The Human Body - Commonwealth Of Learning
BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyDistance Learning MaterialsTheHumanBodyModule 2
Module 2 :The Human BodyThe Human BodyAbout the Course TeamLaura Sibanda has worked in hairdressing &beauty therapy for 13 years. She holds anAdvanced Diploma in Hairdressing & BeautyTherapy & a Diploma in Education & Training.Laura taught at Gaborone Technical College for 4years before joining FCTVE. She is an experiencedBTEP assessor.Writer:Laura SibandaPeer Reviewer:One MazhaniCourse Coordinator:Joanna CollymoreInstructional Design Editor:Jan DeurwaarderDistance Education Adviser:Alison Mead RichardsonLanguage Editor:Aubrey Ramatau PaleDesktop Publisher:Antony OkukuIllustrator:Lebogang ThompsonThis course is dedicated to Laura Sibanda who was taken from us in 2013. It is atestament to her work and her dedication to her students.Published by Francistown College of Technical &Vocational EducationPrivate Bag F104FrancistownBotswanaFrancistown College of Technical & VocationalEducation 2008Any part of this document may be reproduced without permission butwith attribution to Francistown College of Technical & VocationalEducation and the writer.CC-BY-SA (share alike with -sa/3.0BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 2
Module 2 :The Human BodyThe Human BodyContentsTopic 6 The Digestive SystemSection 1Section 2Section 3Section 4The food we eat . 7The digestive system . 13The accessory organs of the digestive system . 25The process of digestion . 28Topic 7 The Excretory SystemSection 1Section 2Section 3107Human reproductive organs 109How does the human reproductive system work? . 116The effects of the sex hormones . . 119Topic 11 The Integumentory SystemSection 1Section 290The endocrine glands . 92How the endocrine system works . 96Topic 10 The Reproductive SystemSection 1Section 2Section 361What forms the nervous system? . 63Response mechanism . 74Topic 9 The Endocrine SystemSection 1Section 239The organs of the excretory system. 41The urinary system . 45Removing waste products from the body . 50Topic 8 The Nervous SystemSection 1Section 26127What forms the Integumentary system . .129Function of the Integumentary system .138GlossaryBTEP Certificate in Beauty Therapy147Page 3
Module 2 :The Human BodyStructure & function of the human bodyYou know already that this BTEP unit is all about the structure andfunction of the human body. It is about the different parts of the humanbody and how they work. It is important for a beauty therapist to have avery sound knowledge of the human body before learning to carry outany treatments.What is in this Module?There are 6 topics in this module:Topic 6The Digestive SystemTopic 7The Excretory SystemTopic 8The Nervous SystemTopic 9The Endocrine SystemTopic 10The Reproductive SystemTopic 11The Integumentary SystemLearning outcomesThe two learning outcomes from the BTEP Unit, The Human Body, arepartly covered in this module:1Describe the structure and composition of the human body2Explain the functions of the main body systemsIn this module we will cover the body systems shown above. Module 1covered the body systems about the skeletal, muscular, respiratory andcirculatory systems.AssessmentThere are 2 tutor marked assignments (TMAs) for this module. Youshould have received TMA 3 with this module. TMA 4 will be given toyou when you come for the first unit assessment.You should complete TMA 3 after you have completed your study ofTopic 8. It covers the digestive, excretory and nervous systems.TMA 4 will cover the topics on endocrine, reproductive andIntegumentary systems.BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 4
Module 2 :The Human BodyThe TMAs are very important because they prepare you for the unitassessments. Check in your study timetable for the dates of the unitassessments.BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 5
Module 2 :The Human BodyTopic 6The Digestive SystemDo you remember Topic 1 in Module 1 on the characteristics of life? Wesaid that one of the characteristics of life was the ability to take in food.In this topic we are going to look at the way in which humans take inand use food. The digestive (say die-JES-tif) system is the body systemresponsible for changing the food we eat into a form the body can use.Have you ever wondered what happens to your food once it gets intoyour mouth? It is going to be digested. Digestion starts when your mouthwaters as you smell that tasty chicken from KFC!You know that our bodies become weak if we go for a long time withoutfood. Food is needed to give our bodies energy as well as to allow thebody to grow and be able to repair itself when it is damaged. For thebody to be able to use the food you eat, that food needs to be brokendown into small pieces and absorbed.In this topic, we are going to explore the human digestive system. Wewill look at which organs are involved and how they work together toperform the function of digesting food. You will also find out about thedifferent processes involved in the system of digestion.What is in this Topic?In this topic there are 4 sections:Section 1The food we eatSection 2The digestive systemSection 3The accessory glandsSection 4The process of digestionLearning ObjectivesBy the time you have completed this topic, you should be able to: Describe the different types of food that we eat Identify the organs and glands of the digestive system Describe how food passes through the digestive system Describe how food is broken down mechanically and chemically Explain the processes involved in digestionStudy TimeIt will take you between 6 and 8 hours to study this topic on digestion.BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 6
Module 2 :The Human BodySection 1nutrientsubstances used bythe body to grow,get energy, repaircells and stay healthyThe Food We EatThe digestive system is about the breakdown of the food that you eatinto a form that your body can use. Large and complex food moleculesneed to be broken down into smaller, simple ones. These can then becarried around the body in your blood to supply nutrients to all thecells.What you eat can only help your body to be strong and healthy after itgoes through the process of digestion. Before we look at the organs ofthe digestive system and their function let’s look at the things we eat.What did you eat today? Write down all the food (solid or liquid) youhave eaten today.dietthe food you eatregularly or everydayYour list might be long or short. This is my list for today: brown bread,cheese, raisin cake (muffin), cups of coffee, glass of fruit juice, roastchicken and noodles. Your list will be different from mine. We have adifferent diet. Diet is the food you eat every day. The list you made isyour diet for today. Tomorrow’s list will be different.It is important for you as a beauty therapist to learn about food. Thefood a person eats has an impact on the health of the body in general buton the skin and the hair in particular.Why do you need food?Can you write down 4 things that your body uses food for? Write in thisspace.Your body uses food for energy, growth, repair and to stay healthy.Energy - your body needs energy to make your muscles move and allother systems in your body work. This energy comes from the food youeat.BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 7
Module 2 :The Human BodyGrowth – the human body grows until adulthood. The body increases insize which means new cells are needed throughout the body. In adultsthere are still body parts that grow all the time, for example your hairand nails. So, again, new cells are needed for this to happen. New bodycells are built from food.Repair – the body needs new cells to replace old ones. Blood cells arecontinuously broken down and need to be replaced; the top layer ofyour skin flakes continually and skin cells need to be formed. Damagesto your body – a cut, a burn, destroy cells and these need to be replaced.Staying healthy - to stay healthy your body needs vitamins andminerals. You have to ensure that you supply your body with thesenutrients through your food.What is in the food you eat?To stay healthy you need seven different types of food. These arebalanced dieta diet that containsthe right amounts ofnutrients to meet allthe needs of thebody Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals Water RoughageA diet that contains all these things in the correct amounts is called abalanced diet. It is a balanced diet which keeps the human bodyhealthy.It is important for you to understand the difference between the types offood and to be able to give examples of each. Let’s look at the seventypes of food in more detail.CarbohydratesThese are sugary and starchy foods for example sweetfruits (apples, bananas), honey, jam, bread, cakes,cereals, potatoes, rice, pasta, biscuits, chocolate andnoodles. Carbohydrates are your main energy supply– the fuel for your body. Sugars are carbohydrates. Thedigestive system breaks down the complexcarbohydrates (for example starch) into the mostsimple sugars (called mono-saccharides say SAK-arides). The simple sugar used as fuel in your body iscalled glucose. Later in this topic you will learn where in the digestivesystem this process takes place and which digestive organs are involved.BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 8
Module 2 :The Human Bodyenzymessubstances producedin the body whichhelp in differentprocessesamino acidssimplest form ofprotein. Known asthe ‘building blocks’of proteinsTo speed up the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into glucose thebody uses enzymes. Enzymes are substances that speed up the rate ofbreakdown of food without being changed themselves.ProteinsThese are mainly the foods which build the body although protein canbe used as an energy nutrient, but only when other stores have run out.You need protein foods for growth and repair. The simplest proteins arecalled amino acids. There are 20 amino acids. Ten of these are essentialfor growth, repair and fighting disease. The other ones your body canmake if needed. The amino acids are the buildingblocks for new body cells. Foods that are rich inproteins are, for example meat, egg white, liver, fishand beans. Animal protein contains all the tenessential amino acids.Enzymes are proteins made by your body that are needed for differentprocesses. Digestive enzymes are needed for the breakdown of food.Later in this topic you will learn how the digestive system breaks downthe protein we eat into amino acids which the body can use.FatsFats and oils are important energy nutrients; they are a source of energyfor the body. You find them, for example, in butter, olive oil, fatty meat,whole milk, chocolate, egg yolk, and margarine. The fats you eatare complex and are broken down into simple ones calledglycerol and fatty acids. The body stores some fat as reserves. Ifthe body requires a lot of energy some of the fats in the body willbe used (burning your fat!). Fat is stored in different places in thebody. Much of it forms a layer just below the skin. The amount offat and the part of the body where it is stored give people their‘characteristic shape’.There are two types of fats, fats that come from animals (saturated fats)and fats that come from plants (unsaturated fats). If you eat too muchsaturated fat it sticks to the inside of your blood vessels and builds up.This makes your blood vessels narrower and the heart has to workharder to pump the blood through your body. This increases the risk ofa heart attack.You will learn where and how fats are broken down in the digestivesystem later in this topic.BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 9
Module 2 :The Human BodyCarbohydrates, proteins and fats are needed by your body in relativelylarge quantities compared to the amount of vitamins and minerals. Buteven though very small amounts of vitamins and minerals are needed,they are still essential for the healthy functioning of your body.VitaminsVitamins are essential substances but they have no energy value. Yourbody needs 13 vitamins. The main ones are: Vitamin A – for good eyesight – found in fruit and vegetables(especially carrots.)Vitamin B – a group of vitamins which support the nervoussystem and help your body make energy. Found in meat, fish,beans, eggs, milk and green vegetables.Vitamin C - for healthy cells, especially in the skin and bloodvessels. Foods rich in vitamin C are citrus fruit (oranges, lemons)and vegetables. Vitamin C also strengthens the immune systemwhich helps to protect the body from disease.Vitamin D is needed by the body to absorb calcium from thefood. It helps to keep your bones strong. Lack of Vitamin Dcauses rickets (see calcium below). Vitamin D is found in fishoils, milk and egg yolk. Vitamin D can also be made by the bodyitself in the skin using sunlight.MineralsLike vitamins, minerals have no energy value but you need them to stayhealthy. You need small amounts of about 15 different minerals. Themajor ones are iron, calcium and potassium, but you need all 15 to stayhealthy. Lack of any of these minerals leads to a deficiency disease. Iron is needed to make the red blood cells (haemoglobin). Lackof iron causes anaemia, which makes a person feel weak andtired. Good sources of iron are meat, fish, eggs and beans.Calcium is needed by growing bones and teeth. Lack of calciumcauses rickets in which the leg bones cannot support the weightof the body and therefore get bent. We get calcium from milk.Cheese & yoghurt, fish and green, leafy vegetables.Potassium is needed to balance the amount of water in your cellsso it is important in all body systems. Bananas and beans are richin potassium.WaterThe chemical reaction that takes place in your body (metabolism)happens between substances dissolved in water. Water is essential forthe body. You need about 1.7 litres of water every day to replace thewater you lose through your skin during perspiration, as urine fromyour kidneys, in faeces and by evaporation from the lungs duringbreathing.BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 10
Module 2 :The Human BodyRoughage or dietary fibreRoughage or fibre cannot be digested. It passes through the digestivesystem from mouth to anus. The digestive system, in order to functionwell, needs stimulation. Roughage keeps the digestive system in goodworking order and prevents constipation. Food sources for roughage arethe cellulose cell walls in fruit and vegetables, husks of cereal grains asfound in wholemeal bread and brown (not white) rice.The table summarises the information we have just given.FoodCarbohydratesProteinsFatsVitaminsAWhy it is neededFoods that contain itEnergy nutrientBread, cakes, biscuits, rice, pasta, honey, sugar,jamGrowth and repairMeat, fish, egg white, milk, cheese, beans, peasEnergyButter, lard, oil, margarine, fat meat, peanuts,chocolateStaying healthyeyesightcarrots, green vegetables, liverB groupnervous systemmat, fish, eggs, dairy, beans, green vegetablesCHealthy skin andbody tissuesCitrus fruits, raw vegetables, potatoes,tomatoesDHelps body toabsorb calcium fromfoodButter, egg yolk, milk. Made by skin usingsunlight.MineralsStaying healthyCalciumFor bones and teethMilk, cheese, bread, green vegetablesFor makinghaemoglobinLiver, egg yolk, meat, cocoa.to balance water inthe cellsBananas, green vegetables, potato skins, beansTo replace waterlossWater, fruits, juicesIronPotassiumWaterRoughage /dietary fibreTo enhance digestion Whole wheat bread, brown rice, fruits,vegetables, bran cerealsNow complete Activity 1 to check that you learned and understood theinformation on the food you eat.BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 11
Module 2 :The Human BodyActivity 1: The food you eat1. Complete the tableNutrientUsed in the body forSome foods that contain thenutrientIronBuilding bones and teethVitamin Ccarrots, green, leafy vegetables2. Complete the tableFood typeWhy you need itSome foods that contain the foodtypeTo produce energyProteinFor energyMineralsandvitamins3. Why do you need roughage or fibre in your diet?FeedbackThe activity will help you check your understanding of nutrition, the types offood you eat and where it is used in the body. Check your answers against oursat the end of the topic. If you did not get all the answers correct then chek theinformation again. Make sure you practice spelling of new words.BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 12
Module 2 :The Human BodySection 2solublesomething which canbe dissolved in waterThe Digestive SystemThe digestive system changes food into a soluble form, so that it can beused by the cells of the body. When the food is soluble the body can usethe nutrients found in the food. The digestive system is made up of anumber of organs whose function is to get nutrients into the body. Lookat Figure 1 which shows the main organs of the digestive system.tongueFigure 1: The digestive systemThe digestive system has 2 parts:accessory organan organ that assists/ helps with thefunctioning of someother organ. the organs of the alimentary canal the accessory organs or glandsWe will first look at the organs of the alimentary canal. The accessoryglands will be covered in Section 2.The Alimentary CanalThe alimentary canal – is a long tube that begins at the mouth and endsat the bottom or anus. It is approximately 10 metres long. The organswhich are part of the alimentary canal are: mouth pharynx oesophagus stomach small intestines large intestineThese are the main organs of the digestive tract.Do you remember what you learned in Topic 1 about the body cavities?BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 13
Module 2 :The Human BodyCan you say which cavities the alimentary canal passes through?Write your ideas in this space.You can see from Figure 1 that the digestive tract starts in the mouth andthen goes through the thoracic cavity before passing into the abdominopelvic cavity and then out of the body.glanda body organ whichsecretes chemicalsubstances neededby the bodydigestive enzymesproteins whichspeeds up thebreakdown of foodThere are also 4 accessory organs or glands that work with the mainorgans to aid digestion. Their main function is to produce digestiveenzymes to help break down and use food. The accessory organs are: salivary glands liver & gall bladder pancreasWe will first look at the structure and function of each of the maindigestive organs in more detail. In Section 2 we will look at the structureand function of the accessory organs.Mouthsalivawatery substanceproduced in themouth containingenzymes to breakdown foodmechanicaldigestionprocess of breakingdown food in tosmaller pieces bychewing (mouth) orchurning (stomach,intestines)chemical digestionprocess of breakingdown food by acidsand enzymes, intochemical substancesthat can be absorbedinto the bloodDigestion begins in the mouth. When wesee, smell, taste, or even imagine a tastymeal, our salivary glands, which arelocated under the tongue and near thelower jaw, begin producing saliva (saysa-LIE-vah). Saliva is a watery substancewhich contains enzymes or chemicalswhich help to break down carbohydrates.This flow of saliva is started by a brainreflex that is triggered when we sensefood or think about eating (you will learnmore the brain and reflexes later in Topic8 on the nervous system). In response toFigure 2 : Salivary glandsthis sensory stimulation, the brain sendsimpulses or messages through the nerves that control the salivaryglands, telling them to prepare for a meal.As you know, your mouth also contains your teeth and they also havean important part to play in digestion. The teeth tear and chop the food– we call this mechanical digestion. Then saliva is added to make thefood more liquid for easy swallowing which is one of the forms ofchemical digestion. The tongue helps by pushing the food around whilethe teeth are chewing. A digestive enzyme in the saliva starts to breakdown the carbohydrates (starches and sugars) in the food even before itleaves the mouth. Food is chewed with the teeth, made wetter by salivaand formed into a small ball called a bolus (say bow-lus).BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 14
Module 2 :The Human BodyDigestive functions of the mouthThere are 4 things that happen in the mouth as part of the digestiveprocess: food is mixed with saliva from the salivary glandsbolussmall ball of foodformed in the mouthby chewing with theteeth the teeth chop up food – mechanical digestion certain types of food (carbohydrates) start to break down becauseof the action of enzymes in the saliva food is formed into a small ball – bolus – by the muscular actionof the tongue From the mouth, the food is moved into the pharynx.Now try Activity 2 to check your understanding of the digestive tractand the function of the mouth in the digestive system.Activity 2: The digestive system & the mouth1.2.What is the main function of the digestive system?The diagram shows 7 organs of the digestive system. Label each organ andsay which one is an accessory organ.BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 15
Module 2 :The Human BodyActivity 2: continued3.Which body cavities does the alimentary canal pass through?4.Where does saliva come from?5.What is the function of saliva?6.What is the function of the teeth?7.What is the function of the tongue?8.What is a bolus?9.Which type of food starts to be broken down in the mouth?10. Where does food pass to next after leaving the mouth?FeedbackIf you have read the text carefully then you willl be asble to answer these questionscorrectly. Check your answers against ours at the end of the topic.We will now continue with our study of the other organs of thedigestive tract.BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 16
Module 2 :The Human BodyPharynxWhat causes food to move out of yourmouth and down your throat?It is swallowing. Once the food is formedinto a bolus, the muscles of the tongueand mouth move the food into the throat,or, pharynx in an action we callswallowing. You know from your studyof the respiratory system in Module 1 thatthe pharynx is the passageway in thethroat for food and air. Do you alsoremember from your study of therespiratory system that there is a flexibleflap of tissue called the epiglottis (say ehpee-GLOT-iss) which closes over thewind pipe (larynx) when we swallowfood so that we do not choke?Figure 3 : Position of the pharynx &oesophagus in the digestive tractDigestive functions of the pharynx passage of food from the back of the throat to the oesophagus epiglottis makes sure the food enters the oesophagus and not thewindpipeOesophagusLook at Figure 3 again. From the pharynx or throat, food travels down amuscular tube in the chest called the oesophagus (say ess-OFF-a-gus).Why do you think it is a muscular tube? Write your ideas in this space.peristalsismuscularcontractions ofthe walls of thedigestive tractcausing food tomove along itThe oesophagus needs to be made of muscle to be able to move foodalong towards the stomach. The muscles of the oesophagus contract in awave-like motion to force food down through the oesophagus to thestomach. This movement is called peristalsis (say pear-ee-STAL-sis). Aperson normally is not aware of the movements of the oesophagus,stomach, and intestines that take place as food passes through thedigestive tract. This is because the muscles are involuntary and we donot have to think about them moving – remember what you learnedabout different muscles in Topic 3?Digestive function of the oesophagus action of peristalsis moves food down the oesophagus to thestomachBTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 17
Module 2 :The Human BodyStomachsphincterring like muscle thatcontract to close anopening to controlthe flow ofsubstances in onlyone directionAt the end of the oesophagus, a muscular ring or valve called asphincter (say sf-INK-ter) allows food to enter the stomach and thensqueezes shut to keep food or liquid from flowing back into theoesophagus.The stomach is a muscular sack or bagwhich can be bigger or smaller accordingto how much is inside it! That is why yourtrousers sometimes do not fit around thewaist after a big meal! Look at Figure 4 tosee the position of the stomach (coloured)in the digestive tract.In the stomach, large proteins are brokendown into smaller proteins called aminoacids. This is done by hydrochloric (sayhi-dro-KLOR- ic) acid which is releasedfrom the stomach wall. Stomach muscleschurn and mix the food with acids andenzymes.chymethick liquid form ofpartially digestedfood and stomachjuicesFigure 4 : Position of stomach (coloured)in digestive tractThe acids and enzymes break the food down into a thick liquid. Theliquid form of the food is called chyme (say kime). This is known aschemical digestion. It is different from the mechanical digestion whichtakes place in the mouth. The gastric juices also help to kill somebacteria that might be in the food so that it does not make us sick.Most substances in the food we eat need further digestion and musttravel into the intestine for this to happen. There is another sphincter(ring of muscle) at the bottom end of the stomach. This allows the foodto pass into the small intestine but not come back into the stomach. SeeFigure 5.Figure 5 : The stomachBTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 18
Module 2 :The Human BodyDigestive functions of the stomach food storage - the stomach is a place where food is held while theprocess of digestion takes place and then releases the food intothe rest of the digestive tract digestive vessel - gastric juices are released in the stomach tobreakdown proteins (chemical digestion) food mixer –the muscles layers of the stomach churn the foodwith the digestive juices to enable process of mechanicaldigestion sterilization – harmful bacteria are killed by stomach acidNow try Activity 3 to check your understanding of the role of thepharynx, the oesophagus and the stomach in digestion.Activity 3: The pharynx, oesophagus and stomach1.What is the function of the pharynx in digestion?2.What is the other name for the pharynx?3.What is the name for the movement of food in the oesophagus?4.Describe the structure of the stomach.5.What are the functions of the stomach?BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyPage 19
Module 2 :The Human BodyActivity 3: The pharynx, oesophagus and stomach6.Where in the stomach are the sphincters found?7.What is the function of the sphincters?8.Where does food pass to after leaving the stomach?FeedbackYou have studied the second part of the digestive tract. If you answered thequestions correctly, you are ready to move on to the next part. Check youranswers against ours. If you feel you did not get the answers quite right thenyou should read about the stomach again before moving on.Small intestinesmall intestinepart of thealimentary canalconnecting thestomach and thelarge intestinesFood, in the form of chyme, is slowlysqueezed out of the stomach and intothe small intestine. This is wheremuch of the digestion of food takesplace. The small intestine is a verylong tube – about 3.5 m – which isspecially formed to take nutrients outof the food and pass them into thebody through the bloodstream andlymphatic system.Look at Figure 6 to see the position ofthe small intestine in relation to theother organs of the digestive tract.BTEP Certificate in Beauty TherapyFigure 6 : Position of small intestine(coloured) in digestive tractPage 20
Module 2 :The Human BodyAbsorption of nutrientsMost of the absorption of nutrients happens inthe small intestines. Food is slowly passed alongthe small intestines taking 2 – 3 hours to reachthe large intestines. This allows plenty of timefor absorption to take place. The surface area ofthe small intestine is increased by millions oftiny finger-like projections called villi (say vilEYE) that contain a network of capillaries andlymph vessels called lacteals. This huge surfacearea absorbs nutrients into the blood and lymphvessels. See Figure 7.Figure 7: The wall of the small intestine showingthe villivillithe tiny finger likeprojections on thesurface of the smallintestines that helpabsorb nutrientsabsorptionpassage of nutrientsfrom digested foodthrough the epitheliallining of the stomachand small intestineinto the blood andlymph circulationsystemsAbsorption of the various nutrients occurs as follows: Amino acids, water, soluble vitamins and minerals are allabsorbed into the blood capillaries where they dissolve into theblood, and are carried away to other parts of the body. Glucose is used immediately for energy or is converted toglycogen and stored in the liver and muscles. Glycerol and fatty acids are absorbed into the lacteal where theyrecombine to form fats, which mix with the lymphatic fluid. Theythen pass around the body in the lymphatic system and join theblood circulation as insoluble fat. They are converted to solublefat in the liver. The fat soluble vitamins (such as Vitamin A from carrots) areabsorbed with fats and are taken to the liver.The pancreas and gall bladder are accessory organs in the digestivesystem and they all do their work on the food in the small intestine. Themain thing they do is to release digestive juices and enzymes to furtherbreak down the food. We will explain their role in the process more fullyin Section 3.Digestive functions of the small intestines onward movement of its content through peristaltic movement completion of the chemical break down of proteins, fats andcarbohydrates by bile (produced in the liver) and pancreaticjuices released in the small instestines absorbtion of nutrient mater
The two learning outcomes from the BTEP Unit, The Human Body, are partly covered in this module: 1 Describe the structure and composition of the human body 2 Explain the functions of the main body systems In this module we will cover the body systems shown above. Module 1 covered the body systems about the skeletal, muscular, respiratory and
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
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Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
