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Comel/IS7.57.67.77.87.97.107.117. 127.137.4.2 Forward Error Correctio n and Detection 2667.4.3 TETRA Data and Signalling Channel Coding Schemes 2807.4.4 Coding Parameters for Data and Control Channels 2857.4 .5 TETRA Speech Coding Scheme 2867.4.6 Mapping on the Physical Layer Channels 2897.4.7 Example of Coding Steps 2897.4.8 Coding Perfoml:mce 290Ste aling 2917.5.1 Use of Stealing on the Uplink 2927.5.2 Use of Steali ng on the Downlink 293Trunking Methods 2937.6.1 Message Trunking 2947.6.2 Transmission Trunking 2947.6.3 Quasi-transmission Trunking 295Random Access 2957.7.1 Random Access for Direct Mode Operation 2977.7.2 Random Access fo r V D Mode Operatio n 2977.7.3 Access Frames 2997.7.4 Access Control Channels 30 J7.7.5 Reserved Access Procedures 3037.7.6 Independent Allocation of Slots o n the Uplink and Downl ink 303Logical Channel Routing 3047.8.1 Introduction 3047.8.2 Logica l Channe ls Passed to the Upper MAC 3047.8.3 Logical Channels Generated W ithin the Upper MAC 3087.8.4 Logical Channel Routing to the Lower MAC 3097.8.5 Channel Mapping in the Lower MAC 3 117.8.6 Inter-working Between MAC Layers 3DAir Interface Encryption 3 15Logical Link Control 3177. 10. 1 lmroduction 3 177. 10.2 ARQ3187. 10.3 LLC Operation 321Syste m Modes of Operation 3257. 11 . 1 Normal Mode 3267. 11 .2 Extended Mode 3267. 11 .3 Minimum Mode 3277. J 1.4 Discontinuous Transmission - Time. Carrier and MCCH S haring 328Mobile Statio n Modes of Operation 3297. 12.1 Idle Mode 3297. 12.2 Signalling and Pac ket Mode Data 3297.12.3 Traffic Mode 3307. 12.4 Energy Economy Mode 330Concl usions 331Chapter 8 TETRA Network Layer Protocols8.1xiIntrod uctio n 333333

xiiCo"te"tsNetwork Layer Concepts 3338.2.1 Generic Functions of the Network Layer 3338. 2.2 Control and User Plane Separation 3358.2.3 User.; View of the Network Layer 3368.3 Overview of TETRA Network Layer 3368.3. 1 Types of Information Transported 3368.3.2 TETRA Protocol Stacks 3378.3.3 V D Protocol Stack 3388.3.4 PDO Protocol Stack 3398.3.5 DMO Protocol Stack 3408.3.6 Remarks on Air Interface Protocols 3428.' Mobile to Base Link Entity 3428.4. 1 Overview 3428.4.2 MLE Functions 3428.4.3 Attachment Management 3458.4.4 MLE Services and Access Points 3538.4.5 MLE PDU Descriptions 3548.4.6 Concluding Remarks on MLE 3598.5 Mobility Management Protocols 3608.5. 1 Mobility Management Functions 3608.5.2 MM Subsystem Elements 3618.5.3 Functional Organisation of the MS-MM 3618.5.4 MM at the LMM-SAP 3628.5.5 MM at the TNMM-SAP 3648.5.6 MM with Network-MM Peer 3648.5.7 Overview of MM Procedures 3658.5.8 Description of Selected MM PDUs 3658.5.9 Concluding Remarking on MM Protocols 37 18.6 Circuit Mode Connection Entity 3728.6.1 Overview 3728.6.2 MLE functions al CMCE SAP 3728.7 Packet Mode Data Services 3758.7. 1 InlToduction 3758.7.2 Overview of X.25 Data Services 3768.7.3 Overview of TETRA Data Services 3788.7.4 Specific Connectionless Network Protocol (SCLNP) 3798.7.5 TETRA Inter-network Protocols 3798.8 Layers 4 to 7 3808.8. 1 Transport Layer Protocol 3808.8 .2 Session Layer Prolocol38 18.8.3 Presentation Layer Protocol 3818.8.4 Application Layer Protocol 38 18.9 Conclusion 3818.2Chapter 9 Operational Aspects of the TETRA Network9.19.2Introduction 383Network Security Management 383383

COI/UI/IS9.39.49.59.2. 1 Overview of TETRA Network Security 3839.2.2 Principles of Encryption and Authentication 3859.2.3 Types of Encryption 3879.2.4 Principles of Authenti cation 3889.2.5 TETRA Encryption Algorithms 3899.2.6 Protection Differences in TETRA Systems 3899.2.7 Authentication in TETRA 3909.2.8 Authentication POU Examples 3939.2.9 Encryption Keys 3949.2.10 Over The Air Re-keying 3959.2.1 1 OTAR POU Examples 3979.2. 12 Transfer of Authentication Information 3989.2. 13 Overview of Air Interface Encryption 3989.2. 14 Overview of End-to-End Encryption 3999.2.15 L.'1 wfullnterception 400TETRA Inter-System Signalling 4009.3. 1 The TETRA lSI Reference Configuration 4009.3.2 Q and C Reference Points 4019.3.3 Private Signalling System 1 for TETRA 4029.3.4 PSS I Protocol Stack 403TETRA Network Management 4059.4. 1 Overview 4059.4. 2 Principles of Networl:: Management 4069.4.3 Network Management Protocols 4089.4.4 The SNMP Model 4089.4.5 TETRA Network Management Methodology4 10Conclusions 411AppendicesAIA.2A.3AAIndexxiii413The TETRA Technical Specifications 414TETRA MoU Members 4 15A.2. 1 Manufacturers 4 15A.2.2 Users 4 18A.2.3 Regulators 420A2.4 Accredi ted lest houses 420Erlang B Table (for Blocked-Calis-Cleared) 421A.3 1 Overview of Basic Concepts 421A3.2 Erlang B Table 422Erlang C Table (for Blocked-Calls- Delayed) 424A4.1 Overview of Basic Concepts . 24A4.2 Erlang C Table 425427

PrefaceThe digital mobile telephone is now a ubiquitous object but it is still predominantly voicebased. This will change radically in the near future. with a huge emphasis being placedon wireless access to the Intcrnct and the provision of wire less multimedia services by a llmobile telephone networks. This movement is bei ng accommodated in the private mobileradio environmem by the introduction of the Terrestrial Trunked Radio Standard(TETRA) which has been expressly designed to accommodate voice and data services.This book has been written 10 specifically explain the capabilities of the TETRAspecifications and 10 give some insight into the wide range of services which digitaltechnology can support in private mobile radio networks. The book is based on courseswhich the authors have presented 10 engineers engaged in the design and procurement ofTETRA based networks and emphasises the relationship between the TETRAspecifications and the layered structure of the open systems interconnectio n (05 1) model .The book assumes a basic understanding of the concepts of analogue modulation systemsbut begins by introducing some of the fundamental concepts of digital signaltransmission. Therefore the non-TETRA specialist will find this text a useful introductionto digital mobile communications systems.Chapter I begins with the principles of digital mobile radio and introduces conceptswhich are essential to the understanding of digital systems. It considers, in detail . theproperties of amplitude. phase and frequency modulation of a carrier with digital signalswith particular emphasis on bandwidth requirements. This is followed by an introductionto the properties of radio channels which is essential to the understanding of thecompromises which are part of the design of all radio systems. This chapter also presentsan overview of cellular topics with examples of the design constraints which cellularsystems must address.Chapter 2 considers the public digital radio environment and describes examples of timedivision cellular radio (GSM). and cordless telephone systems (DECf). The emphasis inthis chapter is on the demands of public systems and the way in which these demandsinfluence design choices. Thi s chapter also considers the basics of spread spectrummobile communications systems with respe :t to cdmaOnem. which is essentially asecond generation system. Direct sequence COMA systems will be the basis of 3«1generation mobile systems with which TETRA will have to co-exist and therefore it isimportant that specialists in TETRA have some understanding of the differences betweenCDMA and TDMA systems.

XI';Pr faceChapter 3 deals with the pri vate mobile environme nt and highlights the differentrequi rements of private network mobile users and operators compared with the publicequ ivalents. The different types of pri vate mo bile network are described. and a review ofaltc111ati ves to TETRA is presented. This includes a brief descriptio n of the other digitalPMR systems which are available. as well as a discussion of other mo bile and cord lessradio solutions.Chapter 4 is an overview of the TETRA system and conce ntrates o n the explanation oflogical c hannels and how these relate to the OS I model. Panicular attention is given 10tmnked and direct mode operation which emphasises the way in which TETRA meets thedemands of the private mobi le radio e nvironme nt as o utlined in Chapter 3. This chapteralso introduces the co ncepts of lhe layered OSI model which is explored in mo re detail insubsequent c hapters.Chapte r 5 describes TETRA system architecture and components in mo re detail. T ETRAreference configuratio ns are introduced with the identification of imponant inte rfaces.which are considered in subsequent c hapters. in the context of interfaces and protocols.The descri ption of syste m components and network services in this chapter is inte nded toprovide a high-leve l o \'erview of T ETRA as a background 10 the more technica l c haplersthat follow. First time readers will therefore fi nd browsing this chapter usefu l before theT ETRA specific tcchnical descri ptions in later chapters.Chapter 6 descri bes the TETRA physical layer. and the choices m(lde for modulation andtransmi ssion. The nature of the PMR requireme rns makes these choices significantlydifferent fro m those made fo r public cellular systems. and the chapter describes thejustificatio n the design parameters used in the TETRA physical layer. Other functio nsand features of the physical layer are descri bed. such as the delays introduced to thetransmitted bit stream. synchro nisation. power control and coverage techniques.Chapler 7 is concerned with Layer 2 of the TETRA syste m. the data link layer. u )'cr 2.and in particular the MAC sub-layer. contains key functionality for the effi cie nt andsuccessful o peratio n of the system. The chapter covers the o peratio n of the MAC.including coding. random access. logical channcl routing and stealing. as we ll as anumber of support func tio ns the MAC undertakes for upper layers in respect ofencryptio n and channe l quality me asureme nt. This chapter al! O details the logical linkcontrol sub-laye r. whic h is responsible for ensuring that the info1111alion transmitted o nbehalf of the upper layers is received without error. and arranging for its retransmissio n ifnecessary.Chapter 8 deals with network layer functio ns of TETRA as a follo w o n from the physica land data link layers di scussed in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7. It illlroduces general networklayer co ncepts at the o utset and develops into more detailed treat ment of TETRA specificnetwork layer protocols. Radio link management and mo bility manage ment co nstitute themajor palt of the TETRA network layer functions. and thi s c hapter atte mpts to presentthese two important to pics (and o ther network layer protocols) in a clear and an orderlymanner. Where appropriate. p rolOeo' data llllirs are used to ill ustrate network control

Pre/acexliiiprocedures and at the same time highlight important parameters associated with thenetwork protocols. This chapter also presents an overview of packet mode data servicesthat are supported by TETRA.Chapter 9 collects together additional topics that are essential to the operation of TETRAover and above the network functi ons addressed in Chapters 6 to 8. Three importanttopics are identified for this chapter. namely. network security manage ment. inter-systeminterface signalling. and network management . each described under a separate section.Network security management is an important feature of TETRA and particular atte ntionis given to this topic for clear descriptions of the protocol mechanisms which arespecified for authentication and encryption key manageme nt.There is very significant potential for TETRA based systems to introduce widespread useof information technology into what has been a voice conmlllnicati ons basedenvironment. Whilst this text has nOI dealt in depth with these new IT-base services itdcres provide sufficient coverage. in a single volume. to stimulate e ngineers and serviceproviders to expand the potential of TETRA into a range of exciting new applicationareas.

List of Abbreviations andSymbolsABB REVIATIONSAACACCHauthentication code. authentication celltreAssociated Control C HannelACELPAlgebraic CELPADCanalogue to digital conversionadaptive differential pulse code modulationAccess Grant C Hannelair interfaceamplitude modulationAdvanced Mobile Phone Systemadditional network featureAssociation of Public-safety Communications OfficersAutom:lIic Repeat reQuestAdvanced Speech Call Items (GSM)am plitude shifl keyingabstract syntax notationATtention (conunand set for modems)asynchronous time d ivision multiplexi ngasynchronous transfer modealias TETRA subscriber identityauthentication centre (also AC)A DPCMAGCHAIAMAM PSANFAPCaARQASCIASKASNATATDMATMATSIA uCBBBKBCCHBCCHBERBLCHBNCHBPSKBSBSCBSCHBroadcast BlocKBroadcast Control C HannelBroadcast Control CHannelbit error rateBase station Linearisatio n C HannelBroadcast Network Conlrol C Hannelbinary phase shift keyingbase stationbase station controllerBroadcast Synchronisation C Hannel

xxLisl of Abbrerialions Qlld SymbolsSSSSSTBTBTSCCBCCCCCHCC HCCKCOMACDPDCEPTCFPCIRCKCLCHCMCECM IPCNLSCNMCON PCPPCRCCSM REPDPSKDQPSKOSB·AMDSRRDTEbase station subsystembase station transceivertime bandwidth product of pulse shaping filterbase transceiver stationControl Burstcall controlCommon Control CHannelControl CHannelcommon cipher keycode division multiple accessCellular Digital Packet DataConference Europ6enne Postes des et TelecommunicationCordless Fixed Partcarrier to interference ratiocipher keyCommon Linearisation CHannelCircuit Mode Control Entitycommon management information protocolconnectionless (packet data service)central networi.: managementconnection-oriented network protocolCordless Portable Pancyclic redundancy checkcarrier sense multiple access with collision detectionDigital Advanced Wireless Systemdecibeldecibel with reference to a milli·watt powerDedicated Control CHanneldata communication equipmentderi ved cipher keydistributed databaseDigital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunicationdata encryption standardDirect Modedirect mode call controlDirect Mode Mobile StationDirect Mode OperationDirect Mode Repeaterdifferential phase shift keyingdifferential quaternary phase shift keyingdouble sideband amplitude modulationDigital ShO.1 Range Radio systemdata terminal equipment

List of AbbrevwtiQIIS alld SymbolsDTMFDW-MSdual tone multi frequencyDual Watch-Mobile StationEECCHECMAEDACSEIRPEKSOEMCERPESNETSIExtended Common Control CHannelEuropean Computer Manufacturers AssociationEnhanced Digital Access Communication Systemeffective isotropic radiated powerEnd-to-end Ke y Stream GeneratorElectroMagnetic Compatibilityeffective radiated powere lectronic serial numberEuropean Telecommunicatio ns Standards InstituteFFACFACCHFCCHFCSFDMFDMAFECFHMAFMFSKfinal assembly codeFast Associated Control C HannelFrequency Correction CHannelframe check sequencefreq uency division multiplexfrequency division multiple accessForward Error Correctionfrequency hopping multiple accessfrequency modulationfrequency shift keyingGGCKOFPOMSKOoSGPRSOSMGSM-ROTSIgroup cipher keygeneric functional prolOcolGaussian minimum shift keyinggrade o f serviceGeneral Packet Radio ServiceGlobal System for Mobile communicationsGlobal System for Mobile communications for Railwaysgroup TETRA subscriber identityHHACHOBHLRHSCSDHT200home authentication centrehome databasehome location registerHigh Speed Circuit Switched DataHilly Terrain environment at 200kphIIDEAiDEN10FTInternational Data Encryption AlgorithmIntegrated Digital Enhanced Tec hnologyinverse discrete Fourier transformxxi

x:diIFIMEIIMSIINIPISDNlS IISOISS IITSIIVIVNKkH,KSGList of Abbrel'ialiolls Gild Symbolsintennediale frequencyInternational Mobile Equipme nt IdentityInternational Mobile Subscriber Ide ntityIntellige ru Networkinternet Protocolintegrated services digital networkinter-system interfaceIntcrnational Standards Organisatio nindi vidual short subscriber identityindividual TETRA subscriber identityinitial value (authentication algorithm)InterVening Networkkilo Hertz (10 3 cycles/s)Key Stream Gene ratorLLALACLAceLANLANCLAPLAP-BLA P-DLSLCHLC HLLCLMNLMRLNMLSLTRLTViocalion arealocation area codelocation area country codelocal area networklocation area network codelink access protocol (or procedure)link access pro tocol for B channel (or - balanced)loca l access protocol for 0 ChannelLinem;sation BurstLineari satio n ChannelLinearisation CHan nellogical link controlland mobile networkIond mobile radiolocal network managementline (-conncctcd) stationlogic Inlnked radioline termination unitMMACMAFMANMCCMCC HMERMFAMHzMISmedium access controlmutual authentication flagmetropolitan area networkMobile Country CodeMain Co ntrol CHannelMessage Error Ratemanagement functi onal areaMega hertz ( 106 cyclesls)management infotmation base

Ust of Abbrel'iatiolls alld e Link Entitymobility managememman machine interfaceMobile Network CodeMobile Network IdentityMemorandum of UnderstandingMinis!!)' of Post and Telecommunications (standards. e.g . MPT1327)mobile stationmobile switching centreminimum shift keyingmobile temunationmobi le tennination unitNNDBNMUNSAPNTNUBoOMCOQPSKOSlOTARNomlal Downlink Burstnetwork management unitNetwork-layer Service Access Pointnetwork lemlinationNormal Uplink Burstoperations & management centreoffset quaternary phase shift keyingopen systems interconnectionOver The Air NPINXPISNPLMNPLPPMPMRxxiiipower amplifierpacket assembler/disassemblerpublic access mobile radioprivate business radiopersonal compUler; prOiocol conlJ'OlPaging CHanne lpulse code modulationpacket datapublic data networkpacket data optimisedprotocol daLa unitperipheral equipment interfaceprotocol implementation confonnance statementpersonal identity numberPrivale Integrated Network eXchangeprivate integrated services networkpublic land mobile networkpacket level protocolphase modulationprivate mobile radio

xxivPNPOTSPPPPSKPSTNPTTPVCQQoSQPSKQSIGList of Abbrel'ialwns alld SymbolsPseudo raNdomPlain Old Telephone Syste mpoint-to-point protocolphase shift keyingpublic switched telephone networkpress to talk: post, telegraphy & telecommunicationspermanent virtual circuitquality of servicequaternary phase shift keyingQ-reference point MSSNAFSNMPSNRSRBRSSSS-CRandom Access CHannelRANDom challenge (on authentication)Radio Equipment and System: RESponse value (authentication)radio frequencyremote operations service e ntityrandom seedreceived signal str

2.2 The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 56 2.3 The GSM Network Architecture 57 2.4 The GSM Radio Interface 58 2.5 Logical Channels in GSM 58 2.5. 1 Burst Structure for GSM 61 2.5.2 Mapping of Logical Channels in GSM 62 2.5.3 Mapping of Traffic Channels and Associaled Control Channels 65 2.5.4 Mapping of the BCCl-VCCCH 65