Comparing Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells - Western Washington University
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsBasic unit of living organisms is the cell; the smallestunit capable of life.“Features” found in all cells:! Ribosomes! Cell Membrane! Genetic Material! Cytoplasm! ATP Energy! External Stimuli! Regulate Flow! ReproduceA prokaryotic cellEscherichiacoli1
SaccharomycescerevisiaeElements of cellular structureE. coli and S. cerevisiae2
Locations of macromolecules in the cellAll over2 typesmostlyCell WallmostlyCell WallCell MemThe size range of cells3
Size relationshipamong prokaryotesA Million times bigger than E. coli!4
TitanospirillumveloxUp to 40 μm longThiomargaritanamibiensisUp to 500 μm wideThe machine/coding functions of the cellCentral Dogma5
Rem: 70-85% WaterProtein 50%Lipid 10%RNA 20%DNA 3-4%Cell Wall 10–20%Take Home Message:Proteins are #1 by weightLipids are #1 by numberPeptidoglycan is 1 jumbo moleculeComparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsClassification of prokaryotic cellular features:Invariant (or common to all)Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis –aka the grand translators.Cell Membranes: The barrier between orderand chaos.Nucleoid Region: Curator of the Information.6
Ribosome structure7
S Svedberg; a sedimentation coefficient that is NOT ADDITIVE!!!Protein synthesisComparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsClassification of prokaryotic cellular features:Invariant (or common to all)Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis –aka the grand translators.Cell Membranes: The barrier between orderand chaos.Nucleoid Region: Curator of the Information.8
The cytoplasmic membraneRem: Fluid Mosaic ModelAmphipathicFunctions of thecytoplasmic membrane9
SterolFew BacteriaCholesterolHopanoid(e.g., Diploptene)Many BacteriaO2 -All rigid planar molecules10
Ester LinkageEther LinkageIsoprene UnitFatty AcidMajor lipids of Archaea and the structureof archaeal membranesMajor lipids of Archaea and the structureof archaeal membranes11
Archaeal cell membrane structureComparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsClassification of prokaryotic cellular features:Invariant (or common to all)Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis –aka the grand translators.Cell Membranes: The barrier between orderand chaos.Nucleoid Region: Curator of the Information.Appearance of DNA by EM12
DNA strands released from cell13
Overview of DNA replicationTheta StructureGemmataobscuriglobusMembrane encompassednucleoid14
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsClassification of prokaryotic cellular features:Variant (or NOT common to all) Cell Wall (multiple barrier support themes) Endospores (heavy-duty life support strategy) Bacterial Flagella (appendages for movement) Gas Vesicles (buoyancy compensation devices) Capsules/Slime Layer (exterior to cell wall) Inclusion Bodies (granules for storage) Pili (conduit for genetic exchange)Bacterial morphologiesCell walls of Bacteria15
Cell wall structureNAMNAGDAPE. coli structure ofpeptidoglycan aka mureinPeptidoglycan of a gram-positivebacteriumBond broken by penicillin16
Crossing linking AAsDAP or Diaminopimelic acidLysineOverall structureof peptidoglycanCell walls of gram-positive andgram-negative bacteria17
Teichoic acids and theoverall structure of thegram-positive cell wallSummary diagram of the gram-positive cell wallCell envelopes of Bacteria18
Cell envelopes of BacteriaStructure of the lipopolysaccharideof gram-negative BacteriaThe gram-negative cell wall19
N-Acetyltalosaminuronic acidaka NATPseudopeptidoglycanof ArchaeaParacrystalline S-layer: A protein jacket for Bacteria & ArchaeaFormation of the endospore20
Morpology of the bacterial endospore(a) Terminal (b) Subterminal (c) CentralBacillus megateriumBacillus subtilis21
(a) Structure of Dipicolinic Acid & (b) crosslinked with Ca Characteristics of Endospore: Take Home Message The endospore is a highly resistant differentiatedbacterial cell produced by certain gram-positive Bacteria. Endospore formation leads to a highly dehydratedstructure that contains essential macromolecules and avariety of substances such as calcium dipicolinate and smallacid-soluble proteins, absent from vegetative cells. Endospores can remain dormant indefinitely butgerminate quickly when the appropriate trigger is applied.22
ABacterial flagella(a) Polar(aka monotrichous)&(b) PeritrichousBBacterial flagella cont.CAlso:(c) Amphitrichous (bipolar)&(d) Lophotrichous (tuft)DStructure of thebacterial flagellum23
Proton Transport-Coupled Rotation of the Flagellum. (A) Mot protein may forma structure having two half-channels. (B) One model for the mechanism of couplingrotation to a proton gradient requires protons to be taken up into the outerhalf-channel and transferred to the MS ring. The MS ring rotates in a CCWdirection, and the protons are released into the inner half-channel. The flagellumis linked to the MS ring and so the flagellum rotates as well.Flagellar Motility: Relationship of flagellar rotationto bacterial movement.24
(both)Flagellar Motility: Relationship of flagellar rotationto bacterial movement.Chemotaxis Signaling Pathway. Receptors in the plasma membrane initiate asignaling pathway leading to the phosphorylation of the CheY protein.Phosphorylated CheY binds to the flagellar motor and favors CW rotation.When an attractant binds to the receptor, this pathway is blocked, andCCW flagellar rotation and, hence, smooth swimming results. When a repellantbinds, the pathway is stimulated, leading to an increased concentration ofphosphoylated CheY and, hence, more frequent CW rotation and tumbling.25
Flagellar Motility: Take Home Message Motility in most microorganisms is due to flagella. In prokaryotes the flagellum is a complex structure madeof several proteins, most of which are anchored in the cellwall and cytoplasmic membrane. The flagellum filament, which is made of a single kind ofprotein, rotates at the expense of the proton motive force,which drives the flagellar motor.Gliding Motility: Mechanism?AGas Vesicles(a) Anabaena flos-aquae(b) Microcystis sp.B26
The Hammer, Cork, and Bottle Experiment(After)(Before)Model of how the two proteins that make up thegas vesicle, GvpA and GvpC, interact to form awatertight but gas-permeable structure.β-sheetα-helixBacterial Capsules: (a) Acinetobacter sp. (b) Rhizobium trifoliiABnegative stain27
Storage of PHBSulfur globules inside the purple sulfurbacterium Isochromatium buderiMagnetotactic bacteria withFe3O4 (magnetite) particlescalled magnetosomes28
EM of Salmonella typhi“Sex” Pili used in bacterial conjugation of E. coli cells29
Archaeal cell membrane structure Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Classification of prokaryotic cellular features: Invariant (or common to all) Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis - aka the grand translators. Cell Membranes: The barrier between order and chaos. Nucleoid Region: Curator of the Information. Appearance of DNA by EM
How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells the same? How are they different? How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells compare in scale? B.4A: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Cell Structure and Function Background: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells A cell is the smal
6.12AB: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Organisms and Environments Part II: A Closer Look at Eukaryotic Cells Fundamental Question: What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Study this cell type's characteristics to complete page 6 of your Student Journal. Characteristics of a Eukaryotic Cell:
CHAPTER 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS LEARNING OUTCOMES 2.1 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells a) State the three principles of cell theory b) Explain the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells c) Illustrate and compare the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (plant &
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Big Idea State Standards . Standard 2.2 - Differentiate between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, in terms of their general structures and degrees of complexity Standard 2.3 - Distinguish between plant and animal cells. Cells as the Fundamental Uni
18. Refer to Models 1 and 2 to complete the chart below. Write yes or no in the box for each cell. Bacterial Cell Animal Cell Plant Cell All Cells Cell Membrane Ribosome Cytoplasm Mitochondria Nucleolus Nucleus DNA Cell Wall Prokaryotic Eukaryotic 19. As a group, write a definition for a prokaryotic
Eukaryotic cells, contain a membrane-bound nucleus. They are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. The cells of protists, fungi, plants, and animals are all eukaryotic. Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes . 2 Note that the DNA in the Eukaryotic cell is contained within a membrane-bound nucleus. Animal vs Plant Cells Plant and animal .
Cells fall into one of two broad categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Only the predominantly single-celled organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are classi ed as prokaryotes (pro- before ; -kary- nucleus ). Cells of animals, plants, fungi, and protists are all euarykotes (ceu- true ) and are made up of eukaryotic cells.
The new CS-LSA is based on a number of ASTM standards at a specified revision as documented in Subpart A of CS-LSA. The structure of the ASTM standard F2245 at revision 09 is used as the basis for this CS-LSA, including the numbering system. 7. The differences between the initial issue of CS-LSA and the current ASTM standard can be summarised as follow: The scope is extended to aeroplanes with .
