ATR-74(7914)-1, Vo-l. I EQUIPMENT SYSTEMS IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM

INDUSTRIAL16. 9"10TRANSPORTATION52.5%ELECTRICALGENERATION9.8% - --PASSENGER CARRAILROADS - 3.3%59.3%OTHER 0.4%BUSES 0.8%HOUSEHOLD ANDCOMMERCIAL20.4%e-Figure 2.Distribution of Petroleum Consumption During 1972Figure 3.Distribution among all users of petroleum devoted to transportationis given in Figure 3 for 1971 (Reference 2).The pas senger car was by farthe greatest user (59.3%) of the 117 billion gallons of fuel devoted to transportation that year.All told, passengers cars consume about 14% of thenation1s total energy supply.Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation During 1971a realistic reduction in police petroleum use, 20 to 30% for example,would provide a fuel savings of 2 to 3 hundred million gallons of gasolineper year.The nature of the energy shortage problem is such that no single measure offers large economies.The police fleet has been conservatively estimated at 160, 000 auto-a small saving, must be taken.Instead, numerous steps, each contributingA reduction in the police car use of petro .mobiles (Reference 1) out of an estimated total of 100 million passengerleum is one such step.cars now on the road.reduction will serve to demonstrate what other automobile operators couldThe fuel cons1:lmption for police cars on a nationalbasis is estimated to be about one billion gallons of gas oline annually.Thus,Moreover, the procedures followed to achieve ado to also reduce their fuel consumption.The potential savings possiblethrough such amplification are truly significant.e-56

nl- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - \itUIf;'iljHeilB.Trends in Automobile Characteristics: "Police automobiles are generally selected from amongavailable American models.con mercial1yA police car differs from a conventional car bysome specially selected, but off-the- shelf options; a suspension system thatprovides significantly different handling characteristics; and a number ofheavy-duty components. In general, production cars can be grouped into foursize categories, namely, standard, intermediate, compact, and subcompact.Luxury and specialty production cars are obviously also available, but, exceptfor special purchase needs, are rarely purchased by police agencies.The characteristics of the four basic automobile size categories aresummarized in Table 1, and examples of current models that fall into theseTable 1.categories are also listed.Police cars generally fall in the standard orintermediate- dze category.With each succeeding model year, it has been a characteristic ofAmerican-designed and produced cars to become larger and heavier and tohave larger engines.Only when a new model concept is introduced does thistrend change. These conclusions are readily confirmed by the weight-historytrend presented in Figure 4, and the engine displacement trend presented inFigure 5.For a given size category, automobile curb weight increased con··sistently with time.In the last decade, automobile weights in the compact,intermediate, and standard categories have all increased 20 to 30%. In :fact,Comparison of Automobile Size Categories(1974 Model Year)4000EngineSize CategoryStandardWheelbase, in.120 - 122Weight, lbTypical Models4,000 - 4,650TypeCIDV-B350 minChevrolet ImpalaFord Custom orGalaxiePlymouth FuryAMC AmbassadorDodge MonacoMercury Monterey(124 in. wheelbase)3500.0 I-J:C L&I:\tIntermediatee-114 - 1183,550 - 4,100V-86 cyl300 min225 minChevrolet ChevelleFord TorinoPlymouth SatelliteAMC MatadorDodge CoronetMercury MontegoCompact103 - 1112, B50 - 3,300V-B6 cyl300 in225 minChevrolet NovaFord MaverickPlymouth ValiantDodge DartAMC HornetMercury CometSubcompact94.2-972,450 - 2,750V-B6 cyl4 cyl304232122 to 140Chevrolet VegaFord PintoAMC Gremlin III0:::: u2500VEGAFigure 4.--SUBCOMPACTSVehicle Weight-History Trend78

the standard category a decade ago (Figure 5).The engine displacement in400the current compact category even exceeds the displacement of the averageIII350intermediate automobile of a decade ago.Gl"§. 300u.:zw. -----,.-- -- -INTERMEDIATE"","'"COMPACT""","'" "250 wU- 200.Ja.!!!cw 150"'" "'"'"Thus, although the registration (and sales) of standard-size autornobiles has been steadily declining in favor of smaller vehicles (Figure 6), thefuel econorny of the average car on the road has not improved.Instead,growing weight and larger engines have lowered miles achieved per gallonof fuel.The situation is further aggravated by the public's desire forSUBCOMPAC1'\-------zl590zw1008050L- -- -- -- -- -- ------19621966197070I/)zYEAR0i e-Figure 5.60- a::Passenger Car EngineDisplacement Trends.I/)l5wa::the average intermediate of 1973 is about as heavy as the average standard" of 1963, and the average compact of 1973 is about as heavy as the average.J- .0.504030LL 1963 intermediate.INTERMEDIATECOMPACT020Consistent with this weight growth is the attendant growth in engine10size.Engine cubic inch displacernent, while not directly convertable tohorsepower, is a useful engine power trend indicator.In the last decade,YEARthe average displacement in the standard, intermediate, and cornpact categories have kept up with the weight growth.In fact, just as with weight, theFigure 6.Passenger Car Registrations by Market Classcurrent interrnediate-category engine displacement is equivalent to that ofe-910

:\ 'numerous accessories and power-assisted equipment, which also reducefuel economy.3.0The attitudes of both the consumer and the manufacturer- - 1913-14 FEDERAL STANDARDhave dis couraged achievement of improved automobile fuel economy.As later discussed in Section D, the fuel consumption of an averageautomobile is basically a function of weight.Obviously, the driving cycle 'E- - '1974-76 CALIFORNIA STANDARD. 1916 FEDERAL STANDARD2.0I.IIIQ.1/1and speed also have a significant impact on mileage, and cars involvedEtII.tilsolely in urban driving will, for example. us e more fuel than is requiredOX 1.0zfor steady, highway driving.Further, about 1967, the issue of emission- - 1917 FEDERAL STANDARDcontrol was introduced, and subsequently Federal safety standards werealso imposed.oThe latter caused additional weight increases and the403020'10% MIU PER GALLON DECREASE (from uncontrolled vehicle)50former lowered engine operating efficiency, which lead to subsequentincreases in engine displacement and the accompanying increase ine-Figure 7.NOengine weight.Emission control requirements have been especially detrimental toautomobile mileage.The initial requirements have already lowered obtain-able mileage almost 200/0, due to changes to the engine and its operation. Ifthese changE s that are easily eliminated were to be discarded, about onethird of this decrement could be recovered, but at the expense of a largeincrease in emissions.The more stringent NOxemission requirementsdevelopments.xEmission Level Effect on Fuel EconomyHowever, by direction, the s cope of this study excludedconsideration of new technology that might redu.ce the emission controlpenalty.As reported by the Mitre Corporation (Reference 7), police car fueleconomy has dete:t:'iorated significantly and their maintenance increasedmarkedly since 1968.These changes are attributed primarily to the intro-about to be imposed could well cause a further reduction of significant mag-duction of emission controls and the higher engine operating temperaturesnituae.involved.With existing knowledge and available technology, the decrementsindica1:ed in Figure 7 can be anticipated as the allowable NOx emis sion issuccessively lowered.There is an obvious need for new technologicalThis EJituation is expected to become even more severe with thecurrent model automobiles.It is in thi.s environment that police cars are selected and procured.Limitations obviously exist on the types of automobiles available to police1112

agencies, as well as on the steps that might be taken to improve their fuela.economy.Patrol.The patrol function serves several purposes,The next section (Section C) treats the extent and categories ofincluding observation of crimes, deterrent to crimes being committed, mak-police auto usage, and this is followed by a discussion of possibilities foring policemen readily available for citizen assistance, arresting and transreducing the fuel con:sumed by police agencies (Section D).porting suspects, and responding to a variety of emergencies.C.Police Automobile Usage1.Functions.Patrol is themost visible area of police work and, in the public view, is associated withPolice agencies are engaged in a variety of activitiesthe protection of life and property.in which an automobile is a key supporting element.The requirements of an automobile toThe purpos e of the autosupport patrol work usually include the following factors:mobile is primarily to transport men and equipment during the commis sionof the police function, namely, to protect life and property.e- The specificComfort - Head room; leg room; seat width;police activities involved establish requirements for the automobiles usedeas e of entry and exit; s eat support;and serve as the basis for defining the important police automobiledriving effort; adequate ventilation,char acteris tics.heating, and cooling Police vehicle functions can be conveniently groupc.d into fivegeneral categories. Roominess - Personnel, equipment space,trunk storage, adequate rear seatThes e are Safety - Crashworthiness, prisoner containment Performance - Handling, maneuverability, brak-PatrolTrafficing, acceleration and speed,Inves tigationdurability, dependabilityEmergency Response Special Characteristics - Visibility, equipmentAdminis trationmount feasibilityThere are, of course, exceptions to these functions, as well asThese five patrol requirements vary somewhat among different agencies.varying degrees of specialization.The discussion that follows briefly examIn all cases, however, the patrol car is an essential element of the patrolines the vehicle needs associated with each of these functions.activity for 8 to 24 hours a day.As such, it must provide adequate anddependable support to the patrolman, the other key element of the patrolactivity.1314

b.Traffic.The tra.ffic function can involve traffic patrol,apprehension of traffic law violators, emergency response to accidents,accident investigation, maintaining or restoring smooth traffic flow, or theenforcement of parking laws.The traffic patrol activity. as a combinationof the two functions (patrol and traffic), requires a car much like the patrolcar.The other traffic activities are much less demanding of a vehicle.They either require transportation to the scene of an accident or trafficsnarl, for examl.le, or they can be performed on foot (issuing parkingtickets).As a result, the requirements for these latter functions are sim-pler and more straightforward than for the traffic patrol function.Theyare baSically no different than those for a family or for a light commercialpass enger vehicle, namely, to safely and rapidly take one to four personson short, across-town trips.c.Investigation.The investigative function is essentiallysingle purpos e, that is, to provir,e basic transportation to take one or twomen on short trips.It is similar to the nonpatrol traffic function in itsvehicle requirements.Where the investigative activity requires surveil-lance. a car not readily identifiable as a police car may often be needed(for example, undercover vice or narcotics work).For some surveillanceand undercover work, the car may also be us ed as a pursuit car.In thiscase, high-speed performance capability is also required.d.Emergency response.Emergency response functionsinclude rescue service or ambulance calls, civil disorders, suicides; etc.Some of these needs can be met by patrol cars (which have already been15

discussed), others will require special vehicles, such as vans orambulances.It seems clear that such special purpose needs cun probablynot be met by smaller cars.The few cases where smaller cars might meetthese special purpose needs are expected to be minimal.e.Administrative.In most police departments, cars maybe assigned to individuals, to organizational units, or to a pool for a variety of administrative uses.This latter category can include the cars usedby the chief and other senior police officials, those used in community relations work by juvenile workers and parole officers, and thos e used for messenger service and lor a variety of other n'liscellaneous needs.The require-ments for these vehicles are simple, perhaps even less demanding than forthe traffic functions.Only two pos sible exceptions may require that this carhave characteristics somewhat beyond simple transportation:1."Poolil cars may be used by so many different kindsof drivers that durability and toughness are veryimportant.2.Cars for senior police officials may have to beappropriate to their status, and thus somewhatmore luxurious than mere transportation demandswould im ply. .Sumnlary.In summary, police functions related to auto-mobile requirements can be grouped into two categories - patrol and nonpatrol.The patrol car requires fairly high levels of comfort, performance,16

a.and durability, and has special safety, roominess, and equipment needs.Number of automobiles.A police equipment surveyperformed by the National Bureau of Standards for the Law EnforcementThe car for nonpatrol use merely provides basic transportation as withAssistance Administration estimated that in 1971 there were approximatelycommercial or private passenger cars.Furthel' discussion of police functions and their trans-160,000 patrol cars (Reference 1).The number of police automobiles other than patrol carsportation requirements is presented in References 3 and 4.2.Present automobile use.A dete:i:.'mination of the number andtypes of autOlnobiles presently in use is first necessary in order to estab-was estimated by the use of factors derived from survey data and information obtained as part of this study by Arthur D. Little, Inc.ges slish a baseline for assessing the potential fut' reducing police car fuel consumption.The size and type of police department obviously influences boththe number and kind of vehicles they use.Smaller departments have fewerThe survey sug-that patrol c(),rs consti1;v,te 62.5% of the total police car fleet for urbanand suburban forces and about 77% of the police car fleet for all other jurisdictions.On this basis, the total number of police automobiles, by jurisdic-tion, is estimated to be as follows:automobiles than larger departments, anq some vehicles must, therefore,be us ed for multiple functions.Patrol CarFor purposes of this analysis, all police jurisdictions were conveniently divided into the following five categories: State police or state highway patrol County police or sheriff1s office Rural, townships, small city (population to 0,90021,27092,170Rural, small city27,3008,19035,490Suburban, medium city15,9009,54025,440Urban, metropolitan city16, 1009,66025,760159,30057,390216,960with 1 to 49 man force SubUl:'ban, medium city (population 50,000 to 250,000)b.Size of automobiles.An estimate of how the total numberwith a force of 50 or more menof police automobiles are distributed by vehicle size is given in Table 2.Urban, metropolitan - 50 largest cities (population·The estimate is based on the same sources of information as for the num-over 250,000)ber of automobiles.For purposes of analysis, the patrol car and all other1817

ri 1ijITable 2.-.,Estimated Police Automobile ctTable 3.Dimensions of 1974 AutomobilesHeight, in.Length, in.Width, inTrunkSpace,cu ft54.5 - 55.5219.4 - Z22.777.2-79.518.2 - 20.452.8 - 55.4210.3 - 219.577.2-79.315.3 - 19.152.4 . 54.3187.0- 203.269.6 - 72.410.1 - 16.2TotalSize CategoryPatrol CarsStatesCountiesRural/ small citySuburban/medium cityUrban/metropolitan citySubtotal27.936 (96%)1,164 ( 4%)46,085 (65"10)24,815 (35"10)2,730 (10"10)24,570 (90,,/0)no11, 431 \71"10)2,544 (16%)4 1 508 !28%)122,747, (77%)35,761 (22%)12,(80,,/.)Standard161 p"lo)797 on/TrafficStatesCountiesRural/ small citySuburban/medium cityUrban/metropolitan citySubtotalFord, Chevrolet,Plymouth, AmbassadorIntermediateChevelle, Coronet,6,111 (70"/0)2, 182 (25"10)8,508 (40%)819 (10"/0)10,635 (50"10)6,552 (80"10)4,i02 (43%)4 1 926 151%)4,388 (46"10)3,671138"10)32 1 326 56"1o!Total.29,10070,90027,30015,90016 , 100155.068 (71.5"10)437 (5%)2,127 (10"/0)819 (10"10)1,050 (11,,/0)P 1"10)1 1 06319 , 568 p4"1o!5 , 496P "lo155,329 (25.5"/0)6.293 (3"/0)8,73021,2708,1909,5409 1 66057 1 3 90216,690Torino, Montego,Satellite, MatadorComeactNova, Dart,Maverick, Comet,Valiant, Hornetcategories are listed separately.Three auto sizes are in use, namely,standard, intermediate, and compact.The dimensional characteristics ofthese size cars are summarized in Table 3.'.Whether or not all five steps are utilized depends upon the specific jurisdictioninvolved, the fleet size, and the degree of vehicle function specialization.Although standard cars are generally favored, both theintermediate and compact sizes are used.It is especially clear that stan-requirements.Specify police services provided and establish vehicleTheoretically, police transportation needs are establisheddard, full-size automobiles are not necessarily required for all patrol orthrough detailed study and planning that take into consideration factors suchnonpatrol duty.as the area covered, the nu ber and types of calls received, emergency andThus, greater use of cars smaller than standard size wouldseem to be feasible and, more importantly, acceptable to some degree incommunity services to be provided, investigative activity involved, etc.all police jurisdictions.Realistically, however, this step is informal and rarely explicit.3.Present procedure.If theservices involved are spec.ified, they are usually based on past experience,Vehicle procurement.a.The comple(:e police vehicle procure-ment process, if competitive, can be represented by five discrete steps.e·(1 )19and few changes in transportation needs are indicated.Superimposed on thereq't "'ements as stated by the police administration is the influence of20

elected officials, police associations and unions, other agencies, and localqualification is limited to the jurisdiction of the buyer.pressure groups.large fleet buyers will request salTIple cars for test and evaluation prior toIn addition, constraints to change frOlTI existing practicesprovided by local charters and constitutions, as well as public comlTIitlTIentbid or award.and subtle agreelTIent between interested parties, are also involved.procedure for a number of years.)The(The city of Los Angeles, for example, has followed this(4)net result is a tendency to define a car lTIodel rather than transportation orvehicle performan

ATR-74(7914)-1, Vo-l. I EQUIPMENT SYSTEMS IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM METHODS FOR REDUCING POLICE CAR FUEL CONSUMPTION Prepared by Law Enforcement Development Group THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION El Segundo, California JANUARY 1974 Prepared for . Fuel-Saving Devices and Adjustments Estimate of Potential Benefits Barriers to Srnall Car Use. 1. 2. 3.