Extraction Technologies For
Extraction Technologies forMedicinal and Aromatic Plants
Opinions expressed in the present publication do not necessarily reflectthe views of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) or theInternational Centre for Science and High Technology (ICS). Mention of the names offirms and commercial products does not imply endorsement by UNIDO or ICS.No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from ICS.This is not a formal document and has been produced without formal editing.Coverpage insets include pictures of:Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. DonTaxus baccata L.ICS-UNIDO is supported by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the International Centrefor Science and High Technology, 2008Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences and TechnologiesInternational Centre for Science and High TechnologyICS-UNIDO, AREA Science ParkPadriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, ItalyTel.: 39-040-9228108 Fax: 39-040-9228136E-mail: environment@ics.trieste.it
Extraction Technologiesfor Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsScientific Editors:Sukhdev Swami HandaSuman Preet Singh KhanujaGennaro LongoDev Dutt RakeshINTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND HIGH TECHNOLOGYTrieste, 2008
ContributorsChapter 1An Overview of Extraction Techniques for Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsSukhdev Swami HandaSenior Specialist, Industrial Utilization of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsEarth, Environmental and Marine Sciences and Technologies, ICS-UNIDO,AREA Science Park, Bldg. L2, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, ItalyChapter 2Role of Process Simulation to Extraction Technologies for Medicinal andAromatic PlantsMaurizio FermegliaDICAMP-CASLAB, University of Trieste and Scientific Consultant for ProcessSimulation, ICS-UNIDO, AREA Science Park, Bldg. L2, Padriciano 99, 34012Trieste, ItalyChapter 3Maceration, Percolation and Infusion Techniques for the Extraction of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsJanardan SinghScientist E II, Botany and Pharmacognosy, Central Institute of Medicinal andAromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, IndiaChapter 4Hydrolytic Maceration, Expression and Cold Fat ExtractionAnil Kumar SinghScientist F, Essential Oil Analysis Laboratory, Central Institute of Medicinaland Aromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, IndiaChapter 5Decoction and Hot Continuous Extraction TechniquesSudeep Tandon and Shailendra RaneScientist EI, Chemical Engineer, Process and Product Development Division,Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, India
CONTRIBUTORSChapter 6Aqueous Alcoholic Extraction of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants by FermentationChander Kant KatiyarDirector, Herbal Drug Research, Ranbaxy Research Labs, R&D-II, Plot 20,Sector 18, Udyog Vihar Industrial Area, Gurgaon, IndiaChapter 7Distillation Technology for Essential OilsSudeep TandonScientist EI, Chemical Engineer, Process and Product Development Division,Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, IndiaChapter 8Microdistillation, Thermomicrodistillation and Molecular Distillation TechniquesVishwas Govind PangarkarProfessor, University Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh MargManunga (East) Mumbai 400 019, IndiaChapter 9Solid Phase Micro-extraction and Headspace Trapping ExtractionRama Kant HarlalkaDirector, Nishant Aromas 424, Milan Industrial Estate, Cotton Green Park,Mumbai 200 033, IndiaChapter 10Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Fundamentals and ApplicationsAlberto Bertucco1 and Giada Franceschin21Professor, Dipartimento di Principi ed Impianti di Ingegneria Chimica “I. Sorgato”, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy2DIPIC - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, ItalyChapter 11Process-scale HPLC for Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsMadan Mohan Gupta1 and Karuna Shanker21Head, Analytical Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, India2Scientist, Analytical Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal andAromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, IndiaChapter 12Flash Chromatography and Low Pressure Chromatographic Techniques forSeparation of PhytomoleculesSunil Kumar ChattopadhyayScientist F, Process and Product Development Division, Central Institute ofMedicinal and Aromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, India4
EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTSChapter 13Counter-current ChromatographySantosh Kumar SrivastavaScientist E II, Phytochemistry, Central Institute of Medicinal and AromaticPlants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, IndiaChapter 14Quality Control of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and their Extracted Products by HPLC and High Performance Thin Layer ChromatographyKaran VasishtProfessor of Pharmacognosy, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India5
EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTSPrefaceMedicinal plants are the richest bioresource of drugs for traditional systems of medicine, modern medicines, nutraceuticals, food supplements, folk medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs. Aromatic plants are a source of fragrances, flavors,cosmeceuticals, health beverages and chemical terpenes. Medicinal andaromatic plants (MAPs) are traded as such in bulk from many developingcountries for further value addition in developed countries. The first stepin the value addition of MAP bioresources is the production of herbal drugpreparations (i.e. extracts), using a variety of methods from simple traditional technologies to advanced extraction techniques.Extraction (as the term is pharmaceutically used) is the separation of medicinally active portions of plant (and animal) tissues using selective solvents through standard procedures. Such extraction techniques separate the soluble plant metabolites and leave behind the insoluble cellularmarc. The products so obtained from plants are relatively complex mixturesof metabolites, in liquid or semisolid state or (after removing the solvent) indry powder form, and are intended for oral or external use. These includeclasses of preparations known as decoctions, infusions, fluid extracts, tinctures, pilular (semisolid) extracts or powdered extracts. Such preparationshave been popularly called galenicals, named after Galen, the second century Greek physician. The purpose of standardized extraction procedures forcrude drugs (medicinal plant parts) is to attain the therapeutically desiredportions and to eliminate unwanted material by treatment with a selectivesolvent known as menstruum. The extract thus obtained, after standardization, may be used as medicinal agent as such in the form of tinctures or fluidextracts or further processed to be incorporated in any dosage form such astablets and capsules. These products all contain complex mixture of manymedicinal plant metabolites, such as alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids and lignans. In order to be used as a modern drug, an extract maybe further processed through various techniques of fractionation to isolateindividual chemical entities such as vincristine, vinblastine, hyoscyamine,hyoscine, pilocarpine, forskolin and codeine.The industrial processing of MAPs starts with the extraction ofthe active components using various technologies. The general techniquesof medicinal plant extraction include maceration, infusion, percolation, digestion, decoction, hot continuous extraction (Soxhlet), aqueous-alcoholicextraction by fermentation, counter-current extraction, microwave-assistedextraction, ultrasound extraction (sonication), supercritical fluid extraction,and phytonic extraction (with hydrofluorocarbon solvents). For aromaticplants, hydrodistillation techniques (water distillation, steam distillation,water and steam distillation), hydrolytic maceration followed by distillation,expression and enfleurage (cold fat extraction) may be employed. Some of7
PREFACEthe latest extraction methods for aromatic plants include headspace trapping, solid phase micro-extraction, protoplast extraction, microdistillation,thermomicrodistillation and molecular distillation.With the increasing demand for herbal medicinal products, nutraceuticals, and natural products for health care all over the world, medicinalplant extract manufacturers and essential oil producers have started usingthe most appropriate extraction technologies in order to produce extractsand essential oils of defined quality with the least variations from batch tobatch. Such approach has to be adopted by MAP-rich developing countriesin order to meet the increasing requirement of good quality extracts and essential oils for better revenue generation within the country, as well as forcapturing this market in developed countries.The basic parameters influencing the quality of an extract arethe plant parts used as starting material, the solvent used for extraction, themanufacturing process (extraction technology) used with the type of equipment employed, and the crude-drug:extract ratio. The use of appropriateextraction technology, plant material, manufacturing equipment, extractionmethod and solvent and the adherence to good manufacturing practicescertainly help to produce a good quality extract. From laboratory scale to pilot scale, all the conditions and parameters can be modelled using processsimulation for successful industrial-scale production.With the advances in extraction technologies and better knowledge for maintaining quality parameters, it has become absolutely necessaryto disseminate such information to emerging and developing countries witha rich MAP biodiversity for the best industrial utilization of MAP resources.The experts at the South-East Asian (SEA) Regional Workshopentitled Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, held in2006 in Lucknow, India, agreed to prepare a publication on extraction principles, technologies and analytical techniques for quality control of raw materialsand processed products in the form of extracts and essential oils for medicinaland aromatic plants. This book focuses on different techniques of hydrodistillation, steam distillation, cohobation and fractional distillation of volatile oilsfrom aromatic plants and on water-solvent extraction and supercritical fluidextraction for medicinal plant extracts. It also discusses general, specific andadvanced technologies for preparing extracts of medicinal plants and the extraction of volatile oils and fragrances from aromatic plants. This book is intended to equip emerging and developing countries with techniques of extraction that can help them to produce economical and globally competitive qualityextracts.Gennaro LongoChief of Environment AreaSpecial Adviser on Technology Development8
EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTSContents1 An Overview of Extraction Techniques for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, S. S. Handa . . . . . .Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2 Medicinal Plant Extracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1 General Methods of Extraction of Medicinal Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.1 Maceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.2 Infusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.3 Digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.4 Decoction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.5 Percolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.6 Hot Continuous Extraction (Soxhlet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.7 Aqueous Alcoholic Extraction by Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.8 Counter-current Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.9 Ultrasound Extraction (Sonication) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.10 Supercritical Fluid Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.11 Phytonics Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.11.1 Advantages of the Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.11.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1.12 Parameters for Selecting an Appropriate ExtractionMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.2 Steps Involved in the Extraction of Medicinal Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.2.1 Size Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.2.2 Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.2.2.1 Cold Aqueous Percolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.2.2.2 Hot Aqueous Extraction (Decoction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.2.2.3 Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.2.2.4 Spray Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.2.3 Solvent Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.2.3.1 Cold Percolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.2.3.2 Hot Percolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.2.3.3 Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3 Aromatic Plant Extracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.1 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.2 Absolutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.3 Resinoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.4 Pomades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5 Essential Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.1 Sources of Natural Essential Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.2 Essential Oil Constituents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3 Methods of Producing Essential Oils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303031313233343435353535363737
CONTENTS1.3.5.3.1 Hydrodistillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.1.1 Mechanism of Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.1.1.1Hydrodiffusion . . . . . .1.3.5.3.1.1.2Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.1.1.3Effect of Heat . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.2 Three Types of Hydrodistillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.2.1 Water Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.2.1.1Traditional Methodof ProducingAttar UsingHydrodistillation . . . .1.3.5.3.2.1.2Disadvantages ofWater Distillation . . .1.3.5.3.2.2 Water and Steam Distillation . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.2.2.1Cohobation . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.2.2.2Advantages ofWater and SteamDistillation overWater Distillation . .1.3.5.3.2.2.3Disadvantages ofWater and SteamDistillation . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.2.3 Direct Steam Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.2.3.1Advantages ofDirect SteamDistillation . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.2.3.2Disadvantageof Direct SteamDistillation . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.3 Essential Oil Extraction by Hydrolytic MacerationDistillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.4 Essential Oil Extraction by Expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.4.1 Pelatrice Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.4.2 Sfumatrice Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.5 Essential Oil Extraction with Cold Fat (Enfleurage) . . .1.3.5.3.5.1 Enfleurage and Defleurage . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.5.3.5.2 Hot Maceration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.6 Modern (Non-traditional) Methods of Extraction of Essential Oils . . . . . . . . . .1.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15252
EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS2 Role of Process Simulation to Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,M. Fermeglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2 Process Simulation Goals and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3 Biotechnological and Phytochemical Processes Studied at ICS-UNIDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.1 Brief of Biotechnological Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.1.1 Alcohol Production from Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.1.2 Soybean Oil Refinery Process and Treatment of the Waste . . . . . .2.3.1.3 Production of Synthetic Hydrocarbon Fuels Starting fromBiomass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.1.4 Production of Bio-ethanol from Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.2 Brief of Phytochemical Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.2.1 Citral Recovery by Distillation of Lemon Peel Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.2.2 Menthol Recovery by Crystallization of Mentha Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.2.3 Carvone Recovery from Spearmint Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.2.4 Peppermint Oil Extraction by Steam Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.2.5 Multiple-effect Evaporation of Milk Serum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.3 Case Study: Turpentine Oil Batch Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.4 Case Study: Menthol Recovery by Crystallization of Mentha Oil . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Maceration, Percolation and Infusion Techniques for the Extraction of Medicinal and AromaticPlants, J. Singh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2 General Principles and Mechanism Involved for Crude Drug Extractionby Maceration, Percolation and Infusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3 Factors Affecting Choice of Extraction Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.1 Nature of the Crude Drug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.2 Stability of the Crude Drug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.3 Cost of the Crude Drug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.4 Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.5 Concentration of the Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.6 Recovery of Solvent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4 Quality Assurance of Extracts: The Extraction Process and Solvent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5 Maceration Processes (Steady-state Extraction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.13.5.23.5.33.5.4General Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maceration Process for Organized and Unorganized Crude Drugs . . . . . . . . . .Modifications to the General Processes of Maceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Large-scale Extraction Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.4.1 Circulatory Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86969696969696970707071727273
CONTENTS3.5.4.2Multistage Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.4.2.1 Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.4.2.2 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.4.2.3 Extraction Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.4.2.4 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6 Percolation (Exhaustive Extraction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.1 General Process of Percolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.2 Modifications to the General Process of Percolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.2.1 Reserved Percolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.2.2 Cover and Run Down Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.3 Percolators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.3.1 Small-scale or Laboratory-scale Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.3.1.1 Soxhlet Apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.3.1.2 Official Extractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.3.2Limitations of the Official Extractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.3.3Large-scale Extractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.7 Infusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.7.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.7.2 General Method for Preparing Fresh Infusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.7.3 Preparation of Concentrated Infusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.8 Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Hydrolytic Maceration, Expression and Cold Fat Extraction, A. K. Singh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2 Hydrolytic Maceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3 Expression Extraction of Essential Oils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.1 Process of Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.1.1 Hand Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.1.2 Ecuelle Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.1.3 Hand Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.1.4 Sfumatrici and Pelatrici . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.1.4.1 Special Sfumatrice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.1.5 Modern Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.1.6 FMC Whole Fruit Extractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4 Cold Fat Extraction (Enfleurage) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Decoction and Hot Continuous Extraction Techniques, S. Tandon and S. Rane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3838383848585868686868787889192939393
EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS5.25.3Solid Liquid Extraction Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Process Parameters Affecting Solid-liquid Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.1 Post-harvest Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9394945.3.2 Matrix Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945.3.3 Choice of Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955.3.4 Condition of Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955.4 Method of Solid-liquid Extraction . . .
manufacturing process (extraction technology) used with the type of equip-ment employed, and the crude-drug:extract ratio. The use of appropriate extraction technology, plant material, manufacturing equipment, extraction method and solvent and the adherence to good manufacturing practices certainly help to produce a good quality extract.
Advance Extraction Techniques - Microwave assisted Extraction (MAE), Ultra sonication assisted Extraction (UAE), Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), Soxhlet Extraction, Soxtec Extraction, Pressurized Fluid Extraction (PFE) or Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE), Shake Flask Extraction and Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion (MSPD) [4]. 2.
Bruksanvisning för bilstereo . Bruksanvisning for bilstereo . Instrukcja obsługi samochodowego odtwarzacza stereo . Operating Instructions for Car Stereo . 610-104 . SV . Bruksanvisning i original
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Licensing the ENVI DEM Extraction Module DEM Extraction User's Guide Licensing the ENVI DEM Extraction Module The DEM Extraction Module is automatically installed when you install ENVI. However, to use the DEM Extraction Module, your ENVI licen se must include a feature that allows access to this module. If you do not have an ENVI license .
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