IEEE 802 Ethernet Networks For Automotive
IEEE 802 Ethernet Networks forAutomotiveSteven B. Carlson, János Farkas, Norm Finn,Don Pannell, Mike Potts, Mick Seaman,Natalie Wienckowski, George ZimmermanIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017Page 1
Outline Motivation PHY Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN)– reliability and timing Security Summary Q&AIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 2
MOTIVATIONIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 3
IF YOU GIVEAN ENGINEERA DATA BUSHe’s goingto ask for aglass of milk.IEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017She’ll askfor a bottleof syrup.IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotiveHe’ll ask for morebandwidth andfaster speeds.Page 4
Innovation in Automotive Technology is bothHardware & Software Increasing number of applications– Increasing complexity over time– Higher bandwidth requirements– Need reliable networksElectronic InjectionCheck engine controlCruise controlCentral locking.1970Gearbox controlClimate controlASC Anti Slip ControlABS Anti -lock Brake Sys.TelephoneSeat heating controlAutomatic mirrors1980IEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017http://www.driverlessfuture.com/?page id 384Navigation systemCD-changerActive Cruise ControlAirbagsDynamic StabilityControlRoll stabilizationXenon lightingVehicle AssistVoice inputEmergency call1990ACC Stop&GoLane departure warningBlind spot warningTraffic sign recognitionNight visionActive headlight systemParking automationEfficient dynamicsHybrid enginesInternet accessTelematicsOnline ServicesBluetooth integrationLocal Hazard WarningPersonalizationSW UpdateSmart Phone Apps. 2010Adapted from material provided by BMWIEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 5
Motivation for Ethernet Data Needs––––––Raw camera dataData logging (Government Regulations)Map DataBackbone aggregationHigh resolution displaysIn vehicle Wi-Fi hotspot (carrier link aggregation) – wired backhaul Latency Requirements– Minimum determined by Hardware– Maximum determined by Software Services– Precise Time Awareness– Redundancy / Fail over– SecurityIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 6
How is Automotive Different? Link Segment lengths are shorterEnvironment (EMC, Temperature, etc.) is harsherQualification of Hardware is requiredValidation of Electronic Control Unit (ECU) Hardware and Softwareis requiredReliability (higher MTBF)Start Up Time is shorterLatency is smallerRepeatability/Predictability is criticalSafety/ASIL (ISO26262) complianceIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 7
Latency Real-time networks requireguaranteed not-to-exceed end-to-end latency for critical data Two ways to accomplish this:1. Throw away late packets2. Provide zero congestion loss Shapers and queueing define the time interval Worst-case latencya) Is guaranteedb) Grows linearly with the number of hops Average latency may be larger than simple priorityIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 8
Keys to Success ReliabilityPredictabilityFlexibilitySecurityIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 9
PHYIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 10
Automotive Networks CAN (Controller Area Network) – since 1991 Low-speed serial data bus: 1 – 1000 KbpsShared medium with CSMA/CR (Collision Resolution)Dominant control bus in all automotive domainsStandardized in ISO 11898; Multi-vendor supportFlexRay (consortium of automotive companies) – since 2005 10 Mb/s serial data bus (single or dual channel) Shared medium with TDMA Control bus for high dynamic applications, chassis control, but also designed for future “X-by-Wire”applications Standardized in ISO 10681; Multi-vendor supportIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 11
Automotive Networks MOST (Media Oriented Systems Transport) – since 2001 Shared ring topology: 25 Mb/s (POF), 50 Mb/s (Cu), 150 Mb/s (POF) Bus system for control and streaming Infotainment data Proprietary solution Ethernet (100BASE-TX) – since 2008 Mainly diagnostics and firmware upgrades during vehicle servicing (typically not used while the caris operating due to EMC limits) Standardized in ISO 13400-3:2011 Road Vehicles – Diagnostic communication over InternetProtocol (DoIP) – Part 3: Wired vehicle interface based on IEEE 802.3 100BASE-T1 – since 2013 LVDS / CML – since 2001 Point-to-point high-speed links (1-4 Gb/s) for cameras and displays Multi-vendor support but typically incompatible with each otherIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 12
Typical Wire Harness in a CarCabling is the 3rdhighest costcomponent in a carEngine (1st)Chassis (2nd)Harnesses are built ONEat a time with 50% of costin laborCabling is the 3rdheaviest componentin a carChassis (1st)Engine (2nd)Reducing cable weighthas a direct impact onfuel economy!Used with permission from MolexIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 13
Automotive Ethernet10k There are no standard communication links forsystem usage above 1000 Mbps There are many proprietary communication linksabove 1000 Mbps Standard links are needed for this space1000BASE-T1/-RH(1 Gb/s)cMOST150 There are no standard communication links forsystem usage between 100 Mbps and 1000 MbpseMOST50100BASE-T1(100 Mb/s)A2B There are few standard communication links forsystem usage between 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps There are many standard communication links forsystem usage below 10 Mbps However, adding Ethernet in this space reducesthe need for Gateways between various networksUSB 3.0APIXLVDSHDMI 1.2Multi-Gig(2.5, 5CML& Coax10 Gb/s)HDBaseTbitrate [Mbps]1k100USB 2.0MOST150USB 3.1APIX 0BASE-T1” (10 Mb/s)1CAN HighPSI50,10,01PWMLINSENTIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017CXPISpecific useSpecific useSystem useSystem useProposedtechnologiesIEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotiveTechnologies in seriesdevelopmentPage 14
Automotive Architecture Trends The transition to Ethernet isunderway. 802.3bp, 802.3bw There is a desire to convergetowards one network type(“Ubiquitous IP”). Independence of physicaland logical network. Reduction in number of InVehicle Network (IVN)technologies.(MOST / FlexRay / ) Reduction of multiplegateways.ECU: Electronic Control UnitCCP: Central Computing PlatformsIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 15
Total Automotive Ethernet PHY Development from Conceptto Production Vehicle Architecture Development takes about 1 year and is done every 4 to 6 years. ECU Development takes about 3.5 years from RFQ to SOP. ECU Development starts after Vehicle Architecture Development. PHY Development takes about 2 years from the time all requirements are known and silicon is available forqualification. PHY samples must be available before end of Vehicle Architecture Development in order to be considered forthe Architecture. The IEEE Process takes about 4 years. PHY sample development can start about 3 years into this process.IEEE ProcessPHY DevelopmentECU DevelopmentVehicle Architecture DevelopmentYear 1Year 2Year 3IEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017Year 4Year 5Year 6Year 7IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotiveYear 8Year 9Year 10Year 11Page 16
Total Automotive Ethernet PHY Development from Conceptto Production The IEEE Process takes about 4 years. PHY sample development can start about 3 years into this process. If this lines up with the Vehicle Architecture Development, SOP is 8 years afterthe start of the IEEE Process.IEEE ProcessPHY DevelopmentECU DevelopmentVehicle Architecture DevelopmentYear 1Year 2Year 3IEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017Year 4Year 5Year 6Year 7IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotiveYear 8SOPYear 9Year 10Year 11Page 17
Total Automotive Ethernet PHY Development from Conceptto Production PHY Development may not start until the IEEE Process completes. If this does not line up with the Vehicle Architecture Development, SOP may be 11(or more) years after the start of the IEEE Process.IEEE ProcessPHY DevelopmentECU DevelopmentVehicle Architecture DevelopmentYear 1Year 2Year 3IEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017Year 4Year 5Year 6Year 7IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotiveYear 8Year 9SOPYear 10Year 11Page 18
Automotive Conditions Harsh Environmental Conditions– Operating temperatures: Body & cabin: -40 C to 85 C Chassis & powertrain: -40 C to 125 C or even 150 C– Mechanical accelerations: Body & cabin: up to 4 G– Dirt, water, salt, dust, ice, snow, mud, oil, grease, transmission fluid, brake fluid, engine coolant,hydraulic fluid, fuel, etc. (i.e., this is not a data center) Automotive EMC requirements are stringent!– Tighter requirements than Class A/Class B EMI specs for consumer products– Automotive EMC test specs exist, e.g., CISPR25 & ISO11452-2 & -4– ESD, owners don’t wear ESD strapsFor additional information see:– http://www.ieee802.org/3/bw/public/buntz tazebay 3bw 01 0914.pdf– http://www.ieee802.org/3/bw/public/Wienchowski 3bw 02 0914.pdfIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 19
IEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 20
TIME-SENSITIVE NETWORKINGRELIABILITY AND TIMINGIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 21
Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN)Time synchronization:TSN ComponentsCommon StandardsUltra reliability:Timing and SynchronizationSynchronizationReliabilityFrame Replication and EliminationPath Control and ReservationPer-Stream Filtering and PolicingReliability for time synchronizationLatencyBounded low latency:Credit Based ShaperFrame preemptionScheduled TrafficCyclic Queuing and ForwardingAsynchronous Traffic ShapingResource MgmtZero congestion lossDedicated resources & APIStream Reservation ProtocolTSN configurationYANGLink-local Registration ProtocolGuaranteed data transport with bounded low latency, low delay variation, and extremely low lossAudio Video Bridging (AVB) Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN)IEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 22
ReliabilityIssueViolation ofbandwidth/timingTSN supportPer-Stream Filtering &Policing (802.1Qci )Device FailureFrame Replication &Elimination (802.1CB)Timing &Synchronization(P802.1AS-Rev)Sync (master)failureIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 23
Frame Replication and Elimination Avoid frame loss due to equipment failure (802.1CB) Per-frame 1 1 redundancy– NO failure detection / switchover Serialize frames, send on two maximally disjoint paths,then combine and delete extras151614disjoint pathsframe flowN1ReplicationIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017N2161514IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotiveEliminationPage 24
CameraRadarFrame Replication and Elimination in a arIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 25
ECUuCuCLINK FAILUREuCCamerauCuCDCUDCUBrakingECUstillavailable Data uCBridgeSteeringinforms host controller(applicationECU software on hostRadarnotifies driver or performsEngineminimalECUrisk condition control)DisplayECUCameraRadarFrame Replication and Elimination in a CarRadarIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 26
Per-Stream Filtering and Policing Protection against bandwidth violation,incomingmalfunctioning, malicious attacks, etc. (802.1Qci)frame Decisions on per-stream, per-priority, etc.Stream Filter Stream Filter Defense– Filters, Counters Stream Gate DefenseStream Gate– Open or Closed– can be time-scheduledMeter Meter Defense– Bandwidth Profile of MEF 10.3– MarkingIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotiveQueueingPage 27
ECUuCuCuCuCCameraExceedsRadarpredefinedrateIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017RadaruCuCDCUDCU Ingress policing onswitchesBrakingECU Blocking(“fail-silence”)Steeringhost or distributed LocalECUnotificationin case ofviolationsEngineECU FallbackcapabilityIEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotiveDisplayECUCameraRadarPer-Stream Filtering and Policing in a CarPage 28
Deterministic Low LatencyTSN supportSharednetworkScheduled Traffic (802.1Qbv)Frame Preemption(802.3br, 802.1Qbu)Reduce latencyvariationLatency variation: n*1µsEnd-to-end latency: 100µsNetworkset-upTSN Configuration &SRP Enhancements(P802.1Qcc )ResourcereservationIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotiveAsynchronousQoSAsynchronous TrafficShaping (P802.1Qcr )Simplicity,e.g., forsecurityAutomationTask/IssueSynchronization Accuracy:n*100nsTiming & Synchronization (P802.1AS-Rev)SynchronizationThe right packetat the right time!Page 29
Timing & Synchronization A profile of IEEE 1588v2 for Layer 2 Ethernet (P802.1AS-Rev) Redundancy– Redundant paths– Redundant Grand Masters Improved scalability Improved support forlong chains, rings More responsive Faster Grand Master change over Reduce Best Master Clock Algorithm (BMCA) convergence time Multiple domains with synchronization informationIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 30
Reduces latency variation for Constant Bit Rate (CBR)streams, which are periodic with known timing Time-based control/programming of the 8 bridge queues(802.1Qbv) Time-gated queues Gate: Open or ClosedTTTTTTTT Periodically repeatedtime-scheduleTransmission Selection Time synchronizationis neededIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for Automotiveframe flowScheduled TrafficPage 31
Frame Preemption Express frames suspend the transmission of preemptable frames(802.3br and 802.1Qbu) Scheduled rocks of critical packets in each cycle: Conflict excessively with non-guaranteed packet rocks:12 2 2 Problem solved by preemptive sand between the rocks: reduced latency variation for rocks & more bandwidth for sand1IEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 20172 3IEEE 802 Ethernet for Automotive 3Page 32
Asynchronous Traffic Shaping Zero congestion loss without time synchronization Asynchronous Traffic Shaping (P802.1Qcr ATS)– Smoothen traffic patterns by re-shaping per hop– Prioritize urgent traffic over relaxed trafficLowHighLinkLowselectHighselectHopBEIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 33
SECURITYIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 34
Security What's different about the car network Threats Countermeasures Enrollment, authentication, authorization, .– Knowing what is/what is meant to be attached to the network, where Data Authenticity and Integrity– Knowing received data was transmitted by the apparent source– So filters/policers/shapers operate on trustworthy information, doing what they were intended to doIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 35
Security: The Car NetworkWhat's different about the car network?– As compared to the provider networks, backbone networks, large enterprise and industrial networks802.1 has worried about in the past Small, simple, though no single blueprintSmall number of flowsSeverely resource constrained (particularly power)Infrequent repair by stopping (roadside or limp home)– Can require external network access or equipment Network configuration can be/is fixed– At least when car is in operation, perhaps by initial build– Reliability/redundancy pre-configured/continuously operationalIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 36
Security: Threats Attacks on data recipients and resources– Including bandwidth allocation and timing for shared links Wide range of attached devices––––Some complex (easily compromised)Some with external access (e.g. infotainment)Problems include accident and misuse as well as maliceCan be installed by many different organizations/people Vulnerability–––––Some links deliberately open: external sensors, trailer hitches etc.Others might be deemed inaccessible, particularly when car is in motionConventional to consider attacker's cost/benefit vs alternative attack vectorsBut 'reputational risk' of new technology may skew calculationCan never defend against 'wire cutting' attacksIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 37
Security: Countermeasures Separate functions, separate devices– Can securely verify device code/config but not easy Fixed network configuration and filters Enrollment, authentication, authorization, provisioning– Know what is connected where and what it is allowed to do– Device Identity Authorized Device Data authenticity and integrity– Data received was transmitted by claimed source– Authorized Device Data authenticity and integrity Apply filters/policers/shapers to known good data– Data authenticity and integrity Data segregation, limitation– An attack that can't arrive at the intended target has been effectively dealt withIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 38
Security: Enrollment . provisioning Locate the device within the network– Don't require separate SKUs per component position– Asymmetric VLAN tagging of enrollment/authentication packets– Don't trust device's apparent MAC address Enrollment and authentication protocol (multiple choices)– Supported by 802.1AR X.509 IDevID (Initial Device Identifier)– Require Internet (or equivalent) access, assume car stationary– Participants: Device, in-car controller, device and car mfr.s– Does device belong in this car/compatible with other devices ?– Has it been stolen/salvaged/subject to recall ?– Install 802.1AR LDevID (Local DevID, can support auth/reauth)– Provision device/location dependent & independent addresses/VLANs– Provision MACsec CAKs (symmetric crypto keys)IEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 39
Security: Data Integrity/Authenticity MACsec Key Agreement (MKA, 802.1X)– MACsec CAKs prove prior authentication/authorization Don't reauth every time ignition switched on– Can be used without MACsec data protection for non-vulnerable links But see 'reputational risk'– Distributes/refreshes MACsec data protecting keys (SAKs) MACsec (802.1AE)– Full rate constant delay (TSN friendly) implementations)– Integrity only option (where confidentiality not required)– Protection and verification hop-by-hop– Single hop can skip over switches (e.g. a Provider Network, 802.1AEcg) Viable where full mesh connectivity not required and intermediate links not vulnerable But see 'reputational risk'IEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 40
SUMMARYIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 41
Summary Automotive networks have requirements not usually seenin the enterprise 802.3 PHYs provide fast start-up, automotive EMCperformance, and support smaller, lighter-weight media 802.1 provides reliability and deterministic latency 802.1 provides securityIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 42
Q&AIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 43
Thank You!IEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 44
Further Reading IEEE Std 802.3bf -2011 Media Access Control (MAC) Service Interface andManagement Parameters to Support Time Synchronization Protocols IEEE Std 802.3bp -2016 Physical Layer Specifications and ManagementParameters for 1 Gb/s Operation over a Single Twisted-Pair Copper Cable(1000BASE-T1) IEEE Std 802.3bw -2015 Physical Layer Specifications and ManagementParameters for 100 Mb/s Operation over a Single Balanced Twisted PairCable (100BASE-T1) IEEE Std 802.3br-2016 Specification and Management Parameters forInterspersing Express Traffic P802.3.2 (IEEE 802.3cf) YANG Data Model Definitions Task Force P802.3cg 10 Mb/s Single Twisted Pair Ethernet Task Force P802.3ch Multi-Gig Automotive Ethernet PHY Task ForceIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 45
Further Reading pages/tsn.html IEEE 802.1 TSN for Automotive – flyer Introduction to IEEE 802.1 TSN A Time-Sensitive Networking Primer: Putting It All Together Heterogeneous Networks for Audio and Video: Using IEEE 802.1Audio Video Bridging Tutorial on IEEE 802.3br Interspersing express traffic (IET) andIEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive Networking Tutorial on Deterministic EthernetIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 46
Further Reading IEEE Std 802.1AE-2006 MAC Security IEEE Std 802.1AEbn-2011 Amendment: GCM-AES-256 Cipher Suite IEEE Std 802.1AEbw-2013 Amendment: Extended PacketNumbering IEEE Std 802.1X-2010 Port-Based Network Access Control IEEE Std 802.1Xbx-2014 Amendment: MAC Security KeyAgreement Protocol (MKA) Extensions P802.1AR-Rev/D2.2 Secure Device Identity P802.1Xck Amendment: YANG Data Model RFC 7030 Enrollment over Secure TransportIEEE 802 Plenary – Tutorial, July 2017IEEE 802 Ethernet for AutomotivePage 47
Automotive Networks CAN (Controller Area Network) -since 1991 Low-speed serial data bus: 1 -1000 Kbps Shared medium with CSMA/CR (Collision Resolution) Dominant control bus in all automotive domains Standardized in ISO 11898; Multi-vendor support FlexRay (consortium of automotive companies) -since 2005
Standards IEEE 802.1D-2004 for Spanning Tree Protocol IEEE 802.1p for Class of Service IEEE 802.1Q for VLAN Tagging IEEE 802.1s for Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol IEEE 802.1w for Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol IEEE 802.1X for authentication IEEE 802.3 for 10BaseT IEEE 802.3ab for 1000BaseT(X) IEEE 802.3ad for Port Trunk with LACP IEEE 802.3u for .
Mobile Communication Technologies Local wireless networks WLAN 802.11 802.11a 802.11b 802.11i/e/ /w 802.11g WiFi 802.11h Personal wireless nw WPAN 802.15 802.15.4 802.15.1 802.15.2 Bluetooth 802.15.4a/b ZigBee 802.15.3 Wireless distribution networks WMAN 802.16 (Broadband Wireless Access) 802.20 (Mobile Bro
IEEE 802.1Q—Virtual LANs with port-based VLANs IEEE 802.1X—Port-based authentication VLAN Support IEEE 802.1W—Rapid spanning tree compatibility IEEE 802.3—10BASE-T IEEE 802.3u—100BASE-T IEEE 802.3ab—1000BASE-T IEEE 802.3ac—VLAN tagging IEEE 802.3ad—Link aggregation IEEE
22 Ethernet Standards: IEEE 802.3 802.3 Now encompasses – Original 802.3: 10BASE-T 10BASE-5 10BASE-2 10BROAD-36 – 802.3u Fast Ethernet: 100BASE-TX 100BASE-FX 100BASE-T4 – 802.3x: Flow Control – 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet: 1000BASE-SX / -LX / -CX 802.3ab Copper Gigabit Ethernet: 1000BASE-T 802.3ac
IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 28 December 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society IEEE Std 81 -2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 81-1983) Authorized licensed use limited to: Australian National University. Downloaded on July 27,2018 at 14:57:43 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.File Size: 2MBPage Count: 86Explore furtherIEEE 81-2012 - IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity .standards.ieee.org81-2012 - IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity .ieeexplore.ieee.orgAn Overview Of The IEEE Standard 81 Fall-Of-Potential .www.agiusa.com(PDF) IEEE Std 80-2000 IEEE Guide for Safety in AC .www.academia.eduTesting and Evaluation of Grounding . - IEEE Web Hostingwww.ewh.ieee.orgRecommended to you b
IEEE P802.3cc 25 Gb/s Ethernet over Single-Mode Fiber IEEE P802.3cd 50Gb/s, 100 Gb/s, and 200 Gb/s Ethernet IEEE 802.11 - Wireless LAN (aka Wi-Fi) Working Group IEEE 802.11ac-2013 Up to 7 Gbps in 5 GHz IEEE 802.11ad-2012 Up to 7 Gbps in 60 GHz IEEE P802.11ax Up to 10 Gbps in the 5 GHz IEEE P802.11ay Up to 20 Gbps in the 60 GHz .
IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Working Group Task Group 1 WPAN/Bluetooth Task Group 2 Coexistence Task Group 3 WPAN High Rate Task Group 4 WPAN Low Rate Task Group 5 WPAN Mesh IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee Active Work Groups 802.1 High Level Interface 802.3 Ethernet 802.11 WLAN 802.15 WPAN 802.16 WMAN 802.17 .
IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) IEEE 802.1s Rapid Spanning Tree (RSTP) IEEE 802.1w Multiple Spanning Tree (MSTP) IEEE 802.1q VLAN IEEE 802.1x Port-based Network Access Control IEEE 802.1p QoS Network Media 100BASE-TX/1000Base-T: UTP category 5, 5e or above cable (maximum 100m) 1000BASE-X: MMF, SMF Interface 8 10/100/1000Mbps RJ45 ports
