Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide For Law Enforcement - NCJRS
Eyewitness Evidence:A Guide for Law EnforcementPart I: Interviewing Procedures1
Section I.Initial Report of the Crime/First Responder(Preliminary Investigator)2
A. Answering the 9–1–1/EmergencyCall (Call-Taker/Dispatcher)Procedure: During a 9–1–1/emergencycall—after obtaining preliminary informationand dispatching police—the call-taker/dispatcher should—1. Assure the caller the police are on the way.3
Answering the 9–1–1/Emergency Call(Call-Taker/Dispatcher) (cont.)2. Ask open-ended questions (e.g., “What canyou tell me about the car?”) and augmentwith closed-ended questions (e.g., “Whatcolor was the car?”).4
Obtaining Information FromWitness(es)Open-ended questions allow for anunlimited response from the witness inhis/her own words.Examples: “What can you tell me about theperpetrator?” “Tell me in your own words whathappened.”5
Obtaining Information FromWitness(es) (cont.)Closed-ended questions limit the amountor scope of information that the witness canprovide.Examples: “Did the perpetrator have a beard?” “What color was the car?”6
Obtaining Information FromWitness(es) (cont.)3. Avoid asking suggestive or leadingquestions. Leading questions suggest ananswer and may distort the caller’sperception or memory.Example: “Was the car red?”7
Answering the 9–1–1/Emergency Call(Call-Taker/Dispatcher) (cont.)4. Ask if anything else should be known aboutthe incident.5. Transmit information to respondingofficer(s).6. Update officer(s) as more informationcomes in.8
Answering the 9–1–1/Emergency Call(Call-Taker/Dispatcher) (cont.)Summary:The information obtained from the witness iscritical to the safety of those involved andmay be important to the investigation. Themanner in which facts are elicited from acaller can influence the accuracy of theinformation obtained.9
B. Investigating the Scene(Preliminary Investigating Officer)Procedure: After securing the scene andattending to any victims and injuredpersons, the preliminary investigatingofficer should—1. Identify the perpetrator(s).a. Determine the location of the perpetrator(s).b. Detain or arrest if still present at the scene.10
Investigating the Scene (PreliminaryInvestigating Officer) (cont.)2. Determine/classify what crime or incidenthas occurred.3. Broadcast an updated description of theincident, perpetrator(s), and/or vehicle(s).11
Investigating the Scene (PreliminaryInvestigating Officer) (cont.)4. Verify the identity of the witness(es).5. Separate witnesses and instruct them toavoid discussing details of the incident withother witnesses.6. Canvass the area for other witnesses.12
Investigating the Scene (PreliminaryInvestigating Officer) (cont.)Summary:The preliminary investigation at the sceneforms a sound basis for the accuratecollection of information and evidenceduring the followup investigation.13
C. Obtaining Information FromWitness(es)Procedure: When interviewing a witness, thepreliminary investigating officer should—1. Establish rapport with the witness.122. Inquire about the witness’s condition.(To play audio sample, role mouse over audio icon.)14
Obtaining Information FromWitness(es) (cont.)3. Use open-ended questions (e.g., “What canyou tell me about the car?”); Augment withclosed-ended questions (e.g., “What colorwas the car?”); and avoid leading questions(e.g., “Was the car red?”).15
Obtaining Information FromWitness(es) (cont.)Convert the following closed-ended questionsto open-ended format:1. “What color was his hair?”2. “Was he wearing a jacket?”3. “Did he have a mustache or beard?”16
Obtaining Information FromWitness(es) (cont.)4. Clarify the information received with thewitness.5. Document information obtained from thewitness, including the witness’s identity, ina written report.6. Encourage the witness to contactinvestigators with any further information.17
Obtaining Information FromWitness(es) (cont.)7. Encourage the witness to avoid contactwith the media or exposure to mediaaccounts concerning the incident.8. Instruct the witness to avoid discussingdetails of the incident with other potentialwitnesses.18
Obtaining Information FromWitness(es) (cont.)Summary:Information obtained from the witness cancorroborate other evidence (e.g., physicalevidence or accounts provided by otherwitnesses) in the investigation. Therefore, itis important that this information beaccurately documented in writing.19
Section III.Procedures for Interviewingthe Witness by the FollowupInvestigator20
A. Preinterview Preparations andDecisionsProcedure: Prior to conducting the interview,the investigator should—1. Review available information.2. Plan to conduct the interview as soon asthe witness is physically and emotionallycapable.21
Preinterview Preparations andDecisions (cont.)3. Select an environment that minimizesdistractions while maintaining the comfortlevel of the witness.4. Ensure resources are available (e.g.,notepad, tape recorder, camcorder,interview room).22
Preinterview Preparations andDecisions (cont.)5. Separate the witnesses.6. Determine the nature of the witness’s priorlaw enforcement contact.23
Preinterview Preparations andDecisions (cont.)Summary:Performing the above preinterviewpreparations will enable the investigatorto elicit a greater amount of accurateinformation during the interview, whichmay be critical to the investigation.24
B. Initial (Preinterview) ContactWith the WitnessProcedure: On meeting with the witness butprior to beginning the interview, theinvestigator should—1. Develop rapport with the witness.25
Initial (Preinterview) Contact Withthe Witness (cont.)2. Inquire about the nature of the witness’sprior law enforcement contact related to theincident.3. Volunteer no specific information about thesuspect or case.26
Initial (Preinterview) Contact Withthe Witness (cont.)Summary:Establishing a cooperative relationship withthe witness likely will result in an interviewthat yields a greater amount of accurateinformation.27
C. Conducting the Interview34The cognitive interview technique, used toobtain information from cooperativewitnesses, has four basic principles—(To play audio sample, role mouse over audio icon.)28
Conducting the Interview (cont.)Principle 1:Social Dynamics Betweenthe Interviewer and Witness5678(To play audio sample, role mouse over audio icon.)29
Conducting the Interview (cont.)Principle 2:Facilitation of the Witness’sMemory and Thinking9(To play audio sample, role mouse over audio icon.)30
Conducting the Interview (cont.)Principle 3:Communication Between theInterviewer and Witness31
Conducting the Interview (cont.)Principle 4:Sequence of the Interview32
C. Conducting the Interview (cont.)Procedure: During the interview, theinvestigator should—1. Encourage the witness to volunteerinformation without prompting.2. Encourage the witness to report all details,even if they seem trivial.33
Conducting the Interview (cont.)3. Ask open-ended questions (e.g., “What canyou tell me about the car?”) and augmentwith closed-ended questions (e.g., “Whatcolor was the car?”).4. Avoid leading questions (e.g., “Was thecar red?”).34
Conducting the Interview (cont.)5. Caution the witness not to guess.6. Ask the witness to mentally recreate thecircumstances of the event (e.g., “Think aboutyour feelings at the time”).7. Encourage nonverbal communication (e.g.,drawings, gestures, objects).35
Conducting the Interview (cont.)8. Avoid interrupting the witness.9. Encourage the witness to contactinvestigators when additional informationis recalled.36
Conducting the Interview (cont.)10. Instruct the witness to avoid discussingdetails of the incident with other potentialwitnesses.11. Encourage the witness to avoid contactwith the media or exposure to mediaaccounts concerning the incident.12. Thank the witness for his/her cooperation.37
Conducting the Interview (cont.)Summary: Information elicited from the witnessduring the interview may provide investigativeleads and other essential facts. The aboveinterview procedures will enable the witness toprovide the most accurate, complete descriptionof the event and encourage the witness to reportlater recollections. Witnesses commonly recalladditional information after the interview thatmay be critical to the investigation.38
D. Recording Witness RecollectionsProcedure: During or as soon as reasonablypossible after the interview, the investigatorshould—1. Document the witness’s statements (e.g.,audio or video recording, stenographer’sdocumentation, witness’s written statement,or written summary using witness’s ownwords).39
Recording Witness Recollections (cont.)2. Review written documentation; ask thewitness if there is anything he/she wishesto change, add, or emphasize.40
Recording Witness Recollections (cont.)Summary:Complete and accurate documentation of thewitness’s statement is essential to theintegrity and success of the investigationand any subsequent court proceedings.41
E. Assessing the Accuracy of IndividualElements of a Witness’s StatementProcedure: After conducting the interview,the investigator should—1. Consider each individual component of thewitness’s statement separately.42
Assessing the Accuracy of IndividualElements of a Witness’s Statement (cont.)2. Review each element of the witness’sstatement in the context of the entirestatement. Look for inconsistencies withinthe statement.3. Review each element of the statement inthe context of evidence known to theinvestigator from other sources (e.g., otherwitnesses’ statements, physical evidence).43
Assessing the Accuracy of IndividualElements of a Witness’s Statement (cont.)Summary:Point-by-point consideration of the accuracy ofeach element of a witness’s statement canassist in focusing the investigation. Thistechnique avoids the common misconceptionthat the accuracy of an individual element ofa witness’s description predicts the accuracyof another element.44
F. Maintaining Contact Withthe WitnessProcedure: During postinterview, followupcontact with the witness, the investigatorshould—1. Reestablish rapport with the witness.2. Ask the witness if he/she has recalled anyadditional information.45
Maintaining Contact With the Witness(cont.)3. Follow interviewing and documentationprocedures in subsections C, Conductingthe Interview, and D, Recording WitnessRecollections.4. Provide no information from other sources.46
Maintaining Contact With the Witness(cont.)Summary:Reestablishing contact and rapport with thewitness often leads to recovery of additionalinformation. Maintaining opencommunication channels with the witnessthroughout the investigation is critical.47
Eyewitness Evidence:A Guide for Law EnforcementPart II: IdentificationProcedures48
Section II.Mug Booksand Composites49
A. Preparing Mug BooksProcedure: In selecting photos to bepreserved in a mug book, the preparershould—1. Group photos by format (e.g., color orblack and white; Polaroid, 35mm, ordigital; video) to ensure that no photounduly stands out.50
Preparing Mug Books (cont.)2. Select photos of individuals that areuniform with regard to general physicalcharacteristics (e.g., race, age, sex).3. Consider grouping photos by specific crime(e.g., sexual assault, gang activity).51
Preparing Mug Books (cont.)4. Ensure that positive identifying informationexists for all individuals portrayed.5. Ensure that photos are reasonablycontemporary.6. Ensure that only one photo of eachindividual is in the mug book.52
Preparing Mug Books (cont.)Summary:Mug books must be objectively compiled toyield investigative leads that will beadmissible in court.53
B. Developing and Using CompositeImagesProcedure: The person preparing thecomposite should—1. Assess the ability of the witness to providea description of the perpetrator.2. Select the procedure to be used from thoseavailable (e.g., identikit-type, artist,computer-generated images).54
Developing and Using CompositeImages (cont.)3. Unless part of the procedure, avoidshowing the witness any photosimmediately prior to development ofthe composite.4. Select an environment for conducting theprocedure that minimizes distractions.55
Developing and Using CompositeImages (cont.)5. Conduct the procedure with each witnessseparately.6. Determine with the witness whether thecomposite is a reasonable representation ofthe perpetrator.56
Developing and Using CompositeImages (cont.)Summary:The use of composite images can yieldinvestigative leads in cases in which nosuspect has been determined. Use of theseprocedures can facilitate obtaining from thewitness a description that will enable thedevelopment of a reasonable likeness of theperpetrator.57
C. Instructing the Witness:Mug BookProcedure: The investigator/personconducting the procedure should—1. Instruct each witness without other personspresent.2. Describe the mug book to the witness onlyas a “collection of photographs.”58
Instructing the Witness:Mug Book (cont.)3. Instruct the witness that the person whocommitted the crime may or may not bepresent in the mug book.4. Consider suggesting to the witness to thinkback to the event and his/her frame of mindat the time.59
Instructing the Witness:Mug Book (cont.)5. Instruct the witness to select a photographif he/she can and to state how he/she knowsthe person if he/she can.6. Assure the witness that regardless ofwhether he/she makes an identification, thepolice will continue to investigate the case.60
Instructing the Witness:Mug Book (cont.)7. Instruct the witness that the procedurerequires the investigator to ask the witnessto state, in his/her own words, how certainhe/she is of any identification.61
C. Instructing the Witness:CompositeProcedure: The investigator/personconducting the procedure should—1. Instruct each witness without other personspresent.2. Explain the type of composite technique tobe used.62
Instructing the Witness:Composite (cont.)3. Explain to the witness how the compositewill be used in the investigation.4. Instruct the witness to think back to theevent and his/her frame of mind at the time.63
C. Instructing the Witness (cont.)Summary:Providing instructions to the witness canimprove his/her comfort level and canresult in information that may assistthe investigation.64
D. Documenting the ProcedureProcedure: The person conducting theprocedure should—1. Document the procedure employed (e.g.,identikit-type, mug book, artist,computer-generated image) in writing.65
Documenting the Procedure (cont.)2. Document the results of the procedure inwriting, including the witness’s own wordsregarding how certain he/she is of anyidentification.3. Document items used and preservecomposites generated.66
Documenting the Procedure (cont.)Summary:Documentation of the procedure and itsoutcome improves the strength andcredibility of the results obtained from thewitness and can be an important factor inthe investigation and any subsequent courtproceedings.67
Section IV.Field Identification Procedure(Showup)68
A. Conducting ShowupsProcedure: When conducting a showup, theinvestigator should—1. Determine and document, prior to theshowup, a description of the perpetrator.2. Consider transporting the witness to thelocation of the detained suspect to limit thelegal impact of the suspect’s detention.69
Conducting Showups (cont.)3. When multiple witnesses are involved:a. Separate witnesses and instruct them toavoid discussing details of the incidentwith other witnesses.b. If a positive identification is obtainedfrom one witness, consider using otheridentification procedures (e.g., lineup,photo array) for remaining witnesses.70
Conducting Showups (cont.)4. Caution the witness that the person he/sheis looking at may or may not be theperpetrator.5. Obtain and document a statement ofcertainty for both identifications andnonidentifications.71
Conducting Showups (cont.)Summary:The use of a showup can provide investigativeinformation at an early stage, but theinherent suggestiveness of a showuprequires careful use of proceduralsafeguards.72
B. Recording Showup ResultsProcedure: When conducting a showup, theinvestigator should—1. Document the time and location of theprocedure.2. Record both identification andnonidentification results in writing,including the witness’s own wordsregarding how certain he/she is.73
Recording Showup Results (cont.)Summary:Preparing a complete and accurate record ofthe outcome of the showup improves thestrength and credibility of the identificationor nonidentification results obtained fromthe witness and can be a critical documentin the investigation and any subsequentcourt proceedings.74
Section V.Procedures for EyewitnessIdentification of Suspects75
Video Clip 1(To view video, roll mouse over video screen. Video is not accompanied by sound.)76
A. Composing Lineups: Photo LineupProcedure: In composing a photo lineup, theinvestigator should—1. Include only one suspect in eachidentification procedure.77
Composing Lineups: Photo Lineup(cont.)2. Select fillers who generally fit the witness’sdescription of the perpetrator. When thereis a limited/inadequate description of theperpetrator provided by the witness, orwhen the description of the perpetratordiffers significantly from the appearance ofthe suspect, fillers should resemble thesuspect in significant features.78
Description: white male, 19 to 25 years old, dark hair, no facial hair.Pick five fillers.41235678910111279
Suppose that this man is the suspect.Witness description: white male, 19-30,dark hair, clean shaven. Pick five fillers.13467852910111280
Composing Lineups: Photo Lineup(cont.)3. If multiple photos of the suspect arereasonably available to the investigator,select a photo that resembles the suspect’sdescription or appearance at the time ofthe incident.4. Include a minimum of five fillers(nonsuspects) per identification procedure.81
Composing Lineups: Photo Lineup(cont.)5. Consider that complete uniformity offeatures is not required. Avoid using fillersthat so closely resemble the suspect that aperson familiar with the suspect might findit difficult to distinguish the suspect fromthe fillers.82
The eyewitness described the perpetrator as a18- to 22-year-old white male with brown hairand no facial hair.83
Composing Lineups: Photo Lineup(cont.)6. Create a consistent appearance betweenthe suspect and fillers with respect to anyunique or unusual feature (e.g., scars,tattoos) used to describe the perpetratorby artificially adding or concealing thatfeature.84
In this case, the eyewitness described the perpetratoras a cross-eyed, black male.85
Composing Lineups: Photo Lineup(cont.)7. Consider placing suspects in differentpositions in each lineup, both across casesand with multiple witnesses in the samecase. Position the suspect randomly in thelineup.8. When showing a new suspect, avoidreusing fillers in lineups shown to thesame witness.86
Composing Lineups: Photo Lineup(cont.)9. Ensure that no writings or informationconcerning previous arrest(s) will bevisible to the witness.10. View the spread, once completed, toensure that the suspect does not undulystand out.87
Composing Lineups: Photo Lineup(cont.)11. Preserve the presentation order of thephoto lineup. In addition, the photosthemselves should be preserved in theiroriginal condition.88
Perpetrator described as white male, age 25–40, approximately6'2" tall, dark hair at ear length, and no facial hair. Suspect is inposition 3. What problems are there with this lineup?12453689
A. Composing Lineups: Live LineupProcedure: In composing a live lineup, theinvestigator should—1. Include only one suspect in eachidentification procedure.90
Composing Lineups: Live Lineup(cont.)2. Select fillers who generally fit the witness’sdescription of the perpetrator. When thereis a limited/inadequate description of theperpetrator provided by the witness, orwhen the description of the perpetratordiffers significantly from the appearance ofthe suspect, fillers should resemble thesuspect in significant features.91
Composing Lineups: Live Lineup(cont.)3. Consider placing suspects in differentpositions in each lineup, both across casesand with multiple witnesses in the samecase. Position the suspect randomly, unless,where local practice allows, the suspect orthe suspect’s attorney requests a particularposition.92
Composing Lineups: Live Lineup(cont.)4. Include a minimum of four fillers(nonsuspects) per identification procedure.5. When showing a new suspect, avoidreusing fillers in lineups shown to thesame witness.93
Composing Lineups: Live Lineup(cont.)6. Consider that complete uniformity offeatures is not required. Avoid using fillersthat so closely resemble the suspect that aperson familiar with the suspect might findit difficult to distinguish the suspect fromthe fillers.94
Composing Lineups: Live Lineup(cont.)7. Create a consistent appearance between thesuspect and fillers with respect to anyunique or unusual feature (e.g., scars,tattoos) used to describe the perpetratorby artificially adding or concealing thatfeature.95
The perpetrator was described by the eyewitness as a white male withlight-colored hair. What are two clear problems with this lineup?96
A. Composing Lineups (cont.)Summary:The above procedures will result in a lineup inwhich the suspect does not unduly standout. An identification obtained through alineup composed in this manner may havestronger evidentiary value than one obtainedwithout these procedures.97
Video Clip 2(To view video, roll mouse over video screen. Video is not accompanied by sound.)98
Video Clip 3(To view video, roll mouse over video screen. Video is not accompanied by sound.)99
Replay of Video Clip 1(To view video, roll mouse over video screen. Video is not accompanied by sound.)100
B. Instructing the Witness Prior toViewing a Lineup: Photo LineupProcedure: Prior to presenting a photolineup, the investigator should—1. Instruct the witness that he/she will beasked to view a set of photographs.2. Instruct the witness that it is just asimportant to clear innocent persons fromsuspicion as to identify guilty parties.101
Instructing the Witness: Photo Lineup(cont.)3. Instruct the witness that individualsdepicted in lineup photos may not appearexactly as they did on the date of theincident, because features such as head andfacial hair are subject to change.102
Instructing the Witness: Photo Lineup(cont.)4. Instruct the witness that the person whocommitted the crime may or may not be inthe set of photographs being presented.5. Assure the witness that regardless ofwhether an identification is made, thepolice will continue to investigate theincident.103
Instructing the Witness: Photo Lineup(cont.)6. Instruct the witness that the procedurerequires the investigator to ask the witnessto state, in his/her own words, how certainhe/she is of any identification.104
B. Instructing the Witness Prior toViewing a Lineup: Live LineupProcedure: Prior to presenting a live lineup,the investigator should—1. Instruct the witness that he/she will beasked to view a group of individuals.2. Instruct the witness that it is just asimportant to clear innocent persons fromsuspicion as to identify guilty parties.105
Instructing the Witness: Live Lineup(cont.)3. Instruct the witness that individuals presentin the lineup may not appear exactly as theydid on the date of the incident, becausefeatures such as head and facial hair aresubject to change.4. Instruct the witness that the person whocommitted the crime may or may not bepresent in the group of individuals.106
Instructing the Witness: Live Lineup(cont.)5. Assure the witness that regardless ofwhether an identification is made, the policewill continue to investigate the incident.6. Instruct the witness that the procedurerequires the investigator to ask the witness tostate, in his/her own words, how certainhe/she is of any identification.107
B. Instructing the Witness Prior toViewing a Lineup (cont.)Summary:Instructions provided to the witness prior topresentation of a lineup will likely improvethe accuracy and reliability of anyidentification obtained from the witness andcan facilitate the elimination of innocentparties from the investigation.108
C. Conducting the IdentificationProcedure: Simultaneous Photo LineupProcedure: When presenting a simultaneousphoto lineup, the investigator should—1. Provide viewing instructions to the witnessas outlined in subsection B, Instructing theWitness Prior to Viewing a Lineup.2. Confirm that the witness understands thenature of the lineup procedure.109
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Simultaneous Photo Lineup (cont.)3. Avoid saying anything to the witness thatmay influence the witness’s selection.4. If an identification is made, avoid reportingto the witness any information regardingthe individual he/she has selected prior toobtaining the witness’s statement ofcertainty.110
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Simultaneous Photo Lineup (cont.)5. Record any identification results andwitness’s statement of certainty as outlinedin subsection D, Recording IdentificationResults.111
LINEUP FORM(Required for Every Photo or Live Lineup)Date of offense:Case or file number:Witness name:Results of lineup conducted on (date) at (time):I selected photo/person number from the lineup.I made no selection from the photos shown/persons in lineup.Witness statement about this identification or nonidentification:Unusual circumstances (clothing passed among participants, etc.):Phrases spoken by suspect(s):Signature of witness:Signature of investigating officer:Names of any other persons present at lineup and relationship to case:112
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Simultaneous Photo Lineup (cont.)6. Document in writing the photo lineupprocedures, including—a. Identification information and sourcesof all photos used.b. Names of all persons present at thephoto lineup.c. Date and time of the identificationprocedure.113
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Simultaneous Photo Lineup (cont.)7. Instruct the witness not to discuss theidentification procedure or its results withother witnesses involved in the case anddiscourage contact with the media.114
C. Conducting the IdentificationProcedure: Sequential Photo LineupProcedure: When presenting a sequentialphoto lineup, the investigator should—1. Provide viewing instructions to the witnessas outlined in subsection B, Instructing theWitness Prior to Viewing a Lineup.115
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Sequential Photo Lineup (cont.)2. Provide the following additional viewinginstructions to the witness:a. Individual photographs will be viewedone at a time.b. The photos are in random order.c. Take as much time as needed in makinga decision about each photo beforemoving on to the next one.116
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Sequential Photo Lineup (cont.)d. All photos will be shown, even if anidentification is made; or the procedure willbe stopped at the point of an identification(consistent with jurisdictional/departmentalprocedures).3. Confirm that the witness understands thenature of the sequential procedure.117
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Sequential Photo Lineup (cont.)4. Present each photo to the witnessseparately, in a previously determinedorder, removing those previously shown.5. Avoid saying anything to the witness thatmay influence the witness’s selection.118
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Sequential Photo Lineup (cont.)6. If an identification is made, avoid reportingto the witness any information regardingthe individual he/she has selected prior toobtaining the witness’s statement ofcertainty.119
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Sequential Photo Lineup (cont.)7. Record any identification results andwitness’s statement of certainty as outlinedin subsection D, Recording IdentificationResults.120
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Sequential Photo Lineup (cont.)8. Document in writing the photo lineupprocedures, including—a. Identification information and sources ofall photos used.b. Names of all persons present at thephoto lineup.c. Date and time of the identificationprocedure.121
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Sequential Photo Lineup (cont.)9. Instruct the witness not to discuss theidentification procedure or its results withother witnesses involved in the case anddiscourage contact with the media.122
C. Conducting the IdentificationProcedure: Simultaneous Live LineupProcedure: When presenting a simultaneouslive lineup, the investigator/lineupadministrator should—1. Provide viewing instructions to the witnessas outlined in subsection B, Instructing theWitness Prior to Viewing a Lineup.123
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Simultaneous Live Lineup (cont.)2. Instruct all those present at the lineup not tosuggest in any way the position or identityof the suspect in the lineup.3. Ensure that any identification actions (e.g.,speaking, moving) are performed by allmembers of the lineup.124
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Simultaneous Live Lineup (cont.)4. Avoid saying anything to the witness thatmay influence the witness’s selection.5. If an identification is made, avoid reportingto the witness any information regardingthe individual he/she has selected prior toobtaining the witness’s statement ofcertainty.125
Conducting the Identification Procedure:Simultaneous Live Lineup (cont.)6. Record any identification results andwitness’s statement of certainty as outlinedin subsection D, Recording IdentificationResults.126
Conducting the Identification Procedure
Group photos by format (e.g., color or black and white; Polaroid, 35mm, or digital; video) to ensure that no photo unduly stands out. 51 2. Select photos of individuals that are uniform with regard to general physical characteristics (e.g., race, age, sex). 3. Consider grouping photos by specific crime
Bruksanvisning för bilstereo . Bruksanvisning for bilstereo . Instrukcja obsługi samochodowego odtwarzacza stereo . Operating Instructions for Car Stereo . 610-104 . SV . Bruksanvisning i original
THE JUSTICE PROJECT WWW.THEJUSTICEPROJECT.ORG 2 Eyewitness identification is critical to the appre- hension and prosecution of criminals. Eyewitness evidence can also be an important tool for exonerating
reports, copies of all identification procedures, testimony of the victim(s) and/or witness(es), testimony of all police officer(s) involved in collecting the eyewitness evidence, and any other documentation that is relevant to the eyewitness identification at hand. In this case, I was provided with and have reviewed the following materials: 1.
10 tips och tricks för att lyckas med ert sap-projekt 20 SAPSANYTT 2/2015 De flesta projektledare känner säkert till Cobb’s paradox. Martin Cobb verkade som CIO för sekretariatet för Treasury Board of Canada 1995 då han ställde frågan
service i Norge och Finland drivs inom ramen för ett enskilt företag (NRK. 1 och Yleisradio), fin ns det i Sverige tre: Ett för tv (Sveriges Television , SVT ), ett för radio (Sveriges Radio , SR ) och ett för utbildnings program (Sveriges Utbildningsradio, UR, vilket till följd av sin begränsade storlek inte återfinns bland de 25 största
Hotell För hotell anges de tre klasserna A/B, C och D. Det betyder att den "normala" standarden C är acceptabel men att motiven för en högre standard är starka. Ljudklass C motsvarar de tidigare normkraven för hotell, ljudklass A/B motsvarar kraven för moderna hotell med hög standard och ljudklass D kan användas vid
LÄS NOGGRANT FÖLJANDE VILLKOR FÖR APPLE DEVELOPER PROGRAM LICENCE . Apple Developer Program License Agreement Syfte Du vill använda Apple-mjukvara (enligt definitionen nedan) för att utveckla en eller flera Applikationer (enligt definitionen nedan) för Apple-märkta produkter. . Applikationer som utvecklas för iOS-produkter, Apple .
(N) Slam Dunk Eyewitness News 4PM Eyewitness World News Eyewitness Red Carpet 9 KCAL Big Deal Raw Travel Paid Program Yaba TV Paid Entertainers: Byron Allen Mike Mike 11 FOX NASCAR Cup Series Ruoff Mortgage 500. (12:30) (N) Å Fox 11 Sports Wrap (N) Fox 11 Weekend News Mod Fam Mod Fam ››13 MyNet Matter Paid Program Clue (1985) Eileen .
