UK Research And The European Union - Royal Society
UK research andthe European UnionThe role of the EU ininternational researchcollaboration andresearcher mobilityUK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY1
Science today is almost alwayscomplicated and often interdisciplinary,frequently requiring contributionsfrom a variety of participants basedin different places.UK research and the European Union:The role of the EU in international researchcollaboration and researcher mobilityWorking groupProfessor Carlos Frenk FRSSir Tim Hunt FRS FMedSciDame Linda Partridge DBE FRS FMedSciDame Janet Thornton DBE FRS FMedSciProfessor Terry Wyatt FRSThe text of this work is licensed under the termsof the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use, provided theoriginal author and source are credited.The license is available at:creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Images are not covered by this license.UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY
ContentsIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Why is it important to consider the role of the EU in collaboration and mobility?. . . . . . . . . . . . 6Snapshot of the UK research workforce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8How mobile is the UK research workforce?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8How international is the UK research workforce?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8How much do UK researchers move overseas?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9How much do UK-based researchers collaborate internationally?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Who do UK-based researchers collaborate with?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Would international collaboration be affected if the UK left the EU?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15How much do UK-based researchers collaborate with EU partners?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15How does the EU support collaboration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Supporting collaboration through funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Supporting collaboration through shared infrastructure and joint projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Supporting collaboration with countries outside of the EU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Is EU funding associated with more, or higher impact,internationally collaborative research? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Would researcher mobility be affected if the UK left the EU?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22How much do UK-based researchers move within the EU?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22How does the EU support researcher mobility?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Freedom of movement of workers within the EU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Supporting mobility through funding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Does EU membership attract researchers to the UK? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY
UK research and the European Union:the role of the EU in internationalresearch collaboration andresearcher mobilityBetween 2007 and2014, the EU’s MarieSklodowska-CurieActions supported3,454 UK-basedA referendum on the United Kingdom’smembership of the European Union (EU) willtake place on 23 June 2016. This report setsout to show the role of the EU in UK-basedresearchers’ international collaborationsand mobility.researchers to movewithin the UK, to otherEU countries and tonon-EU countries.The EuropeanResearch Council(ERC) has establisheda very stronginternational reputationand encouragesresearchers fromoutside the EU to applyfor grants to work in itsparticipating countries.This is the second part of a phased projectgathering evidence about the influenceof the UK’s relationship with the EU onresearch. It is intended to inform debate.The first phase looked at the role of theEU in funding research and the third phasefocuses on the role of the EU in researchregulation and policy.Science today is almost always complicatedand often interdisciplinary, frequently requiringcontributions from a variety of participantsbased in different places. Researcherscollaborate to pool intellectual and physicalresources. They tend to seek the bestand most appropriate partners they can,wherever in the world they may be found.In 2015 over half of the UK’s research outputwas the result of an international collaborationand these collaborations are increasing –both in absolute terms and as a proportionof the UK’s research output. 60% of the UK’sinternationally co-authored papers are withEU partners, an increasing share of the UK’sinternational publications. Looking at individualcountries, UK-based researchers mostfrequently partner with scientists from the US,with seven EU countries also among the UK’stop ten strongest collaborators.4Mobility is often an important part ofcollaborating – enabling researchers to meetor share equipment, or spend time working inother facilities. This can be for short term visitsor for longer term appointments. The EU’s‘free movement of workers’ principle makesit easy for researchers to move within theEU, compared with the immigration rulesand regulations that they have to complywith around the world – Box 5 provides asummary of immigration rules and regulationsthat researchers must comply with to work indifferent countries.The EU also actively supports researchermobility, both within the EU and to non-EUcountries. Between 2007 and 2014, the EU’sMarie Sklodowska-Curie Actions supported3454 UK-based researchers to move withinthe UK, to other EU countries and to non-EUcountries. This scheme also funds researchersto come and work in the UK. For examplearound 800 Chinese nationals were supportedto work in the UK, complementing the around850 UK-based researchers who were fundedto work in China.This international mobility contributes to theUK’s highly international research workforce;28% of academic staff in UK universities arenon-UK nationals (16% EU and 12% non-EU),as are half of PhD students. Between 1996 and2011 7.6% of UK-affiliated researchers workedin other EU countries but not outside the EUfor more than two years and 13.3% worked formore than two years outside the EU.UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY
As well as supporting mobility, the EU hasset out to create a European Research Areato improve the effectiveness of nationalresearch systems and their co-operationand competition. The EU actively supportsinternational collaboration, within and beyondthe EU. It does this through many differentfunding schemes, by facilitating the use ofshared infrastructure and by supportingcollaborative projects. The majority of EUHorizon 2020 research funding requiresinternational collaboration and it also attractsnon-EU countries to contribute financially toenable their researchers to take part.The European Research Council (ERC),which is part of Horizon 2020 and fundsfrontier research purely on the basis ofscientific excellence, has established a verystrong international reputation. The UK is thetop performer among participating countriesin accessing these funds. Researchers fromaround the world can access ERC funding tocarry out research in its participating countriesand the ERC encourages researchers fromoutside the EU to apply for grants to work inthese countries. Although this funding streamdoes not require international collaboration,58% of papers with ERC funding have coauthors who are based in other countries.There are a number of other national andinternational agencies that work independentlyof the EU to support researchers to collaborateand move internationally. For example the UKgovernment’s Newton Fund facilitates bilateralexchanges of researchers between the UKand 15 partner countries.It is important to recognise that many factors,both professional and personal, influenceresearchers’ decisions to collaborate andmove. Due to this complexity, it is not possibleto quantify how patterns of collaborationand mobility might change if the UK were toleave the EU. However, it is clear that the EUplays a major role in supporting internationalcollaboration and mobility through a numberof globally recognized schemes andagreements, and withdrawal of the UK fromthe EU could affect the UK’s access to them.Should the UK choose to leave the EU,applying to become an Associate Memberof Horizon 2020 could allow UK-basedresearchers to access many of theseschemes, depending on the terms of theagreement and subject to a substantialfinancial contribution. In this case, however,UK legislators would have no role in decisionsover how this money was spent. In addition,any change to the UK’s adherence to the EUfree movement of workers principle couldadversely affect the UK’s eligibility to take partin EU research funding schemes, as has beenseen in Switzerland. This would also influencethe immigration rules and regulations withwhich researchers entering or leaving the UKwould need to comply.Given the high level of internationalcollaboration and mobility within the UK’sresearch base and the significance of theEU’s role in supporting and facilitating these,it is important to consider the impact of anychanges to the UK’s relationship with theEU on future scientific collaboration andUK-based researchers.UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY5
Why is it important to considerthe role of the EU in researchercollaboration and mobility?Recent decadeshave seen significantincreases in globalcompetition betweencountries to attractskilled migrants.In a world in which research is carried out ona truly global basis, international interactionis important to scientific success1. The UK isa world leader in science, and researchersmove (see Box 1) and collaborate (see Box 2)to pursue scientific excellence; collaborationand mobility are a key part of the businessof science, and they are distinct andcomplementary.Mobility ensures a circulation of skills and ideasaround the world2, and ‘brain circulation’ in theglobal research system sees scientists followthe best science and the best resources3.Recent decades have seen significantincreases in global competition betweencountries to attract skilled migrants.4It is important to understand the role thatthe EU plays in the UK research landscapeto give an insight into how a changingrelationship with the EU might affect this.This report considers the extent andvalue of collaboration and mobility in UKscience, and the role that the EU plays insupporting this. It focuses predominantlyon collaboration and mobility of UK-basedacademic researchers.Although collaboration and mobility are alsoimportant to researchers in industry andstudents, specific mechanisms to support theircollaboration and mobility are not covered inthis report. However, they and their work maybe counted in some of the analyses.Scientists have a long history of workingtogether, but the level of internationalcollaboration is increasing. When UKbased researchers publish internationallycollaborative papers, they are more highlycited, a measure of scientific impact, thanpapers published by only UK-based authors6.This gap has widened over time.6UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY
BOX 1 Why are researchers internationally mobile?To collaborate internationallyMobility allows researchers to sharespecialist expertise, skills or equipmentand expand their collaboration networks.Collaborations can happen remotely,but often mobility is required to facilitateproductive collaboration. Collaborationscan also be an outcome of periods spentin other countries for work.To develop their careersWorking with different researchers andjoining up with the best research groups,wherever they are found, can help scientiststo develop their experience. Internationallymobile researchers produce more paperson average than those who have only everworked in the UK7.To build international networksMobility helps to build the networks throughwhich science progresses. The Society’s2011 report Knowledge, Networks andNations8 provides detail of the internationalnature of science, and the ways in whichmobility builds networks.To build the UK’s soft powerThe scientific community often worksbeyond national boundaries on problemsof common interest, so is well placed tosupport diplomatic efforts that require nontraditional alliances of nations, sectors andnon-governmental organisations. This isknown as science diplomacy9.BOX 2 Why do UK researchers collaborate internationally?To work with the bestTo progress their science, researchers seekto work with the most outstanding expertsin their field, or indeed other fields, manyof whom will not be based in the UK10.Collaborations allow scientists to accessskills and knowledge that complementtheir own, stimulating new ideas anddeveloping expertise.To gain access to state-of-the-artequipmentCutting edge scientific equipment isexpensive; it may be first availableonly in one country, or it may be affordableonly if a number of countries combinetogether to pay for it. Scientists often gainaccess to this equipment for their researchthrough collaboration.To pool resources and reap benefits of scaleGlobal scientific achievements demonstratethe value of collaboration on big projects.The human genome was sequenced in just 13years through the Human Genome Project11.The Higgs Boson was discovered in 2012using experiments built by large internationalcollaborations at the international acceleratorcentre CERN, and exploiting computing powerprovided by a collaboration of 170 centresspread across 42 countries12.To tackle global challengesInternational collaborations can enable theresearch base to tackle global challengesand act quickly in emergencies, such aswhen there was an outbreak of Ebola inWest Africa in 2013. Charities, governmentand industry worked together globally torespond to the crisis13,14.UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY7
Snapshot of the UK researchworkforce28% of academic staffin UK universitiesare non-UK nationals(16% EU and 12%non-EU), as are halfHow mobile is the UK research workforce?International mobility has shaped the UKresearch landscape. Researchers travel fromthe UK to work in the EU and the rest of theworld, and foreign researchers, includingthose from the EU, come to work in the UK.of PhD students.How international is the UK research workforce?Over a quarter (28%) of the 194,190 academicstaff in UK universities are non-UK nationals15(Figure 1). Recruitment from the EU makes upa significant part of this. In 2014/15 there were31,635 EU nationals (excluding UK nationals)working in UK universities, 16% of the total, and23,360 from outside of the EU, 12% of the total.PhD students also make up a large proportionof the UK’s research population, with a total of81,130 active in UK higher education institutesin 2014/1516. 14% of PhD students are non-UKnationals from the EU and 36% are from outsidethe EU – half of the doctoral students in the UKare foreign nationals.FIGURE 1International make up of the UK university research workforce.KeyUKOther EUNon-EUAcademic raduate research ce: Higher Education Statistics Agency (see https://www.hesa.ac.uk/stats, accessed 22 March 2016).8UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY
The international profile of the UK’sacademic workforce reflects the ability of theUK to attract talent from overseas and thissupports the UK’s scientific excellence. UKinstitutions with greater proportions of foreignresearchers and researchers with internationalexperience scored more highly in the recentResearch Excellence Framework17, whichassesses the quality of research in highereducation institutions.How much do UK-based researchersmove overseas?Throughout this report, the term ‘UK-basedresearchers’ refers to researchers who havestated an affiliation with a UK institution.By analysing the publication record of suchresearchers we can see how much theseindividuals have moved internationally. Usingdata from publications in this way means thatnon-UK nationals who are based in the UKare included in the analyses and, as shownin Figure 1, these individuals represent aconsiderable proportion of the total.The UK has a highly mobile researcherpopulation. Almost 70% of active UKresearchers18 in the period 1996 – 2011had published articles for which they wereaffiliated with non-UK institutions19, indicatingthat they had worked abroad at some pointduring that period. Some of those researchersmay have moved for relatively short periods,but UK-based researchers also move forlonger periods: 21% of UK-based researchersworked abroad for a period of two years ormore during the same period20.Comparing this to other scientific nations,only Switzerland has more internationallymobile researchers in its workforce, with 84%having worked outside Switzerland between1996 and 2011, and 25% having workedoverseas for a period of more than two years21.By contrast, 60% of Japanese and 71% ofChinese researchers did not publish a paperaffiliated with an overseas institution duringthis period22.How much do UK-based researcherscollaborate internationally?An increasing proportion of UK researchis published with partners across theworld, and EU partners are involved inan increasing share of this work.Almost 70% of activeUK researchers in theperiod 1996 – 2011had published articlesfor which they wereaffiliated with non-UKIn 1981, about 90% of research papers byUK-based authors included only UK-basedauthors, whereas by 2011, over half of theUK’s research output was the result of aninternational collaboration (Figure 2)23. Thisproportion has been rising steadily. In 2015,UK-based researchers published over threetimes as many papers as they did in 1981.The number of papers with only UK-basedauthors increased from 29,017 to 47,308,the number of internationally co-authoredpapers increased from 3,632 to 67,707.institutions , indicatingthat they had workedabroad at some pointduring that period.Who do UK-based researcherscollaborate with?37% of the 1.6 million research paperspublished by UK authors from 2005 to 2014were internationally co-authored25. The US isthe UK’s top collaborative research partner(Table 1A); of all the research published by UKresearchers in this period, 12% was with a USco-author. However, the USA’s total researchoutput is much greater than that of the othercountries listed in Table 1A. To account for thisfact, we applied Salton’s cosine, a methodthat can be applied to normalise the data bythe volume of output for both partners, givinga size-independent indicator of the strengthof collaboration. Once this is applied, thestrength of collaboration26 between the UKand Germany is shown to be greater thanthat between the UK and the USA (Table 1Band figure 3).It was not possible to compare the UK’scollaboration with the USA and Europeas a whole, but Table 1B shows that manyEuropean countries are among the UK’s topcollaborators, accounting for seven of thetop ten positions.UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY9
FIGURE 2International collaboration of UK-based researchers 1981 – 201524.KeyTotal UK research outputUK authors onlyPapers per year 1420150Source: Adams J 2013 The fourth age of research. Nature, 497, 557-560.10UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY
TABLE 1Top 20 collaborative partner countries for UK authors, 2005 – 2014. Note: individual publicationsmay be counted in more than one row, where there are multiple co-authors.EU Member StatesEEA and SwitzerlandA Top collaborative partners in absolute termsCountryUSANumber of papersco-authored withUK-based authorsPercentage of the UK’stotal output accountedfor by collaborationwith country (%)Percentage of the country’stotal output involvingcollaboration withUK-based authors D13,6900.95.2RUSSIA13,0920.83.8B Top collaborative partners when normalised to partner countries’ total research output (Salton’s cosine)CountrySalton’s CosineNumber of papersco-authored withUK-based authorsTotal papers published2005 – 40,809NEW SOUTH Data & Analysis: Thomson Reuters, with some additional analyses by The Royal Society. Thomson Reuters should be referenced byany third party if quoting or referencing these data.UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY11
FIGURE 3Strength of collaboration between UK-based and overseas authors within Europe – darker shadingindicates greater strength of collaboration. Strength of collaboration has been normalised for totalresearch output, using Salton’s ugal0.025Italy0.053Data & Analysis: Thomson Reuters, with some additional analyses by The Royal Society. Thomson Reuters should bereferenced by any third party if quoting or referencing these data.12UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY
nd0.021Lithuania0.007Ukraine0.009Czech Moldova0.001Slovenia0.011Serbia &Montenegro0.001Croatia0.01Romania0.009Bosnia 0.013Israel0.016UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY13
Would international collaborationbe affected if the UK left the EU?More than half of theUK’s collaborativepapers are now withEU partners.Although EU membership supportsinternational collaboration both directly andindirectly, much international collaborationproceeds outside the EU, and EU membershipdoes not necessarily play a role in allcollaborations between EU countries.We have seen that UK-based researcherscollaborate with partners all over the world.The proportion of the UK’s internationallycollaborative work that is authored with EUpartners has been steadily increasing overtime (Figure 4)27.The EU supports international researchcollaboration – within the EU and between EUresearchers and those in the rest of the world– through various mechanisms. Several of theEU’s research funding schemes aim to supportcollaboration, and although EU funding doesnot lead to greater levels of internationalcollaboration than funding from othersources, collaborative work that is fundedby the EU has greater impact (Table 4)28. TheEU also supports collaboration in researchfacilities, and by playing a coordinating rolein collaborations.UK-based researchers would still be able tocollaborate internationally if the UK were toleave the EU, and to access non-EU sourcesof support to do so. However, it is not possibleto say which parts, if any, of the EU’s supportfor collaboration they might continue to beable to access.There are a number of countries that arenot members of the EU, but can take partin EU research programmes, collaborateas part of consortia, and have access toEuropean infrastructure. These countrieshave ‘Associated Country’ or ‘Third Country’status, and they include Norway, Israel andSwitzerland. You can find more informationabout these countries and the arrangementsthey have with the EU in the Society’s reporton the role of the EU in funding UK research29.14If the UK were to have Associated Countrystatus with respect to EU research funding,UK-based researchers could have accessto some of the schemes that supportinternational collaboration, but the UK wouldneed to make an appropriate financialcontribution to that particular scheme while nolonger being able to contribute to its design.How much do UK-based researcherscollaborate with EU partners?Although international collaboration hasincreased across the board, the UK’scollaboration with EU Member States hasincreased at a faster rate than with otherpartners. The US continues to be the UK’ssingle most frequent partner country, but itsdominance has declined. More than half ofthe UK’s collaborative papers are now with EUpartners. In 1981, 43% of the UK’s internationaloutput comprised UK-Europe collaborativepapers; in 2012 it was 60% (Figure 4)30.Germany and France, in particular, becameincreasingly frequent partners after 1990 andthis growth accelerated after 2000. Most ofthese papers have been bilateral, but about30% of publications with France or Germanyalso have a co-author from the USA32.Some UK papers include several co-authorsthat may come from both EU and non-EUcountries, such as the US, Canada or India.Approximately one third of UK papers thathave a non-EU co-author also have an EUco-author (Figure 5).These analyses suggest that collaborationwith researchers in EU member states isimportant for UK research, but does notindicate whether these collaborations relyon the UK’s membership of the EU.UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY
FIGURE 4Increase in UK-based researchers international collaboration, and share accounted forby collaboration with EU partners, between 1981 and 201231.KeyUK totalIncludes an International partnerIncludes an EU partnerAnnual publication count on Web of ource: Data from Thomson Reuters Web of Science, analysed by Digital Science.UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY15
FIGURE 5Proportion of the UK’s internationally co-authored papers that had a non-EU co-authorand an EU co-author, 2005 – 201433.KeyUK papers with noco-authors fromoutside the EUUK papers with aco-author fromoutside the EUUK papers withco-authors fromoutside the EU onlyUK papers withco-authors from withinand outside the EU8.38%26.65%18.27%73.35%Source: Data & Analysis: Thomson Reuters, with some additional analyses by The Royal Society. Thomson Reuters should bereferenced by any third party if quoting or referencing these data.16UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY
How does the EU support collaboration?The EU has a stated aim to improve theeffectiveness of national research systems,transnational co-operation and competitionthrough the creation of the EuropeanResearch Area (ERA). It aims to foster an openlabour market for researchers and optimisecirculation, access to and transfer of scientificknowledge. The Society’s report on the roleof the EU in funding UK research34 includesfurther information on the ERA.International collaboration is supported andfacilitated by a wide variety of mechanismsand schemes. These exist at the national andinternational level, and various organisationsare involved in funding and administeringthese schemes, from governments to charities,working alone or collaboratively themselves.Within this context, the section summarisesthe ways in which the EU supportscollaboration, by funding collaborativeresearch projects, investing in infrastructure,providing networks and coordination, andharmonising research systems across Europe.Supporting collaboration through fundingThe EU funds collaboration through severalinterlinked programmes. Further details of EUfunding for most of the schemes discussedhere can be found in the Society’s report onthe role of the EU in funding UK research35.Framework Programmes (FPs) are themain EU funding mechanism for research,development
4 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCHER MOBILITY UK research and the European Union: the role of the EU in international research collaboration and researcher mobility A referendum on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (EU) will take place on 23 June 2016.
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