Frontier Technologies For Sustainable Development: Frontier . - Un
Department of Economic and Social AffairsWorld Economic and Social Survey 2018Frontier technologies forsustainable developmentUnited NationsNew York, 2018E/2018/50/Rev.1ST/ESA/370
Department of Economic and Social AffairsThe Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat(UN/DESA) is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social andenvironmental spheres and national action. The Department’s mission is to promoteand support international cooperation in the pursuit of sustainable development forall. Its work is guided by the universal and transformative 2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment, along with a set of 17 integrated Sustainable Development Goals adoptedby the United Nations General Assembly. UN/DESA’s work addresses a range of crosscutting issues that affect peoples’ lives and livelihoods, such as social policy, povertyeradication, employment, social inclusion, inequalities, population, indigenous rights,macroeconomic policy, development finance and cooperation, public sector innovation,forest policy, climate change and sustainable development. To this end, UN/DESA:analyses, generates and compiles a wide range of data and information on developmentissues; brings together the international community at conferences and summits toaddress economic and social challenges; supports the formulation of developmentpolicies, global standards and norms; supports the implementation of internationalagreements, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; and assists Statesin meeting their development challenges through a variety of capacity developmentinitiatives. In carrying out its work, UN/DESA engages with a variety of stakeholdersaround the world—non-governmental organizations, civil society, the private sector,research and academic organizations, philanthropic foundations and intergovernmentalorganizations—as well as partner organizations in the United Nations system. For moreinformation, visit https://www.un.org/development/desa.United Nations publicationSales No. E.18.II.C.1Copyright @ United Nations, 2018All rights reservedE/2018/50/Rev.1ST/ESA/370ISBN 978-92-1-109179-3eISBN 978-92-1-047224-1
iiiAcknowledgementsThe World Economic and Social Survey is the flagship publication on major developmentissues prepared by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United NationsSecretariat (UN/DESA).Under the general guidance of Liu Zhenmin, Under-Secretary-General forEconomic and Social Affairs at UN/DESA, and the management of Pingfan Hong,Director, Economic Analysis and Policy Division (EAPD), the Survey 2018 was producedby a team led by Hamid Rashid, Chief, Development Research Branch in EAPD. Coremembers of the team included Hoi Wai (Jackie) Cheng, Nicole Hunt, S. Nazrul Islam,Kenneth Iversen, Alex Julca, Hiroshi Kawamura, Marcelo LaFleur, Mariangela ParraLancourt and Sérgio Vieira. Critical overall feedback was provided by Elliott Harris,Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development at UN/DESA.Mohamed El Batran, Marilia Bassetti Marcato and Joshua Mask providedsubstantive support to the production process. Israel Machado and the Dag HammarskjöldLibrary facilitated access to reference documents. Administrative support was provided byGerard F. Reyes.Substantive contributions in the form of background papers were made byTatiana Falcão, Alexander Haider, Jenna Jambeck, Anselm Kamperman Sanders, CaraLaPointe, Chris Vickers and Nicolas L. Ziebarth.Comments and inputs at various stages were provided by members of theEditorial Board at UN/DESA and colleagues—particularly the focal points—from otherDivisions within UN/DESA, the United Nations Department of Management/Officeof Information Communication Technology, the United Nations Office of the HighRepresentative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countriesand Small Island Developing States, the International Labour Organization, the UnitedNations Conference on Trade and Development and the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme.The following participants at two Expert Group Meetings provided valuablecomments: Diana Alarcón, Abdul Alim, Americo Beviglia Zampetti, Matthias Bruckner,Kate Crawford, Ekkehard Ernst, Chiara Farronato, Victor Gaigbe-Togbe, KevinGallagher, Lambert Hogenhout, Alfredo Jefferson, Lars Jensen, Maren Andrea Jiménez,Raymond Landveld, Keun Lee, Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak, Manuel Montes, ShantanuMukherjee, Clara Oberthür, Alberto Padova, Jonathan Perry, Michał Podolski, AikanyshSaparalieva, Benson Soon Seng Sim, Maurice Stucke, Arun Sundararajan, DenizSusar, Joop Theunissen, Ryosuke Ujihashi, Lisanne van Wijngaarden, Henry Wei andFang Zhang.Editorial and design input at the various stages of the publication processwere provided by Michael Brodsky, Leah Kennedy, Gabe Scelta, Nancy Settecasi and theBranding and Graphic Design Unit in the Department of Public Information.
ivWorld Economic and Social Survey 2018Explanatory notesThe following symbols have been used in the tables throughout the report:.Two dots indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported.–A dash indicates that the amount is nil or negligible.-A hyphen indicates that the item is not applicable. A minus sign indicates deficit or decrease, except as indicated.A full stop is used to indicate decimals./A slash between years indicates a crop year or financial year, for example, 2017/18.-Use of a hyphen between years, for example, 2017-2018, signifies the full period involved, including thebeginning and end years.Reference to “dollars” ( ) indicates United States dollars, unless otherwise stated.Reference to “billions” indicates one thousand million.Reference to “tons” indicates metric tons, unless otherwise stated.Annual rates of growth or change, unless otherwise stated, refer to annual compound rates.Details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add to totals, because of rounding.The following abbreviations have been used:AIartificial intelligenceLDCBEPSbase erosion and profit shiftingLLDCCO2carbon dioxideMOOCEUEuropean UnionNISEVelectric vehicleOECDFAOFood and Agriculture Organization of theUnited NationsFDIforeign direct investmentGDPgross domestic productGHGgreenhouse gasGPSGlobal Positioning SystemGVCglobal value chainSTEMGWPglobal warming potentialTRIPSrenewable energy technologiesregional trade agreementSustainable Development Goalsmall island developing Statesscience, technology, engineering and mathematicsTrade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property RightsICTinformation and communications technologiesUISInstitute for Statistics (UNESCO)IEAInternational Energy AgencyUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentIIAinternational investment agreementUN/DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the UnitedILOInternational Labour OrganizationIMFInternational Monetary FundIPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPRintellectual property rightsNations SecretariatUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganizationWHOWorld Health OrganizationPDPR&DRETsRTASDGSIDSWTOleast developed countrylandlocked developing countrymassive online open coursenational innovation systemOrganization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopmentplant-derived pharmaceuticalresearch and developmentWorld Trade Organization
vThe designations employed and the presentation of the material in this present publication do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The term “country” as used in the text of this report also refers, as appropriate, toterritories or areas. The designations of country groups in the text and the tables are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.Mention of the names of firms and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations.For analytical purposes, unless otherwise specified, the following country groupings and subgroupings have been used:Developed economies (developed market economies):Australia, Canada, European Union, Iceland, Japan, NewZealand, Norway, Switzerland, United States of America.Group of Eight (G8):Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russian Federation,United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,United States of America.Group of Twenty (G20):Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany,India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, UnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United Statesof America, European Union.European Union (EU):Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark,Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.EU-15:Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal,Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland.New EU member States:Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.Economies in transition:South-Eastern Europe:Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, theformer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS):Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia,1 Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation,Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.1Developing economies:Africa, Asia and the Pacific (excluding Australia, Japan, NewZealand and the member States of CIS in Asia), Latin Americaand the Caribbean.Subgroupings of Africa:Northern Africa:Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia.Sub-Saharan Africa:All other African countries, except Nigeria and SouthAfrica, where indicated.Subgroupings of Asia and the Pacific:Western Asia:Bahrain, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar,Saudi Arabia, State of Palestine, Syrian Arab Republic,Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.South Asia:Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of ),Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.East Asia:All other developing economies in Asia and the Pacific.Subgroupings of Latin America and the Caribbean:South America:Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of ), Brazil, Chile,Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela(Bolivarian Republic of ).Mexico and Central America:Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico,Nicaragua, Panama.Caribbean:Barbados, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti,Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago.As of 19 August 2009, Georgia officially left the Commonwealth of Independent States. However, its performance is discussed inthe context of this group of countries for reasons of geographical proximity and similarities in economic structure.
viWorld Economic and Social Survey 2018Least developed countries:Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, BurkinaFaso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad,Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti,Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti,Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia,Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique,Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe,Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, SouthSudan, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, UnitedRepublic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia.Small island developing States and areas:American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba,Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde,Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Comoros,Cook Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji,French Polynesia, Grenada, Guam, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana,Haiti, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius,Micronesia (Federated States of ), Montserrat, Nauru,Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Niue, Palau, Papua NewGuinea, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, SaintVincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe,Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Suriname, TimorLeste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, United StatesVirgin Islands, Vanuatu.Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change:Annex I parties:Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada,Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland,Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine,United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,United States of America.Annex II parties:Annex II parties are the parties included in Annex Ithat are members of the Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development but not the partiesincluded in Annex I that are economies in transition.Non-Annex I parties:Non-Annex I parties are mainly developing countries.Certain groups of developing countries are recognizedby the Convention as being especially vulnerable to theadverse impacts of climate change, including countrieswith low-lying coastal areas and those prone to desertification and drought. Others (such as countries that relyheavily on income from fossil fuel production and commerce) experience greater vulnerability to the potentialeconomic impacts of climate change response measures.The Convention emphasizes activities that promise torespond to the special needs and concerns of thosevulnerable countries, such as investment, insurance andtechnology transfer.The 48 parties classified as least developed countries bythe United Nations are given special consideration underthe Convention on account of their limited capacity torespond to climate change and adapt to its adverse effects. Parties are urged to take full account of the specialsituation of least developed countries when consideringfunding and technology transfer activities.
viiSustainable Development GoalsGoal 1. End poverty in all its formseverywhereGoal 10. Reduce inequality within and amongcountriesGoal 2. End hunger, achieve food securityand improved nutrition and promotesustainable agricultureGoal 11. Make cities and human settlementsinclusive, safe, resilient and sustainableGoal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promotewell-being for all at all agesGoal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption andproduction patternsGoal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable qualityeducation and promote lifelong learningopportunities for allGoal 13. Take urgent action to combat climatechange and its impactsGoal 5. Achieve gender equality andempower all women and girlsGoal 14. Conserve and sustainably use theoceans, seas and marine resources for sustainabledevelopmentGoal 6. Ensure availability and sustainablemanagement of water and sanitation for allGoal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainableuse of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manageforests, combat desertification, and halt and reverseland degradation and halt biodiversity lossGoal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable,sustainable and modern energy for allGoal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societiesfor sustainable development, provide access tojustice for all and build effective, accountable andinclusive institutions at all levelsGoal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive andsustainable economic growth, full and productiveemployment and decent work for allGoal 17. Strengthen the means of implementationand revitalize the Global Partnership forSustainable DevelopmentGoal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promoteinclusive and sustainable industrializationand foster innovation
ixTable of contentsExecutive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Frontier technologies for a sustainable future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Frontier technologies addressing the challenges for people, prosperity and the planet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Managing the policy challenges of frontier technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2The future of work and inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Balancing efficiency gains and equity and ethical concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Closing the technological gap to bridge the development divide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Leapfrogging to frontier technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4National innovation systems fostering technological progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Aligning the national innovation system with development priorities and contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5International cooperation for managing frontier technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Strengthening competition policy and international tax cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6The role of the United Nations in forging global collective actions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Outline of the Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Chapter I9Frontier technologies for a sustainable future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Key development challenges for the planet, people and prosperity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Combating climate change and depletion of natural resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Achieving good health and well-being. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Promoting economic growth and reducing inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Slowing productivity growth is a risk to sustained economic growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Trends in income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Potential of frontier technologies to help foster sustainable development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Promoting environmental sustainability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Improving health outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Digital technologies: artificial intelligence, communications and robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Genetic technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20New technologies for drug delivery and vaccines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Achieving equitable economic growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Machine learning and artificial intelligence have wide applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233D printing (additive manufacturing) and digital fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Digital finance technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25The path of technology development towards broad-based efficiency, equity and ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Frontier technologies raise new concerns over safety and ethics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Policies for harnessing the potentials of frontier technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30The role of the United Nations in forging global collective action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
xWorld Economic and Social Survey 2018Appendix 33Frontier technologies discussed in this Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Artificial intelligence and machine learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Renewable energy technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Energy storage technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Autonomous vehicles and drones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Chapter II 39Managing the promises of frontier technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Electric vehicles: panacea or target of misplaced hope? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41EVs are making inroads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42EVs may not reduce economy-wide emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Policies for making EVs a viable alternative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Quantitative targets are encouraging EV production and deployment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Is automation a double-edged sword — promoting growing prosperity while fostering growing inequality? . . . . . . . 46Slow adjustment in labour markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Automation and the future of work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Skill-biased technological change and wage inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Declining share of labour income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Declining labour-force participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Policies for protecting employment and wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Build forward-looking and inclusive education systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Expand social protection coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Build stronger labour-market institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Introduce progressive and innovative taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Digital technologies: a Pandora’s box?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Online platforms: connecting or disconnecting people? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Echo chambers and the spread of misinformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Targeting advertisements, discrimination and manipulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Automated decision systems: addressing human bias or reinforcing it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Replacing human judgment with machines: issues of efficiency, explainability and bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Automated decision systems in public agencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Policies for producing socially responsible digital technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Make privacy laws fit for the digital age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Encourage diversity and ethics education in the technology field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Prevent the spread of misinformation and false news . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Promote fair, accountable and transparent automated decision systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
ContentsChapter III 65Bridging the development divide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Frontier technologies: a bridge too far?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Access to electricity: the bedrock of sustainable development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Water and sanitation: a prerequisite for human well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Low agricultural productivity: stumbling block to structural transformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Education: the ladder to future prosperity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Mobile phones and the Internet: connections to the future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Catching up with frontier technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Renewable energy technologies: the best hope for achieving environmental sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Development and adoption of renewable energy technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
World Economic and Social Survey 2018. Frontier technologies for . sustainable development. E/2018/50/Rev.1. ST/ESA/370. Department of Economic and Social Affairs
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