultationsALRC’s view16821687Volume 3Part G – Credit Reporting Provisions170352. Overview: Credit ReportingIntroductionWhat is credit reporting?Credit reporting agenciesBackground to national regulationLegislative history17051705170717091710171353. Credit Reporting ProvisionsIntroductionApplication of the credit reporting provisionsContent of credit information filesAccuracy and security of personal informationDisclosure of personal informationUse of personal informationConsent and credit reportingRights of access, correction and notificationResponsibilities and powers of the OPCRemedies and 74254. Approach to ReformIntroductionPart IIIA and the NPPsRepeal and new regulation under the ActApplication of the regulationsCredit reporting informationCredit reporting agenciesCredit providersApplication to foreign credit providersConsumer and commercial creditReview of the regulationsCredit reporting 9355. More Comprehensive Credit ReportingIntroduction‘Positive’ or ‘more comprehensive’ credit reporting?179917991800
Contents13Australia’s approach to more comprehensive credit reportingRegulation in other jurisdictionsThe argument for more comprehensive credit reportingBenefits of more comprehensive credit reportingProblems with more comprehensive credit reportingEmpirical studiesModels of more comprehensive credit reportingOther aspects of the model1802180618101811182018231827184656. Collection and Permitted Content of Credit Reporting InformationIntroductionCollection and notificationPermitted content of credit reporting informationIdentifying informationInquiry information‘Negative’ informationProhibited content of credit reporting informationDebts of children and young peopleNotification of 57. Use and Disclosure of Credit Reporting InformationIntroductionUse and disclosureUse and disclosure of credit reporting informationMortgage and trade insurersDebt collectionDirect marketing‘Pre-screening’Identity verificationIdentity theftDisclosure of reports relating to credit 193358. Data Quality and SecurityIntroductionData quality and credit reporting informationRegulating data qualityData quality issuesData quality obligations of credit reporting agenciesAuditing credit reporting informationData securityDeletion of credit reporting information193719371938193919411955195819611963
14For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and Practice59. Access and Correction, Complaint Handling and PenaltiesIntroductionAccess and correction obligationsAccess and correction in practiceThird party accessNotification of adverse credit reportsInformation about credit scoring processesComplaint handlingExternal dispute resolutionTime limits on disputed credit reporting informationInvestigation and resolution of credit reporting 91998200320072008Part H – Health Services and Research201160. Regulatory Framework for Health InformationIntroductionNational consistencyA separate set of Health Privacy Principles?201320132015202761. Electronic Health Information SystemsIntroductionBackgroundIssues Paper 31Discussion Paper proposalsMedicare and Pharmaceutical Benefits databases20412041204220452047205262. The Privacy Act and Health InformationIntroductionDefinition of ‘health information’Definition of ‘health service’Agencies and organisationsProvision of health servicesConsent205720572058206220692072207663. Privacy (Health Information) RegulationsIntroductionCollection of health informationUse and disclosure of health informationAccess to health informationManagement, funding and monitoring of health services208120812082209721092127
Contents1564. Research: Current ArrangementsIntroductionHealth and medical research in AustraliaResearch and the use of personal informationInformation Privacy PrinciplesNational Privacy PrinciplesSection 95 and 95A Guidelines214121412141214521482149215065. Research: Recommendations for ReformIntroductionSection 95 and 95A GuidelinesResearch in areas other than health and medicalDefinition of researchThe public interest balanceImpracticable to seek consentHuman Research Ethics CommitteesResearch exceptions to the model Unified Privacy Principles21532153215421592165216921752179219466. Research: Databases and Data LinkageIntroductionEstablishing databasesUsing and linking information in databases2201220122022209Part I – Children, Young People and AdultsRequiring Assistance221967. Children, Young People and Attitudes to PrivacyIntroductionGenerational differences in attitudes to privacyAttitudes of young people to privacyALRC consultations with young peopleOnline social networkingDiscussion Paper proposalsALRC’s view2221222122222224223022362246224868. Decision Making by and for Individuals Under the Age of 18IntroductionPrivacy rights of children and young people at international lawExisting Australian laws relating to privacy of individuals underthe age of 18Research on capacityCapacity and health information225322532255225822612267
16For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and PracticePossible models for assessing capacitySubmissions and consultationsALRC’s view22712276228669. Particular Privacy Issues Affecting Children and Young PeopleIntroductionOnline consumers and direct marketing issuesSchoolsChild care servicesIdentification in criminal matters and in court recordsFamily lawChild welfare and juvenile justiceTaking photographs and other images22952296229723072317232023232324232670. Third Party RepresentativesIntroductionThird party decision making under the Privacy ActProblems with the Privacy ActAdults with a temporary or permanent incapacityThird party representatives acting with consentImplementing third party arrangements2335233523372340234423612369Part J – Telecommunications237571. Telecommunications ActIntroductionTelecommunications Act 1997 (Cth)Interaction between the Privacy Act and the Telecommunications ActAre two privacy regimes necessary?A redraft of the PartA review of telecommunications regulationDoes the Telecommunications Act provide adequate privacy protectionSmall business exemptionCriminal or civil penalties?New technologiesTelecommunications 2402240772. Exceptions to the Use and Disclosure OffencesIntroductionTelecommunications Act 1997 (Cth)Interaction between the Privacy Act and the Telecommunications ActExceptions to the use and disclosure offencesPerformance of person’s duties241324142414241524162416
ContentsRequired or authorised by or under lawThreat to person’s life or healthKnowledge of person concernedConsentImplicit consentBusiness needs of other carriers or service providersSpecially protected informationCredit reporting information and credit worthinessThe regulation of public number directoriesIntegrated public number databasePublic number directories not sourced from the IPNDAre public number directories desirable?Charging a fee for an unlisted 662470247073. Other Telecommunications Privacy IssuesIntroductionInterception and accessTelecommunications (Interception and Access) ActInteraction with the Privacy ActCommunications and ‘telecommunications data’CollectionUse and disclosureRetention and destruction of recordsReporting requirementsGuidanceOversightSpam and telemarketingShould the Privacy Act regulate spam and telemarketing?Spam ActDo Not Call Register ActTelecommunications 2504250525132514251525202523Part K – Protecting a Right to Personal Privacy253374. Protecting a Right to Personal PrivacyIntroductionBackgroundRight to personal privacy—developments in Australia and elsewhereNSWLRC Consultation Paper on invasion of privacyRecognising an action for breach of privacy in AustraliaALRC’s view2535253525372539255325542564
18For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and PracticeAppendix 1. List of SubmissionsAppendix 2. List of Agencies, Organisationsand Individuals ConsultedAppendix 3. List of Selected AbbreviationsAppendix 4. Cost Estimate by Applied EconomicsAppendix 5. Table of Selected Legislation25872617262926432653Index2667
Terms of ReferenceREVIEW OF THE PRIVACY ACT 1988I, Philip Ruddock, Attorney-General of Australia, having regard to: the rapid advances in information, communication, storage, surveillance andother relevant technologies possible changing community perceptions of privacy and the extent to which itshould be protected by legislation the expansion of State and Territory legislative activity in relevant areas, and emerging areas that may require privacy protection,refer to the Australian Law Reform Commission for inquiry and report pursuant tosubsection 20(1) of the Australian Law Reform Commission Act 1996, matters relatingto the extent to which the Privacy Act 1988 and related laws continue to provide aneffective framework for the protection of privacy in Australia.1. In performing its functions in relation to this reference, the Commission willconsider:(a)relevant existing and proposed Commonwealth, State and Territory laws andpractices(b)other recent reviews of the Privacy Act 1988(c)current and emerging international law and obligations in this area(d)privacy regimes, developments and trends in other jurisdictions(e)any relevant constitutional issue(f)the need of individuals for privacy protection in an evolving technologicalenvironment(g)the desirability of minimising the regulatory burden on business in this area,and
20For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and Practice(h)any other related matter.2. The Commission will identify and consult with relevant stakeholders, including theOffice of the Federal Privacy Commissioner, relevant State and Territory bodies andthe Australian business community, and ensure widespread public consultation.3. The Commission is to report no later than 31 March 2008.*Dated 30th January 2006[signed]Philip RuddockAttorney-General* In a letter dated 11 February 2008, the Attorney-General of Australia, the HonRobert McClelland MP, agreed to extend the reporting date for the Inquiry to 30May 2008.
List of ParticipantsAustralian Law Reform CommissionDivisionThe Division of the ALRC constituted under the Australian Law Reform CommissionAct 1996 (Cth) for the purposes of this Inquiry comprises the following:Professor David Weisbrot (President)Professor Les McCrimmon (Commissioner in charge)Professor Rosalind Croucher (Commissioner) (from February 2007)Justice Berna Collier (part-time Commissioner) (from October 2007)Justice Robert French (part-time Commissioner) (from July 2006)Justice Susan Kenny (part-time Commissioner)Justice Susan Kiefel (part-time Commissioner) (until September 2007)Senior Legal OfficersCarolyn AdamsBruce AlstonKate Connors (until December 2006 and from January 2008)Isabella Cosenza (until December 2006 and from January 2008)Jonathan DobinsonAlex O’Mara (from February 2008)Legal OfficersLisa Eckstein (from August 2007)Althea Gibson (until March 2007 and from March 2008)Lauren Jamieson (until January 2008)Huette LamErin Mackay (from March 2007)Edward Santow (until December 2007)Peter Turner (until August 2006)Research ManagerLani BlackmanLibrarianCarolyn Kearney
22For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and PracticeProject AssistantsAlayne HarlandTina O’BrienLegal InternsMegan CaristoJustin CarterElizabeth CrookJoash DacheMaggie FungKirsty HughesDawnie LamMiranda LelloRobert MullinsDanni Nicholas-SextonElnaz NikibinMichael OstroffChristina RaymondFiona RoughleyTeneille SteptoeKeelyann ThomsonChristina TrahanasMichelle TseJocelyn WilliamsSooJin YoonAdvisory Committee MembersDr Bridget Bainbridge, National E-Health Transition AuthorityMs Robin Banks, Public Interest Advocacy CentreMr Paul Chadwick, Consultant (formerly Victorian Privacy Commissioner) (untilJanuary 2007)Ms Karen Curtis, Privacy CommissionerMr Peter Ford, Privacy, Security and Telecommunications ConsultantMr Ian Gilbert, Australian Bankers’ AssociationMr Duncan Giles, Freehills SolicitorsProfessor Margaret Jackson, School of Accounting and Law, RMIT UniversityMs Helen Lewin, Telstra CorporationAssociate Professor Roger Magnusson, Faculty of Law, University of SydneyAssociate Professor Moira Paterson, Faculty of Law, Monash UniversityMs Joan Sheedy, Privacy and FOI Policy Branch, Department of the Prime Ministerand CabinetMr Peter Shoyer, Executive Director of Court Support & Independent Offices,Department of Justice (NT) (formerly Northern Territory InformationCommissioner)
List of Participants23Professor Colin Thomson, National Health and Medical Research CouncilMr Nigel Waters, Pacific Privacy ConsultingMs Beth Wilson, Health Services Commissioner (Vic)Ms Sue Vardon, Department for Families and Communities (SA)Credit Reporting Advisory Sub–CommitteeMs Carolyn Bond, Consumer Action Law CentreMs Christine Christian, Dun and Bradstreet Pty LtdMs Karen Cox, Consumer Credit Legal Centre (NSW)Mr Ian Gilbert, Australian Bankers’ AssociationMs Helen Gordon, Australian Finance ConferenceMr David Grafton, Commonwealth Bank of AustraliaMs Erica Hughes, Veda Advantage (from September 2007)Ms Loretta Kreet, Legal Aid QueenslandMr Andrew Want, Veda Advantage (until September 2007)Mr Nigel Waters, Pacific Privacy ConsultingMs Kerstin Wijeyewardene, Department of the Treasury (Cth)Developing Technology Advisory Sub–CommitteeMr Paul Budde, Managing Director, BuddeCommProfessor William Caelli, Director Information Assurance, International InformationSecurity Consultants Pty Ltd and Faculty of Information Technology, QUTMr Chris Cheah, Australian Communications and Media AuthorityProfessor Peter Croll, Professor of Software Engineering, Faculty of InformationTechnology, QUTMr Malcolm Crompton, Information Integrity Solutions Pty LtdPro
A separate privacy principle dealing with consent? 686 20. Anonymity and Pseudonymity 689 Introduction 689 Expanding the anonymity principle 690 Application of the 'Anonymity and Pseudonymity' principle 696 Guidance on the 'Anonymity and Pseudonymity' principle 706 Summary of 'Anonymity and Pseudonymity' principle 708 21.
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Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
