Setting Baselines For Planning And Evaluation Of Efficiency Programs
Setting Baselines for Planning andEvaluation of Efficiency ProgramsAugust 2, 2016EM&V Webinars Facilitated By:Lawrence Berkeley National th Funding From:U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy ReliabilityElectricity Policy Technical Assistance ProgramIn Collaboration With:U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyNational Association of Regulatory Utility CommissionersNational Association of State Energy Officials
Introduction LBNL is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy to conduct non-classified research, operated by the University of California Provides technical assistance to states—primarily state energy officesand utility regulatory commissionsThe presentation was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of ElectricityDelivery and Energy Reliability-Electricity Policy Technical Assistance Program underLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.DisclaimerThis presentation was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this presentation is believed tocontain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University ofCalifornia, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy,completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringeprivately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark,manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United StatesGovernment or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed hereindo not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University ofCalifornia. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is an equal opportunity employer.1
Technical Assistanceu LBNL’s provides technical assistance to state uElity regulatory commissions,state energy offices, tribes and regional enEEes in these areas:qEnergy efficiency (e.g., EM&V, uElity programs, behavior-based approaches, costeffecEveness, program rules, planning, cost recovery, financing)qRenewable energy resourcesqSmart grid and grid modernizaEonqUElity regulaEon and business models (e.g., financial impacts)qTransmission and reliabilityqResource planningqFossil fuel generaEonu Assistance is independent and unbiasedu LBNL Tech Assistance stance-statesu US DOE Tech Assistance -technical-assistance-gateway2
Webinar Seriesu Webinars designed to support EM&V activities for documenting energysavings and other impacts of energy efficiency programsu Funded by U.S. DOE in coordination with EPA, NARUC and NASEOu Audience:qqqUtility commissions, state energy offices, state environmentdepartments, and non-profits involved in operating EE portfoliosParticular value for state officials starting or expanding their EM&VEvaluation consultants, utilities, consumer organizations and otherstakeholders also are welcome to participateu For more information (upcoming and recorded webinars, EM&Vresources) l Contact: EMVwebinars@lbl.govSeries Contact:Steve SchillerSenior Advisor, LBNLSRSchiller@lbl.gov3
Next Webinarsu Evaluation of Behavior Based Programs - scheduledfor mid-Septemberu Transmission and distribution (T&D) efficiencyprograms and their EM&V – Scheduled for midOctober4
Today’s WebinarIntroduce considera ons and common prac ces for defining baselines and provide examplesof how different jurisdic ons are addressing market baseline studies, seUng baselines forretrofit measures, and market transforma on program baselines.u IntroducEon and the basics of energy efficiency baselines – Steven Schiller,Senior Advisor, Berkeley Labu The Michigan Experience and Approach to Market Baseline Studies for ProgramPlanning – Robert G. Ozar P.E., Assistant Director, Electric Reliability Division,Michigan Public Service Commissionu The California Experience and Approaches to Se ng Baselines for ProgramEvaluaEon – Carmen Best, Energy Efficiency Commercial Programs & EvaluaEon Supervisor at California Public UEliEes Commissionu Market TransformaEon Baselines – Jeff Harris, Chief TransformaEon Officer,Northwest Energy Efficiency Allianceu Q&A with panelists5
Introduction and Basics of EnergyEfficiency BaselinesSteven Schiller, Senior Advisor, LBNL6
What is a Baselineu Basic equaEon for calculaEng impacts of efficiency acEons(programs, projects, measures) is (for example, for energy savings):qEnergy Savings (energy use without efficiency) – (energy use with efficiency)OrqEnergy Savings (baseline energy use) – (observed energy use)u Baseline:qqqCondiEons, including energy consumpEon and demand, which would normally(typically, commonly) occurBaseline condiEons are the counterfactual, someEmes referred to as“business-as-usual” condiEonsBaselines can also include definiEon of non-energy metrics that are beingevaluated, such as air emissions and jobs7
Why have to determine baselines?Because savings cannot be measured!They Are Es*matedA8er Project InstalledBefore Project InstalledEnergy UseEsGmated Energy UseWithout Efficiency Project– the “baseline”EnergySavingsEnergy Use BeforeEfficiency ProjectInstalla*onTimeEnergy Use A8erEfficiency ProjectEnergy ConsumpGon Before, During And ALer an Efficiency Project Is Installed8
Alternate UniversesSavings are determined with a counterfactualvingsTrueProgramSavingsEnergyUseTrue ProgramSavingsEnergyUseCounterfactual analysis occurswhen a person modifies a factualantecedent (a thing or event thatexisted before or logically precedesanother) and then assesses theconsequences of that modifica on.Householdsin Counterfactual:Households eProgramSame Time Period,Households,SameNo ProgramTime Period, NoProgram9
Sorting out baselines is one of two big issues of EM&VHow good is good enough?u Fundamental issue of EM&Vu How certain does one have tobe of savings esEmates and isthat certainty balancedagainst the amount of effortuElized to obtain that level ofcertainty?As compared to what?u First – Defining a baselineagainst which efficiencyacEons are compared fordetermining energy savingsand whether aXribuEonshould be considered—thecounterfactualu Second – Assessing efficiencyrelaEve to other energyresource opEons for meeEngenergy requirements andcost, reliability, etc. goals10
Net Saving and Baselinesu Savings from utility customer funded programs are typicallycalculated as one or both of the following metrics:qqGross savings: Changes in energy consumption that result directly fromprogram-related actions taken by participants of an EE program, regardless ofwhy they participated.Net savings: Changes in energy use that are attributable to a particular EEprogram. These changes may implicitly or explicitly include the effects of freeridership, spillover, and induced market effects.u Each of these metrics has to be defined in the context of abaseline and these metrics can overlap depending on howthe baseline is definedqqThis is particularly true with net savings values overlapping with grosssavings values if the baseline is defined as common practice, whatwould have occurred in the absence of the efficiency programThis is called an adjusted gross savings in some jurisdictions11
Options for defining baselines, page 1 of 2u Exis*ng Condi*ons Baselines are what in place (e.g., equipment,controls, procedures) at the project site before the energy efficiencymeasures are implemented. This is the perspecEve that consumersohen have.u Common Prac*ce Baselines are esEmates of what a typical consumerwould have done at the Eme of the project implementaEon. EssenEally,what is “commonly done” becomes the basis for baseline energyconsumpEon. For example, if the program involves incenEngconsumers to buy high-efficiency refrigerators that use 20% less energythan the minimum requirements for ENERGY STAR refrigerators, thecommon pracEce baseline would be refrigerators that consumerstypically buy, on average.12
Options for defining baselines, page 2 of 2u Codes and Standards (C&S) Baselines are the energy consumpEonassociated with buildings or specific pieces of equipment that meet thelegal requirements in place, in the locaEon where a project isimplemented. For example, for a motor replacement program, the C&Sbaseline standard might consist of a motor that meets the minimumrequirements of the federal Energy Independence and Security Act of2007 (EISA) for new motors.u Minimum Efficiency Baselines (MEB): The required (i.e., by codes orstandards) or minimum efficiency on the market for new equipment ornew construcEon. This definiEon is ohen applied for equipment that isbeing replaced at the end of its useful life (e.g., replace-on-burnout).13
Which Baseline – Depends on what type of program andbasis for efficiency actionProgram Category forPurposes of BaselineDeterminaGonEarly replacement or retrofit offuncGonal equipment sGll withinits current useful life; ProcessimprovementsReplacement of func*onalequipment beyond useful lifeUnplanned replacement for (of)failed equipmentNew construc*onNon-equipment based programs(e.g., behavior-based andtraining programs)ExisGngCondiGonsBaselineCodes andStandards BaselineCommon PracGceBaselineOrMinimum EfficiencyBaselineX - ExisGng condiGonsbaseline for theremaining life of whatis replacedX - C&S baseline for theGme period aLer theremaining life of thereplaced equipmentX - Common pracGcebaseline for the Gmeperiod aLer the remaininglife of the equipmentXXXXXXX – What control groupwould be doing in theabsence of the program14
Help with defining baselines - EM&V Resourcesu DOE/EPA SEE AcEon EM&V Resources inesu U.S. DOE Uniform Methods Project website:hXp://energy.gov/eere/about-us/ump-home15
Now - Our Other Speakersu The Michigan Experience and Approach to Market Baseline Studies forProgram Planning – Robert G. Ozar P.E., Assistant Director, Electric ReliabilityDivision, Michigan Public Service Commissionu The California Experience and Approaches to Se ng Baselines for ProgramEvaluaEon – Carmen Best, Energy Efficiency Commercial Programs &EvaluaEon - Supervisor at California Public UEliEes Commissionu Market TransformaEon Baselines – Jeff Harris, Chief TransformaEon Officer,Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance16
The Michigan Experience andApproach to Market BaselineStudies for Program PlanningLawrence Berkeley National Lab - Webinar SeriesUS DOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, US EPA,NARUC, and National Association of State Energy OfficialsAugust 2, 2016Robert G. Ozar P.E.Assistant Director, Electric Reliability DivisionMichigan Public Service om/in/robert-ozar-46224a78
Multi-year Process 2009 - 2011 Michigan Market Baseline Study [Residential and Commercial] Prepared by The Cadmus Group Inc., Opinion Dynamics Corp.,Consumer Insights, Mad Dash 2011, 2013 Michigan Electric and Natural Gas EE Potential Study Prepared by GDS Associates, Inc. 2013 Options For Establishing Energy Efficiency Targetsin Michigan 2016 – 2020 Prepared by Optimal Energy 2013 Readying Michigan to Make Good Energy Decisions Prepared by the Michigan Public Service Commission, Michigan Energy Office 2014 -2016 Legislative discussions at the Michigan LegislatureBaseline Study OtherResearch toUnderstandHow Energy isUsed inMichigan andWhat SavingsOpportunitiesExist
Context of Market Baseline Study End-goal to Re-establish Michigan Utility EE Resource Targets Previously set in 2008 legislation [2008 PA 295] 1% of retail electric sales; 0.75% natural gas sales Market Baseline Foundation of multi-step process Provides the underlying data needed to assess of the amount of electric andgas savings still available
Market Baseline Analogy – Like a ChemicalFeedstockTolueneDiisocyanateEpoxy PropanePolyurethane
Market Baseline is a EE Potential Study InputMarket Baseline DataUtility Retail Sales ForecastAvoided-cost projectionTechnical Resource Manual (TRM) [measure savings]EIA Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS)EIA Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)Incremental-Measure Cost-ProjectionsMarket Adoption CurvesEE Potential StudyUtility EE ProgramTargets
What is a Market Baseline Study?Market Baselines allow the assessment[for various building types] of energyconsumption associated with particularend-uses and with particular end-useequipmentEquipmentaEnd UseABuildingType AEquipmentcEnd UseB Onsite audit (quantitative) Building envelope Electric equipment and plug-loadEnd UseC Telephone survey (qualitative) Decision entbBuildingType BEnd enth
Individual Market Baseline for the Residentialand Commercial Customer Classes Separate studies for the Residential and Commercial sectors Industrial sector diversity (especially in Michigan) makes standardbaseline analysis challengingRESIDENTIALSingle FamilyHealth house
Michigan Baseline Studies: Geographic Distribution of Site Visits1,069ResidentialSite Visits289CommercialSite Visits
Baseline CharacteristicsResidential Onsite Audit Building envelope Windows Basement dehumidification Heating & cooling Water Heating Water efficiency measures Laundry Clothes washers Clothes dryers Kitchen Appliances Cooking appliances Dishwashers Refrigerators & freezers Swimming Pools Consumer Electronics TelevisionsHome audio & TV accessoriesComputersHome office equipment LightingCommercial Onsite Audit Building envelope Wall framing & insulation Foundation & roofing windows Lighting Interior exterior HVAC Unitary HVACAir handlersBoilerschillers Water Heating Appliances Office Equipment Computers Printers, scanners, & fax machines Laundry Cooking equipment Compressed air systems
Key Market Baseline TermsDefinitions Market Penetration – proportion ofbuildings with at least one unit of a givenequipment type or characteristic;represents the level of market adoptionEquations 𝑷𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 ��𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 Market Saturation – average number ofunits across all buildings Mean Units – average number of units forbuildings with at least one unit 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕
Example of Penetration DataSource: Michigan Baseline Study2011 Commercial Baseline Report
Telephone Survey Questions Interest and importance of energy efficiency Drivers for energy efficiency interest (e.g., reduce cost, reduceenvironmental impact, preserve resources, etc.) Awareness of energy efficient technologies Barriers to taking energy efficiency actions Likelihood to adopt energy efficient technologies or take energyefficient actions
Residential Telephone Survey FindingsRebates andRebate levelsimportantfactorFinancingOptions arekeySource: Michigan Baseline Study2011 Residential Baseline Report
How is the Michigan Baseline Study Used inthe Michigan EE Potential Study Residential sector Provided input to bottom-up approach to estimate EE potential Commercial sector Commercial EE potential estimated by means of a top-down approachResidential Energy SavingsCommercial SalesBusiness SegmentMeasuresEnd UseEnd UseMeasuresBuilding TypeNumber of HomesCommercial Energy Savings
Residential EE Potential SavingsSingle FamilyEnergy SavingsMulti-FamilyEnergy SavingsManufactured HomeEnergy SavingsSavingsFactorsSaturation(by Technology)SavingsFactorsSaturation(by Technology)SavingsFactorsSaturation(by Technology)Base Energy Use(by Technology)Base Energy Useby TechnologyBase Energy Useby Technology# of Single Family Homes# of Multi-family UnitsMARKET SEGMENTS# of ManufacturedHousing (Mobile Homes)
Energy Savings Equation [Building Blocks]Technical PotentialEnergy Use Associated withInefficient Equipment# of SingleFamily HomesFromMarketBaselineBase Energy-UseBy TechnologyFuel TypeDistributionFrom TRM(MEMD)Saturation byTechnologyTechnicalFeasibility FactorEconomic PotentialThe portion of the technical potential for which thecost is less than that of the alterative resource (i.e.,supply side option)Measure LevelSavings %
Energy Savings Equation [Building Blocks]Achievable PotentialEnergy Use Associated withInefficient Equipment# of SingleFamily HomesBase Energy-UseBy TechnologyFromMarketBaselineFuel TypeDistributionFrom TRM(MEMD)Saturation byTechnologyTechnicalFeasibility FactorMeasure LevelSavings %Informed by tialxLong-Term MarketPenetration(Based on IncentiveLevel)Year-by-YearMarket AdoptionCurve Factor
Quantification of Market Barriers Can beInformed by Qualitative Baseline DataMaximum Adoption RatesMarket Adoption Curve(As a function of Incentive Level)Market AdoptionBass Diffussion Curve1.210.80.60.40.200Source: Michigan EE Potential Study, GDS Associates Inc.51015202530
Market Baseline Observations Adoption of new technologies can be lightning fast – rendering marketbaselines quickly out-of-date; e.g. LED lighting Commercial building stock in Michigan has a highly inefficient buildingenvelope little to no insulation in many buildings Ground-sourced heat pumps are a promising technology that has littlepenetration in Michigan Stakeholder inclusion in study process is critical to acceptance ofauthoritative source of data for regulatory & legislative process While program tracking can inform changes from baseline since the laststudy, market effects need to be accounted for – updated baseline analysiscan help identify the market effects resulting from the energy efficiencypolicies and programs
Documents Michigan Residential Market higan Residential Baseline Study 367668 7.pdf Michigan Commercial Market higan Commercial Baseline Study 367665 7.pdf
Baselines andEvaluation Measurement & VerificationLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryWebinar Series on Evaluation, Measurement andVerification (EM&V) for Energy EfficiencyAugust 2, 2016Prepared by Carmen Best37
Overview Review of CPUC – Specific Working Definitions– EM&V Framework– Policy Manual Sources of Information and Data via EM&V– Pre-defined savings estimates (deemed)– Calculated savings estimates (custom) Ongoing Discussions and Opportunities Baselines of the FutureLink to Useful Reference Documents on EM&V/Baselines at the CPUC:http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/General.aspx?id 539938
The California Evaluation Framework167 matches on “baseline” in the 487 page documentGlossary includes 4 key definitions: BASELINE DATA - The measurements and facts describing facility operationsand design during the baseline period. This will include energy use or demandand parameters of facility operation that govern energy use or demand. BASELINE FORECAST - A prediction of future energy needs which does nottake into account the likely effects of new conservation programs that have notyet been started. BASELINE MODEL - The set of arithmetic factors, equations, or data used todescribe the relationship between energy use or demand and other baselinedata. A model may also be a simulation process involving a specifiedsimulation engine and set of input data. BASELINE PERIOD - The period of time selected as representative of facilityoperations before retrofit.http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/uploadedFiles/CPUC Public Website/Content/Utilities and Industries/Energy/Energy Programs/Demand Side Management/EE and Energy Savings Assist/CAEvaluationFramework.pdf39
CPUC Policy Manual Provides Guidelines65 matches on “baseline” in the 99 page documentFor Example: “ requires the review of the evidence related to one of the threebaseline choices:– (1) new equipment that is replaced on burnout (ROB),– turnover or replacement due to normal retrofit and remodeling activities(NR), and new construction (NC); or– (2) the pre-existing equipment used in the program induced earlyretirement (ER) case.” “A “dual baseline” must be utilized for program-induced earlyretirement measures.– the difference between the savings that should be credited for the initial years ofinstallation based upon the pre- existing or replaced equipment versus thesavings credit in later years that should be based upon an eventual pre-existingequipment replacement assumed to occur if the measure had not been installedas part of the program.http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/uploadedFiles/CPUC Public Website/Content/Utilities and Industries/Energy/Energy Programs/Demand Side Management/EE and Energy Savings Assist/CPUCEnergyEfficiencyPolicyManualv5.pdf40
CPUC Policy Manual Provides GuidelinesAppendix 1 Provides a Decision Treeto help identify appropriate baseline: Data needs and requirementsfor each path When one would need toprovide a preponderance ofevidence Consideration of regulations,code in the determination of thebaseline When and where industrystandard practice may be themost appropriate baseline41
Sources of Information and Data via EM&V Field data collected through EM&V activities is used toverify the appropriate baselines were used. It can also inform what was actually installed, or otheraspects of the “existing condition” assumptions including:– Wattage change out on a light bulb (or even bulb type)– Operating conditions (like hours of use)– If it was early retirement or not (dual baselines) Results of the EM&V field data or corrections onbaselines would be revealed in updates to the:– Unit Energy Savings for a specific measure– Gross realized savings for custom projects42
Sources of Information and Data via EM&V Inappropriate baselines can have a significant effect on afinal evaluation result2013 Custom Impact Evaluation 3%5FReport%5FFinal%5F071715ES%2Epdf
Ongoing Discussions and Opportunities Reviews of baseline rules started in 2014 and workshopswere held in early 2015http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/general.aspx?id 4130 Legislation (AB802) adopted at the end of 2015:– Allowed for incentives for existing buildings to bring them intoconformity with, or exceed code; and adjust goals– Overall reduction in Normalized Metered EnergyConsumption shall be considered as a measure of llNavClient.xhtml?bill id 201520160AB802 Energy Division staff revisited baseline policies to ensureconsistency with procurement and statewide forecastingas a result of the file/G000/M161/K471/161471852.PDF44
Baselines of the Future Need to continue to be grounded in the principles ofincremental effects of an intervention Should reflect the intent of the policies or actions fundingthe interventions More granular data and more data overall, does noterase baseline uncertainties, but– It may provide more opportunities to track absolute changes inconsumption– May allow for dynamic baseline modeling for on goingimprovements and Baselines should continue to be informed by informationgathered from the field45
Establishing Baselines in Market Transformation ProgramsPresentation to US DOE EM&V Webinar SeriesAugust 2, 2016Jeff Harris, Chief Transformation Officer - NEEANORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY ALLIANCE
Today’s Talk:Market TransformationBaselines: 47Why do we need a baselines?Fundamentals of MarketTransformation ProgramsEstablishing and measuringbaselines for MT programsExample 1: High-efficiency TVsExample 2: Heat pump waterheaters.
The Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance48
What is Market Transformation?The strategic process of intervening in a market tocreate las*ng change in market behavior by removingiden*fied barriers and/or exploi*ng opportuni*es toaccelerate the adop*on of all cost-effec ve energyefficiency as a ma er of standard prac*ce.49
Why do we need a baseline? Context is Crucial: MT programs are different than traditionalresource acquisition programs Two primary purposes for baselines: Estimate impacts on total power system loads Facilitate prudency determination of programdesign and logic It’s not about attribution . It’s “counter-factual”50
Market Transformation is a long-term process thataccelerates market adoption of EE innovationsDollarsInvestedMarketMarket ShareCodes &StandardsNaturalBaselineTransformationFrozen EfficiencyBaseline w/ ResetFrozen Efficiency BaselineEmerging Technologies51Early MarketAdoptionMainstream Market AdoptionTime10
Documenting intent: Logic Models and Measurement52
Key considerations for MT Baselines: 1. Metrics:§ Normalized, total market unit energy consumption. 2. Data requirements:§§§§§Full category sales data for consumer productsStatistical data on building stock or component changes over timeFrequency in market measurement is crucial. Quarterly to monthlyPre-intervention period of 12 months minimum to establish trendsAlternately, find independent market trend forecasts 3. Sequence and priority:§ First get total market change off fixed baseline right;§ Then worry about “alternate universe” of “naturally occurringbaseline”53
Example 1. High efficiency TVs Market: Flat-panel TVs54
Example 2: Heat Pump Water Heaters (1)55
Example 2: Heat Pump Water Heaters (2)56
Conclusions57 Market Transformation Programs aredifferent; require unique approaches Important to understand key objectives:Load impacts or prudency? Or both? Data requirements are challenging;market data is expensive; Delphi panelsare not always reliable Other than frozen efficiency, estimates ofmarket baselines are inherently uncertainand are best used to inform programdesign and logic.
Thank You!AcceleratingMarketAdoption585858Filling tageJeff HarrisChief Transformation Officer, NEEA
Discussion/QuestionsFor more EM&V informaEon see: Webinars: hXps://emp.lbl.gov/emv-webinar-series For technical assistance to state regulatory commissions, state energy offices,tribes and regional enEEes, and other public enEEes ce-states Energy efficiency publicaEons and presentaEons – financing, performancecontracEng, documenEng performance, etc. iency New Technical Brief - Coordina ng Demand-Side Efficiency Evalua on,Measurement and Verifica on Among Western States: Op ons for Documen ngEnergy and Non- Energy Impacts for the Power emand-side-efficiencyFrom Albert Einstein:“Everything should be as simple as it is, but not simpler”“Everything that can be counted does not necessarily count; everything that counts cannot necessarily be counted”59
comparison group of households that we consider similar to those in the participant households (the . control group), during the same period of time. 23. As shown in Figure 4, the difference between the energy use of the households in the treatment and the control group can be attributed to three sources: 1. The true impact of the program 2.
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P6 has the graphic capability of displaying multiple baselines in the Gantt Chart. This edition of Tech Tips outlined a few simple steps to activate this functionality. A few common challenges in the process have been identified and workarounds provided to ensure the P6 User is able to successfully display multiple baselines in the Gantt Chart.
2 STRAIGHT BASELINES: DENMARK The Danish Government promulgated straight baselines by a Royal Decree of December 21, 1966, whi
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