Introductory Circuit Analysis - UCoz
Instructor’s Resource Manualto accompanyIntroductoryCircuit AnalysisEleventh EditionRobert L. BoylestadUpper Saddle River, New JerseyColumbus, Ohio
ContentsCHAPTER 11CHAPTER 29CHAPTER 313CHAPTER 422CHAPTER 529CHAPTER 639CHAPTER 752CHAPTER 865CHAPTER 986CHAPTER 10106CHAPTER 11124CHAPTER 12143CHAPTER 13150CHAPTER 14157CHAPTER 15170CHAPTER 16195CHAPTER 17202CHAPTER 18222CHAPTER 19253CHAPTER 20266CHAPTER 21280CHAPTER 22311CHAPTER 23318CHAPTER 24333CHAPTER 25342TEST ITEM FILE353iii
Chapter 11. 2. 3. 4.υ 5.6.d 20,000 ft 1 mi 60 s 60 min 1363.64 mpht10 s 5,280 ft 1 min 1 h 1h 4 min 0.067 h 60 min d31 miυ 29.05 mpht 1.067 ha.b.c.95 mi 5,280 ft 1 h 1 min 139.33 ft/sh mi 60 min 60 s 60 ftdt 0.431 sυ 139.33 ft/sd 60 ft 60 s 60 min 1 mi 40.91 mphυ t1 s 1 min 1 h 5,280 ft 7. 8. 9. 10.MKS, CGS, C 11. 0.7378 ft - lb 1000 J 737.8 ft-lbs1J 12. 3 ft 12 in. 2.54 cm 0.5 yd 45.72 cm 1 yd 1 ft 1 in. 13.a.10414.a.15 103b.e.4.02 10 4f. 2 10 10555( F 32) (68 32) (36) 20 999SI: K 273.15 C 273.15 20 293.15Chapter 1b. 106c. 10330 10 3d. 10 3c. 2.4 106e. 100f. 10 1d. 150 1031
15.a.b.c.d.4.2 103 48.0 103 52.2 103 5.22 10490 103 360 103 450 103 4.50 10550 10 5 6 10 5 44 10 5 4.4 10 41.2 103 0.05 103 0.6 103 0.65 103 6.5 10216.a.b.c.d.e.f.(102)(103) 105 100 103(10 2)(103) 101 10(103)(106) 1 109(102)(10 5) 1 10 3(10 6)(10 106) 10(104)(10 8)(1028) 1 102417.a.b.c.d.(50 103)(3 10 4) 150 10 1 1.5 101(2.2 103)(2 10 3) 4.4 100 4.4(82 106)(2.8 10 6) 229.6 2.296 102(30 10 4)(4 10 3)(7 108) 840 101 8.40 10318.a.b.c.d.e.f.102/104 10 2 10 10 310 2/103 10 5 10 10 6104/10 3 107 10 10610 7/102 1.0 10 91038/10 4 1.0 1042100 / 10 2 101/10 2 1 10319.a.b.c.d.(2 103)/(8 10 5) 0.25 108 2.50 107(4 10 3)/(60 104) 4/60 10 7 0.667 10 7 6.67 10 8(22 10 5)/(5 10 5) 22/5 100 4.4(78 1018)/(4 10 6) 1.95 102520.a.c.(102)3 1.0 106(104)8 100.0 103021.a.b.c.d.22.a.(4 102)2 16 104 1.6 105(6 10 3)3 216 10 9 2.16 10 7(4 10 3)(6 102)2 (4 10 3)(36 104) 144 101 1.44 103((2 10 3)(0.8 104)(0.003 105))3 (4.8 103)3 (4.8)3 (103)3 110.6 109 1.11 1011 3 2 6( 10 ) 1.0 10(10 2 )(10 4 ) 10 2/103 1.0 10 5310(10 3 ) 2 (10 2 ) (10 6 )(10 2 ) 10 4 4 1.0 10 810 410 41034(10 )(10 ) 107/10 4 1.0 101110 4b.c.d.2b.d.(10 4)1/2 10.0 10 3(10 7)9 1.0 10 63Chapter 1
e.(1 10 4)3(102)/106 (10 12)(102)/106 10 10/106 1.0 10 16[(10 )(10 )][(10 ) ][10 ] 22f.23.a.b.2 2 3 3 11 1.0 10 1 3(10 )(10 ) 104(3 10 2 ) 2 (10 2 ) (9 104)(102)/(3 104) (9 106)/(3 104) 3 102 3003 10 4(4 10 4 ) 2 16 10 8 2 105 200.0 103(20) 38 10 3c.(6 104 ) 236 108 9.0 1012 2 2 4( 2 10 )4 10d.(27 10 6 )1 / 3 3 10 2 1.5 10 7 150.0 10 9 2 10 52 10 5e.(4 10 3 ) 2 (3 10 2 ) (16 10 6 )(3 10 2 ) 48 10 8 24.0 1012 4 4 42 102 102 10f.(16 10 6)1/2(105)5(2 10 2) (4 10 3)(1025)(2 10 2) 8 1020 800.0 10182g.1/ 2 (3 10 3 )3 1.60 102 (2 102 )(8 10 4 ) (7 10 5 ) 2(27 10 9 )(2.56 104 )(16 10 2 )1/ 249 10 10(69.12 10 5 )(4 10 1 ) 276.48 10 6 49 10 1049 10 10 5.64 104 56.4 103 324.a.6 103 0.006 10 6 3 3b.4 10 3 4000 10 6 3 2c. 350 105 5000 103 5 106 0.005 109 2Chapter 1 3 3 33
3 5d. 330 10 8 0.0003 10 3 0.3 10 6 300 10 9 5 3 3 325.a.0.05 100 s 50 10 3 s 50 ms 3 3b.2000 10 6 s 2 10 3 s 2 ms 3 3c.0.04 10 3 s 40 10 6 s 40 μs 3 6d.8400 10 12 s 0.0084 10 6 s 0.0084 μs 6 3e.4 10 3 103 m 4 100 m 4000 10 3 m 4000 mm 3100f.increase by 3260 103 10 3 m 0.26 103 m 0.26 km 326.a.b.c.d.4 60 s 1.5 min 90 s 1 min 60 min 60 s 0.04 h 144 s 1 h 1 min 1 μs 0.05 s 6 0.05 106 μs 50 103 μs 10 s 1 mm 0.16 m 3 0.16 103 mm 160 mm 10 m Chapter 1
27.28.e. 1 ns 1.2 10 7 s 9 1.2 102 ns 120 ns 10 s f. 1 min 1 h 1 day 3.62 106 s 41.90 days 60 s 60 min 24 h a. 10 6 F 1 pF 61250.1 μF 12 0.1 10 10 pF 10 pF1Fμ10F b. 100 cm 8000 10 3 cm 8 cm80 10 3 m 1m c. 1 m 1 km 560 cm 60 10 km 100 cm 1000 m d. 60 min 3.2 h 1h e. 10 3 m 1 μ m 30.016 mm 6 0.016 10 μm 16 μm 1 mm 10 m f. 1m 1m 4260 cm2 100 cm 60 10 m100cm a. 1m 100 in. 2.54 m 39.37 in. b. 12 in. 1 m 4 ft 1.22 m 1 ft 39.37 in. c. 4.45 N 6 lb 26.7 N 1 lb d. 1 N 1 lb 60 103 dynes 5 0.13 lb 10 dynes 4.45 N e. 1 in. 150,000 cm 2.54 cm f. 5280 ft 12 in. 1 m 0.002 mi 3.22 m 1 mi 1 ft 39.37 in. Chapter 1 1 ms 6 10 3 s 11.52 10 ms 60 s 1 min 1 ft 12 in. 4921.26 ft 5
29. 1 yd 5280 ft 1760 yds 3 ft 12 in. 1 m 5280 ft 1609.35 m, 1.61 km 1 ft 39.37 in. 5280 ft,m 39.37 in. 1 ft 1 mi 60 s 60 min s 1 m 12 in. 5280 ft 1 min 1 h 670,615,288.1 mph 670.62 106 mph30.299,792,45831. 3 ft 100 yds 1 yd 1 mi 5,280 ft 0.0568 mi 60 mi 1 h 1 min 0.0167 mi/sh 60 min 60 s t 32.33.34.dυ 0.0568 mi 3.40 s0.0167 mi/s30 mi 5280 ft 12 in. 1 m 1 h 1 min 13.41 m/sh 1 mi 1 ft 39.37 in. 60 min 60 s 50 yd 60 min 3 ft 1 mi 1.705 mi/h min 1 h 1 yd 5,280 ft 3000 mid 1 day t 1760 h 73.33 daysυ 1.705 mi/h 24 h 1000 m 39.37 in. 1 ft 1 mi 10 km 1 km 1 m 12 in. 5280 ft 1 mid 6.214 mi 40.39 minυ ,t 1 mi6.5 minυ6.5 min 6.214 mi35. 3 ft 12 in. 100 yds 3600 in 3600 quarters 1 yd 1 ft 36.60 mph:6100 mi 1.67 h 1 h:40.2 minυ 60 mi/hd 100 mi75 mph:t 1.33 h 1h:19.98 minυ 75 mi/hdifference 20.22 minutest d Chapter 1
37.cm [0.016 h ] 60 min d υt 600 s 1h 38. 14 ft d 86 stories story υ 39.40. 1m 100 cm 345.6 m 1 step 9 1605 steps ft 12 dd 1605 steps 1 minute t 802.5 seconds 13.38 minutes2 stepstυ 60 seconds second 14 ft 1 mile d (86 stories) 1204 ft 0.228 milesstory 5,280 ft min 10.7833 min 47.30 min/milemile 0.228 miles5 min1 mile 5,280 ft 1056 ft, mile5 min 1mile minuteυ 41. 60 s 1 min 1204 ftdd 1.14 minutes t υ 1056 fttmina. 1 Btu 35 J 4.74 10 Btu 1054.35 J b. 1 gallon 24 ounces 128 ounces c.d. 14 ft distance 86 stories 1204 ft story 1 m3 4 3 7.1 10 m 264.172 gallons 86,400 s 51.4 days 1.21 10 s1day 264.172 gallons 8 pints 1 m3 1 gallon 2113.38 pints1 m3 42.6(4 8) 7243.(20 32)/4 13(82 122 ) 14.4244.45.MODE DEGREES: cos 50 0.6446.MODE DEGREES: tan 1(3/4) 36.87 Chapter 17
47.( 400 /(62) 10) 2.9548.205 10 649.1.20 101250.6.667 106 0.5 106 7.17 1068Chapter 1
Chapter 21. 2.a.F kQ1Q2 (9 109 )(1 C)(2 C) 18 109 Nr2(1 m)2b.F k(9 109 )(1 C)(2 C )Q1Q2 2 109 N r2(3 m)2c.F kQ1Q2 (9 109 )(1 C)(2 C) 0.18 109 N22r(10 m)d.Exponentially,a.r 1 mi:3.r3 10 mF18 109 N 100 10 while 1 r1 1 mF2 0.18 109 N 5280 ft 12 in. 1 m 1 mi 1609.35 m 1 mi 1 ft 39.37 in. kQ1Q2 (9 109 )(8 10 6 C)(40 10-6 C) 2880 10 3 F (1609.35 m) 22.59 106r2 1.11 μNb.r 10 ft: 12 in. 1 m 10 ft 3.05 m 1 ft 39.37 in. kQ1Q2 2880 10 3 2880 10 3 F 0.31 N9.30r2(3.05 m) 2c.1 in. 1 m 1.59 mm16 39.37 in. kQ1Q22880 10 32880 10 3 1138.34 103 N(1.59 10 3 m) 2 2.53 10 6r2 1138.34 kNF 4. 5.F Chapter 2kQ1Q2 r r2kQ1Q2 F(9 109 )(20 10 6 ) 2 10 mm3.6 1049
6.F a.b.kQ1Q2kQ Q 1.8 1 22 kQ1Q2 4(1.8) 7.22r(2 m)7 .2kQ1Q2 72 mN2r(10) 2Q1/Q2 1/2 Q2 2Q17.2 kQ1Q2 (9 109)(Q1)(2Q1) 9 109 2Q12F ( )7 .27 .2 Q12 Q1 20 μC918 1018 109Q2 2Q1 2(2 10 5 C) 40 μCW1.2 J 3 kVQ 0.4 mC7.V 8.W VQ (60 V)(8 mC) 0.48 J9.Q W 96 J 6CV 16 V10.Q W 72 J 8CV9V11.I Q 12 mC 4.29 mAt2.8 s12.I Q312 C 2.60 A t (2)(60 s)13.Q It (40 mA)(0.8)(60 s) 1.92 C14.Q It (250 mA)(1.2)(60 s) 18.0 C15.t 16.17.10Q 6 mC 3sI2 mA1C 21.847 1018 electrons 18 3.5 C 6.242 10 electrons Q 3.5 C I 0.29 At12 sQ It (4 mA)(90 s) 360 mC 6.242 1018 electrons 18360 mC 2.25 10 electrons1C Chapter 2
18.19.20.I Q86 C 1.194 A 1 A (yes)t(1.2)(60 s)1C 0.84 1016 electrons 18 1.346 mC 6.242 10 electrons Q 1.346 mC I 22.43 mAt60 msa.Q It (2 mA)(0.01 μs) 2 10 11 C 6.242 1018 electrons 1 2 10 11 C 1C electron 1.25 108 1.25 106 1.25 millionQ It (100 μA)(1.5 ns) 1.5 10 13 C 6.242 1018 electrons 1 1.5 10 13 C 0.94 million1C electron (a) (b)b.21.22.Q It (200 10 3 A)(30 s) 6 CW 40 J V 6.67 VQ 6C 420 C Q It (0.5 min) 210 C min W742 JV 3.53 V Q 210 CW 0.4 J 0.0167 CV24 VQ 0.0167 CI 3.34 At 5 10 3 s23.Q 24.I 25.Ah (0.8 A)(75 h) 60.0 Ah26.t(hours) Chapter 2Ah rating 200 Ah 5At (hours)40 hAh rating 32 Ah 25 hI1.28 A11
27. 60 min 60 s 640 Ah(for 1 h): W1 VQ V I t (12 V)(40 A)(1 h) 1 min 1.728 10 J1h 60min60s 660 Ah(for 1 h): W2 (12 V)(60 A)(1 h) 1 min 2.592 10 J1h Ratio W2/W1 1.5 or 50% more energy available with 60 Ah rating. 1 min 1 h I(16.67 10 3 h)For 60 s discharge: 40 Ah It I [60 s] 60 s 60 min 40 Ahand I 2400 A16.67 10-3 h 1 min 1 h I(16.67 10 3 h)60 Ah It I [60 s] 60 s 60 min 60 Ah 3600 Aand I 16.67 10-3 hI2/I1 1.5 or 50 % more starting current available at 60 Ah28.I 3 Ah 500 mA6.0 h 60 min 60 s Q It (500 mA)(6 h) 10.80 kC 1 h 1 min W QV (10.8 kC)(12 V) 129.6 kJ29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.36.12 60 s 4 min 240 s 1 min Q It (2.5 A)(240 s) 600 CQ It (10 10 3 A)(20 s) 200 mCW VQ (12.5 V)(200 10 3 C) 2.5 JChapter 2
Chapter 31.2.3.a.0.5 in. 500 milsb. 1000 mils 0.02 in. 20 mils 1 in. c.1 1000 mils in. 0.25 in. 250 mils4 1 in. d.1 in. 1000 milse.3 12 in. 10 mils 0.02 ft 240 mils 1 ft 1 in. f. 1 in. 0.1 cm 2.54 cm a.ACM (30 mils)2 900 CMb.0.016 in. 16 mils, ACM (16 mils)2 256 CMc.1" 0.125" 125 mils, ACM (125 mils)2 15.63 103 CM8d. 1 in. 1000 mils 393.7 mils, ACM (393.7 mils)2 155 103 CM1 cm 2.54 cm 1 in. e. 12 in. 1000 mils 240 mils, ACM (240 mils)2 57.60 103 CM0.02 ft 1 ft 1 in. f. 39.37 in. 230.0042 m 0.1654 in. 165.4 mils, ACM (165.4 mils) 27.36 10 CM 1m ACM (dmils )2 dmils 1000 mils 1 in. 39.37 mils ACMa.d 1600 CM 40 mils 0.04 in.b.d 820 CM 28.64 mils 0.029 in.c.d 40,000 CM 200 mils 0.2 in.Chapter 313
d.d 625 CM 25 mils 0.025 in.e.d 6.25 CM 2.5 mils 0.0025 in.f.d 100 CM 10 mils 0.01 in.4.0.01 in. 10 mils, ACM (10 mils)2 100 CMl(200′)R ρ (10.37) 20.74 ΩA100 CM5.ACM (4 mils)2 16 CM, R ρ6.a.A ρ 80′ l 544 CM 17 R 2 .5 Ω b.d ACM 544 CM 23.32 mils 23.3 10 3 in.7.8.1 " 0.03125" 31.25 mils, ACM (31.25 mils)2 976.56 CM32lRA (2.2 Ω)(976.56 CM) R ρ l 3.58 ftRρ600a.ACM ρd 9.largerc.smallera.14ρ l(10.37)(300′) 942.73 CM3.3 ΩA942.73 CM 30.70 mils 30.7 10 3 in.b.b.10.(150 ft)l 92.81 Ω (9.9)A16 CMRsilver Rcopper Raluminuml(9.9)(10 ft) 99 Ω { ACM (1 mil)2 1 CM1 CMAl(10.37)(50 ft)Copper: R ρ 5.19 Ω { ACM (10 mils)2 100 CM100 CMAl(17)(200 ft)Aluminum: R ρ 1.36 Ω { ACM (50 mils)2 2500 CM2500 CMASilver: R ρRA (500 Ω)(94 CM) 47 nickel l1000′Chapter 3
11.a.3" 3000 mils, 1/2" 0.5 in. 500 milsArea (3 103 mils)(5 102 mils) 15 105 sq. mils 4 / π CM 515 105 sq mils 19.108 10 CM1sqmil R ρb.l(10.37)(4′) 21.71 μΩA 19.108 105 CMl(17)(4′) 35.59 μΩA 19.108 105 CMAluminum bus-bar has almost 64% higher resistance.R ρc.increasesd.decreases12.l2 2l1, A2 A1/4, ρ2 ρ1ρ 2 l2ρl A2l AR2A 2 22 1 1 1 8ρlρ1l1 A2 l1 A1 / 4R111A1and R2 8R1 8(0.2 Ω) 1.6 ΩΔR 1.6 Ω 0.2 Ω 1.4 Ω13.A πd 24 d 4Aπ 4(0.04 in.2 )π 0.2257 in.dmils 225.7 milsACM (225.7 mils)2 50,940.49 CMlρ1 1R1ρlAlAA1(ρ1 ρ2) 11 2 1 2R2 ρ l2ρ 2l2 A1 l2 A12A2R l A (800 mΩ)(300 ft)(40,000 CM)and R2 1 2 1 942.28 mΩl1 A2(200 ft)(50,940.49 CM)14.a. 1.260 Ω #11: 450 ft 0.567 Ω 1000 ft 2.525 Ω #14: 450 ft 1.136 Ω 1000 ft b.Resistance: #14:#11 1.136 Ω:0.567 Ω 2:1c.Area:Chapter 3#14:#11 4106.8 CM:8234.0 CM 1:215
15.a. 0.6282 Ω #8: R 1800 ft 1.13 Ω 1000 ft 6.385 Ω #18: R 1800 ft 11.49 Ω 1000 ft 16.17.18.b.#18:#8 11.49 Ω:1.13 Ω 10.17:1 10:1c.#18:#8 1624.3 CM:16,509 CM 1:10.16 1:10a.A ρb.A ρa.A/CM 230 A/211,600 CM 1.09 mA/CMb. 1.09 mA 1 CM 1000 mils 1000 mils 1.39 kA/in.2 π CM sq mils 1 in. 1 in. 4 c. 1 in.2 25 kA 3.6 in. 1.39 kA l (10.37)(30′) 311.1 CM 51,850 CM #3 R6 mΩ6 10 3but 110 A #2l (10.37)(30′) 311.1 CM 103,700 CM #0R3 mΩ3 10 31 2.54 cm in. 0.083 in. 0.21 cm12 1 in. πd2(3.14)(0.21 cm) 2 0.035 cm244RA (2 Ω)(0.035 cm 2 )l 40,603 cm 406.03 mρ1.724 10 6A 19.a.b.16 1 " 2.54 cm 2.54 cm 1.27 cm, 3 in. 7.62 cm2 1" 1 in. 12 in. 2.54 cm 4 ft 121.92 cm 1 ft 1 in. l (1.724 x 10 -6)(121.92 cm)R ρ 21.71 μΩA(1.27 cm)(7.62 cm)R ρA (2.825 10 6 )(121.92 cm) 35.59 μΩA(1.27 cm)(7.62 cm)Chapter 3
c.increasesd.decreasesρ 100 d ρ250 10 6 2.5 μcm10020.Rs 21.R l (150 Ω)(1/ 2 in.) 0.15 in.R Rs l w s R500 Ωw22.a.d 1 in. 1000 milsACM (103 mils)2 106 CMRA (1 mΩ)(106 CM)ρ1 1 CM-Ω/ftl103 ftb.1 in. 2.54 cmπ d 2 π (2.54 cm)2A 5.067 cm244 12 in. 2.54 cm l 1000 ft 30,480 cm 1 ft 1 in. dρ2 c.23.24.25.k 100 RA (1 mΩ)(5.067 cm 2 ) 1.66 10 7 Ω-cml30,480 cmρ 2 1.66 10 7 Ω-cm 1.66 10 71 CM-Ω / ftρ1234.5 10 234.5 80, 2ΩR2R2 (314.5)(2 Ω) 2.57 Ω244.5236 0 236 100 0.02 ΩR2(0.02 Ω)(336) 0.028 ΩR2 23655( F 32) (32 32) 0 ( 32 F)995C (70 32) 21.11 ( 70 F)9234.5 21.11 234.5 0 4ΩR2(234.5)(4 Ω) 3.67 ΩR2 255.61C Chapter 317
26.27.28.234.5 30 234.5 40 R20.76 Ω(194.5)(0.76 Ω) 0.56 ΩR2 264.5243 ( 30) 243 0 0.04 ΩR2(243)(40 mΩ) 46 mΩR2 213a.b.29.a.b.30.1868 F 20 C, 32 F 0 C234.5 20 234.5 0 0.002R2(234.5)(2 m Ω) 1.84 mΩR2 254.5212 F 100 C234.5 20 234.5 100 2 mΩR2(334.5)(2 m Ω) 2.63 mΩR2 254.5ΔR 2.63 m Ω 2 m Ω 0.63 m Ω 7.88 μΩ/ C or 7.88 10-5 Ω/10 C100 C 20 C80 CΔT234.5 4 234.5 t2 ,1Ω1.1 Ω234.5 4 234.5 t2 ,1Ω0.1 Ωt2 27.85 Ct2 210.65 Ca.K 273.15 C50 273.15 C C 223.15 234.5 20 234.5 223.15 R210 Ω11.35(10 Ω) 0.446 ΩR2 254.5c.F b.K 273.15 C38.65 273.15 C C 234.5 234.5 20 234.5 234.5 R210 Ω(0)10 Ω 0ΩR2 254.5Recall: 234.5 Inferred absolute zeroR 0Ω99 C 32 ( 273.15 ) 32 459.67 55Chapter 3
31.111 0.003929 0.00393Ti 20 C 234.5 20 254.5a.α20 b.R R20[1 α20(t 20 C)]1 Ω 0.8 Ω[1 0.00393(t 20 )]1.25 1 0.00393t 0.07861.25 0.9214 0.00393t0.3286 0.00393t0.3286 83.61 Ct 0.0039332.R R20[1 α20(t 20 C)] 0.4 Ω[1 0.00393(16 20)] 0.4 Ω[1 0.01572] 0.39 Ω33.Table: 1000′ of #12 copper wire 1.588 Ω @ 20 C55C (F 32) (115 32) 46.11 C99R R20[1 α20(t 20 C)] 1.588 Ω[1 0.00393(46.11 20)] 1.75 Ω34.ΔR 35.ΔR 36. 37. 38.#12: Area 6529 CMRnominal22 Ω(200)(65 20 ) 0.198 Ω(PPM)( ΔT) 106106R Rnominal ΔR 22.198 ΩRnominal100 Ω(100)(50 20 ) 0.30 Ω(PPM)( ΔT) 610106R Rnominal ΔR 100 Ω 0.30 Ω 100.30 Ω 2.54 cm 6529 CM 80.8 mils 0.0808 in. 0.205 cm 1 in. πd 2 π (0.205 cm)2A 0.033 cm2441 MAI [0.033 cm 2 ] 33 kA 20 Acm2d 39. 40.a.41.10 kΩ 3.5 kΩ 6.5 kΩChapter 32 times largerb.4 times larger19
42.6.25 kΩ and 18.75 kΩ43. 44.a.b.c.560 kΩ 5%, 560 kΩ 28 kΩ, 532 kΩ 588 kΩ220 Ω 10%, 220 Ω 22 Ω, 198 Ω 242 Ω100 Ω 20%, 100 Ω 20 Ω, 80 Ω 120 Ω45.a.b.c.d.120 Ω Brown, Red, Brown, Silver8.2 Ω Gray, Red, Gold, Silver6.8 kΩ Blue, Gray, Red, Silver3.3 MΩ Orange, Orange, Green, Silver46.10 Ω 20% 8 Ω 12 Ω no overlap, continuance15 Ω 20% 12 Ω 18 Ω 47.10 Ω 10% 10 Ω 1 Ω 9 Ω 11 Ω No overlap15 Ω 10% 15 Ω 1.5 Ω 13.5 Ω 16.5 Ω 48.a.b.c.d.621 62 101 Ω 620 Ω 0.62 kΩ333 33 103 Ω 33 kΩQ2 3.9 102 Ω 390 ΩC6 1.2 106 Ω 1.2 MΩ49.a.G 11 8.33 mSR 120 Ωb.G 1 0.25 mS4 kΩc.G a.Table 3.2, Ω/1000′ 1.588 Ω11 629.72 mSG R 1.588 ΩA 6529.9 CM (Table 3.2)or G 629.69 mS (Cu)ρl(10.37)(1000′)b.G 6529.9 CM 384.11 mS (Al)(17)(1000′)c.G 6529.9 CM 88.24 mS (Fe)(74)(1000′)50.201 0.46 μS2 .2 M ΩGa Gb Gc vs. Rc Rb RaChapter 3
51.l25 2 A1 A1, l2 1 l1 1 , ρ2 ρ1333 3 A l1 ρ1 1AG1l1ρ 2l2 A1 3 1 1 G2 ρ A2 ρ1l1 A2 5 5l1 A1 2l2 3 A2 1G2 5G1 5(100 S) 500 S52. 53. 54. 55.a. 50 C specific resistance 105 Ω-cm50 C specific resistance 500 Ω-cm200 C specific resistance 7 Ω-cmb.negativec.Nod.ρ a.Log scale:10 fc 3 kΩ100 fc 0.4 kΩb.negativec.no—log scales imply linearityd.1 kΩ 30 fc10 kΩ 2 fc10 k Ω 1 k ΩΔR 321.43 Ω/fc30 fc 2 fcΔfc56.ΔΩ cm 300 30 270 Ω cm 3.6 Ω-cm/ CΔT125 5075 Cand57.a.@ 0.5 mA, V 195 V@ 1 mA, V 200 V@ 5 mA, V 215 Vb.ΔVtotal 215 V 195 V 20 Vc.5 mA:0.5 mA 10:1compared to215 V: 200 V 1.08:1Chapter 3ΔR 321.43 Ω/fcΔ fc21
Chapter 41.V IR (2.5 A)(47 Ω) 117.5 V2.I V 12 V 1.76 AR 6.8 Ω3.R V6V 4 kΩI 1.5 mA4.I V12 V 300 AR 40 10 3 Ω5.V IR (3.6 μA)(0.02 MΩ) 0.072 V 72 mV6.I V62 V 4.13 mAR 15 kΩ7.R V 120 V 54.55 ΩI 2.2 A8.I V120 V 16 mAR 7.5 kΩ9.R V 120 V 28.57 ΩI 4.2 A10.R V4.5 V 36 ΩI 125 m A11.R V 24 mV 1.2 kΩI 20 μ A12.V IR (15 A)(0.5 Ω) 7.5 V13.a.R V 120 V 12.63 ΩI 9.5 Ab. 60 min 60 s t 1 h 3600 s 1 h 1 min W Pt VIt (120 V)(9.5 A)(3600 s) 4.1 106 J14.V IR (2.4 μA)(3.3 MΩ) 7.92 V15. 22Chapter 4
16.b.17. 18. 19. 20.P 21.t 22.a.b.23.24.25.(0.13 mA)(500 h) 65 mAhW t420 J420 J 1.75 W 60 s 240 s4 min 1 min W 640 J 16 sP 40 J/s 60 min 60 s 8 h 28,800 s 1 h 1 min W Pt (2 W)(28,000 s) 57.6 kJkWh (2 W)(8 h) 16 10 3 kWh1000Q 300 C 1 min 5 C/s 5 At 1 min 60 s P I2R (5 A)2 10 Ω 250 WI P VI (3 V)(1.4 A) 4.20 WW12 J 2.86 st P 4.2 W48 C 1 min 0.8 Amin 60 s P EI (6 V)(0.8 A) 4.8 WI 26.P I2R (7.2 mA)2 4 kΩ 207.36 mW27.P I2R I 28.P240 mW 10.44 mAR2.2 kΩP2W 129.10 mA R120 ΩV IR (129.10 mA)(120 Ω) 15.49 VI Chapter 423
29.E12 V 2.14 mAR 5.6 kΩP I2R (2.14 mA)2 5.6 kΩ 25.65 mW 60 min 60 s W P t (25.65 mW) 1 h 92.34 J 1 h 1 min I 30.E 31.I P 324 W 120 V2.7 AIP1W 461.27 μAR4.7 MΩnoPR (42 mW)(2.2 kΩ) 92.40 9.61 V32.V 33.P EI (9 V)(45 mA) 405 mW34.P 100 W 0.833 AV 120 VV120 VR 144.06 ΩI 0.833 AP VI, I P 450 W 120 VI 3.75 AV 120 VR 32 ΩI 3.75 A35.V 36.a.P EI and I b.Ah rating (0.13 mA)(500 h) 66.5 mAhP 0.4 10 3 W 0.13 mAE3VP100 W 5 10 3 70.71 mA20 kΩRV PR (100 W)(20 kΩ) 1.42 kV37.I 38.a. V 2W Pt Rb.Energy doubles, power the same24 12 V 2 t 60 s 864 J 10 Ω Chapter 4
39. 1 4 weeks 12 h 3 [5 months] 260 hweek 1 month (230 W)(260 h)kWh 59.80 kWh1000Pt(1000)(kWh) (1000)(12 kWh) t 8hP10001500 W40.kWh 41.kWh 42.a.kWh b.I c.Plost Pi Po Pi ηPi Pi(1 η) 120 kW(1 0.82) 21.6 kWPt(21.6 kW)(10 h) 216 kWhkWhlost 1000100043.(24 W)(3 h) 72 10 3 kWh1000(72 10 3 kWh)(9 /kWh) 0.65 P 120 103 W 576.92 A 208 VE 1.00 11.119 Pt(kWh)(1000) (11.11)(1000) t 44.44 hkWh P1000.250#kWh t 44.Pt(1000)(kWh) (1000)(1200 kWh) P 120 kW100010 hP(kWh)(1000) (11.11)(1000) 2.32 hP4800a.W Pt (60 W)(1 h) 60 Whb. 60 min 60 s W Pt (60 W) 1 h 216 kWs 1 h 1 min c.1 kJ 1 Ws, 216 kJd.W Chapter 4(60 W)(1 h)Pt 60 10 3 kWh1000100025
45.46.a.P EI (9 V)(0.455 A) 4.1 Wb.R c.W Pt (4.1 W)(21,600 s) 88.56 kJ 60 min 60 s 6 h 21,600 s 1 h 1 min E9V 19.78 ΩI 0.455 Aa.P EI (120 V)(100 A) 12 kWb. 746 W PT 5 hp 3000 W 2400 W 1000 W hp 10,130 12,000 W (Yes)c.47.W Pt (10.13 kW)(2 h) 20.26 kWh 1 h (860 W)(6 h) (4800 W)(1/2 h) (900 W) 20 min (110 W)(3.5 h) 60 min) kWh 10005160 Wh 2400 Wh 300 Wh 385 Wh 8.245 kWh1000(8.245 kWh)(9 /kWh) 74.21 48.kWh 1 h 1 h (70 W)(1.5 h) (150 W) 130 min 60 min 60 min (200 W)(4 h) (1200 W) 20 min 1000800 Wh 400 Wh 105 Wh 325 Wh 1.63 kWh 1000(1.63 kWh)(9 /kWh) 14.67 49. 746 W (0.5 hp) P hp 100% 373 100% 94.43%η o 100% 395 W395PiPoP (1.8 hp)(746 W/hp) 1960.29 W, Pi o Pi0.685ηP 1960.29 WPi EI, I i 16.34 AE120 V50.η 51.η 26Po746 W746 100% 100% 100% 84.77%Pi(4 A)(220 V)880Chapter 4
52.a.Pi EI (120 V)(2.4 A) 288 WPi Po Plost, Plost Pi Po 288 W 50 W 238 Wb.η% Po50 W 100% 100% 17.36%288 WPiPo I Po (3.6 hp)(746 W/hp) 16.06 A (0.76)(220 V)ηE53.Pi EI 54.a.Pi b.Pi EI 1657.78 W(110 V)I 1657.78 W1657.78 WI 15.07 A110 Vc.Pi ηPoηPo (2 hp)(746 W/hp) 1657.78 W0.9(2 hp)(746 W/hp) 2131.43 W0.7ηPi EI 2131.43 W(110 V)I 2131.43 W2131.43 WI 19.38 A110 VPo (15 hp)(746 W/hp) 12,433.33 Wη0.9P 12, 433.33 WI i 56.52 AE220 V55.Pi 56.ηT η1 η2 0.75 0.85 η2η2 0.8857.ηT η1 η2 (0.87)(0.75) 0.6525 65.25%58.η1 η2 .08ηT (η1)(η2) (0.8)(0.8) 0.64ηT 59.Wo Wo ηT Wi (0.64)(60 J) 38.4 JWiηT η1 η2 0.72 0.9η2η2 Chapter 40.72 0.8 80%0.927
60.a.ηT η1 η2 η3 (0.98)(0.87)(0.21) 0.1790 17.9%b.ηT η1 η2 η3 (0.98)(0.87)(0.90) 0.7673 76.73%76.73% 17.9% 100% 328.66%17.9%61.ηT Po η1 η2 η1 2η1 2η12Piη12 Po η1 2 PiPo128 W 0.42 Pi2(400 W)η2 2η1 2(0.4) 0.8 η2 40%, η2 80%28Chapter 4
Chapter 51.a.b.c.d.E and R1R1 and R2E and R1E and R1, R3 and R42.a.b.c.d.RT 0.1 kΩ 0.39 kΩ 1.2 kΩ 1.69 kΩRT 1.2 Ω 2.7 Ω 8.2 Ω 12.1 ΩRT 8.2 kΩ 10 kΩ 9.1 kΩ 1.8 kΩ 2.7 kΩ 31.8 kΩRT 47 Ω 820 Ω 91 Ω 1.2 kΩ 2158.0 Ω3.a.b.RT 1.2 kΩ 1 kΩ 2.2 kΩ 3.3 kΩ 7.7 kΩRT 1 kΩ 2 kΩ 3 kΩ 4.7 kΩ 6.8 kΩ 17.5 kΩ4.a.b.c.1 MΩ100 Ω, 1 kΩRT 100 Ω 1 kΩ 1 MΩ 200 kΩ 1.2011 MΩ vs. 1.2 MΩ for part b.5.a.b.c.d.RT 105 Ω 10 Ω 33 Ω R, R 62 ΩRT 10 kΩ 2.2 kΩ R 2.7 kΩ 3.3 kΩ, R 1.8 kΩRT 138 kΩ R 56 kΩ 22 kΩ 33 kΩ, R 27 kΩRT 91 kΩ 24 kΩ R1 43 kΩ 2R1 67 kΩ 3R1, R1 8 kΩR2 16 kΩ6.a.b.c.d.1.2 kΩ3.3 kΩ 4.3 kΩ 7.6 kΩ0Ω Ω7.a.RT 10 Ω 12 Ω 18 Ω 40 ΩE 120 V 3AIs RT40 ΩV1 I1R1 (3 A)(10 Ω) 30 V, V2 I2R2 (3 A)(12 Ω) 36 V,V3 I3R3 (3 A)(18 Ω) 54 Vb.c.8.a.b.c.9.a.b.Chapter 5the most: R3, the least: R1R3, RT 1.2 kΩ 6.8 kΩ 82 kΩ 90 kΩE45 V 0.5 mAIs RT 90 kΩV1 I1R1 (0.5 mA)(1.2 kΩ) 0.6 V, V2 I2R2 (0.5 mA)(6.8 kΩ) 3.4 V,V3 I3R3 (0.5 mA)(82 kΩ) 41 V, results agree with part (a)RT 12 kΩ 4 kΩ 6 kΩ 22 kΩE IRT (4 mA)(22 kΩ) 88 VRT 18 Ω 14 Ω 8 Ω 40 Ω 80 ΩE IRT (250 mA)(80 Ω) 20 V29
10.a.b.b.c.d.V 5.2 V 4AR 1.3 ΩE IRT (4 A)(9 Ω) 36 VRT 9 Ω 4.7 Ω 1.3 Ω R,V4.7 Ω (4 A)(4.7 Ω) 18.8 VV1.3 Ω (4 A)(1.3 Ω) 5.2 VV3 Ω (4 A)(3 Ω) 12 Va.I a.b.c.d.11.12.I R 3Ω6.6 VV 3 mAR 2.2 kΩV3.3 kΩ (3 mA)(3.3 kΩ) 9.9 VE 6.6 V 9 V 9.9 V 25.5 V9VV 3 kΩR I 3 mAV2.2 kΩ 6.6 V, V3 kΩ 9 V, V3.3 kΩ 9.9 VE36 V11 8.18 mA, V E (36 V) 18 VRT 4.4 kΩ22a.I b.RT 1 kΩ 2.4 kΩ 5.6 kΩ 9 kΩE22.5 VI 2.5 mA, V 2.5 mA(2.4 kΩ 5.6 kΩ) 20 VRT9 kΩc.RT 10 kΩ 22 kΩ 33 kΩ 10 MΩ 10.065 MΩE100 V 9.94 μAI RT 10.065 MΩV (9.935 μA)(10 MΩ) 99.35 Va.RT 3 kΩ 1 kΩ 2 kΩ 6 kΩE 120 VIs 20 mART6 kΩVR1 (20 mA)(3 kΩ) 60 VVR2 (20 mA)(1 kΩ) 20 VVR3 (20 mA)(2 kΩ) 40 Vb.PR1 I12 R1 (20 mA)2 3 kΩ 1.2 WPR2 I 22 R2 (20 mA)2 1 kΩ 0.4 WPR3 I 32 R3 (20 mA)2 2 kΩ 0.8 W30c.PT PR1 PR2 PR3 1.2 W 0.4 W 0.8 W 2.4 Wd.PT EIs (120 V)(20 mA) 2.4 WChapter 5
13.e.the samef.R1 the largestg.dissipatedh.R1: 2 W, R2 : 1/2 W, R3: 1 Wa.RT 22 Ω 10 Ω 47 Ω 3 Ω 82.0 ΩE 20.5 V Is 250 mART 82.0 ΩVR1 I1R1 (250 mA)(22 Ω) 5.50 VVR2 I2R2 (250 mA)(10 Ω) 2.50 VVR3 I3R3 (250 mA)(47 Ω) 11.75 VVR4 I4R4 (250 mA)(3 Ω) 0.75 Vb.PR1 I12 R1 (250 mA)2 22 Ω 1.38 WPR2 I 22 R2 (250 mA)2 10 Ω 625.00 mWPR3 I 32 R3 (250 mA)2 47 Ω 2.94 WPR4 I 42 R4 (250 mA)2 3 Ω 187.50 mW14.c.PT PR1 PR2 PR3 PR4 1.38 W 625.00 mW 2.94 W 187.50 mW 5.13 Wd.P EIs (20.5 V)(250 mA) 5.13 We.the samef.47 Ω the largestg.dissipatedh.R1: 2 W; R2: 1/2 W, R3: 5 W, R4: 1/2 Wa.P 21 W (1 A)2 R, R 21 ΩV1 I1R1 (1 A)(2 Ω) 2 V, V2 I2R2 (1 A)(1 Ω) 1 VV3 I3R3 (1 A)(21 Ω) 21 VE V1 V2 V3 2 V 1 V 21 V 24 Vb.P 4 W I2 1 Ω, I 4 2 AP 8 W I2R1 (2 A)2R1, R1 2 ΩRT 16 Ω 2 Ω R2 1 Ω 3 Ω R2,E IRT (2 A)(16 Ω) 32 VChapter 5R2 13 Ω31
15.a. 1 RT NR1 8 28 Ω 225 Ω 8 120 VEI 0.53 A RT 225 Ω216.b. 8 1 64 225 P I R A 28 Ω 8W 15 8 225 8 c. 8 225 V IR A Ω 15 V 15 8d.All go out!2Ps PR1 PR2 PR3E I I2R1 I2R2 24(R1 R2)I2 E I 24 06I2 24 I 24 0I2 4 I 4 0 ( 4) ( 4) 2 4(1)(4) 4 16 16 4 2A2(1)2224 ΩP 24 W (2 A)2R, R 6Ω4I 17.a.b.c.Vab 4 V 8 V 12 V 0 VVab 4 V 8 V 6 V 6 VVab 10 V 18 V 6 V 12 V 14 V18.a.ET 16 V 4 V 8V 4 V, I b.19.a.4V 388.35 mA (CCW)10.3 Ω2VET 18 V 12 V 4 V 2 V, I 173.91 mA (CW)11.5 ΩP 8 mW I2R, R I b.328 mW8 mW 2 kΩ2I(2 mA)2E20 V E 2 mA (CW),RT 3 kΩ 2 kΩE 10 V16 V12 VV 8 mA, R 1.5 kΩ2 kΩI 8 mAEE 4 V 10 V E 14 VI 8 mA (CCW)RT2 kΩ 1.5 kΩ3.5 kΩE 42 VI Chapter 5
20.21.22.a. 10 V 4 V 3 V V 0V 14 V 3 V 11 Vb. 30 V 20 V 8 V V 0V 50 V 8 V 42 Vc. 16 V 10 V 4 V V 60 V 0V 76 V 14 V 62 Va. 60 V 12 V V 20 V 0V 60 V 32 V 28 Vb. E 14 V 6 V 2 V 18 V 0E 22 V 18 V 4 Va. 10 V V2 0V2 10 V 10 V 6 V V1 0V1 4 V 24 V 10 V V1 0V1 14 V 10 V V2 8 V 0V2 18 Vb.23.24.25.a. 20 V V1 10 V 1 V 0, V1 9 V 10 V 2 V V2 0, V2 8 Vb. 10 V V1 6 V 2 V 3 V 0, V1 11 V 10 V V2 3 V 0, V2 7 V(50 V)(2 Ω)1 V 50 V , R2 100 ΩR21V2Ω(100 V)(2 Ω)1 V 100 V , R3 200 Ω2ΩR31Va.b.c.d.Chapter 58.2 kΩV3: V2 8.2 kΩ:1 kΩ 8.2:1V3: V1 8.2 kΩ:100 Ω 82:1(8.2 kΩ)(60 V)REV3 3 52.90 V0.1 kΩ 1 kΩ 8.2 kΩRT( R R3 ) E (1 kΩ 8.2 kΩ)(60 V)V′ 2 59.35 VRT9 .3 k Ω33
26.a.V 40 Ω(30 V) 20 V40 Ω 20 Ωb.V (2 kΩ 3 kΩ)(40 V)(5 kΩ)(40 V) 20 V4 kΩ 1 kΩ 2 kΩ 3 kΩ10 kΩc.27.a.(1.5 Ω 0.6 Ω 0.9 Ω)(0.72 V)(3 Ω)(0.72 V) 0.36 V(2.5 Ω 1.5 Ω 0.6 Ω 0.9 Ω 0.5 Ω)6 kΩ20 V(6 Ω)(20 V)V1 60 V, V1 6Ω2Ω2Ω20 V(4 Ω)(20 V)V2 , V2 40 V4Ω2Ω2ΩE V1 20 V V2 60 V 20 V 40 V 120 Vb.c.d.28.120 V V1 80 V 0, V1 40 V80 V 10 V V3 0, V3 70 V1000 VV2 Ω(1000 V) 2 , V2 20 V100 Ω2Ω100 Ω1000 VV1 Ω(1000 V) 10 V 1 , V1 100 Ω100 Ω 1 ΩE V1 V2 1000 V 10 V 20 V 1000 V 1030 V16 V V1 6 V 0, V1 10 V6VV2 3V22V2 kΩ( 2 V)V 2 , V2 4V1 kΩ 2 kΩ1 kΩV2V3 kΩ(2 V) 4 , V4 6V1 kΩ 3 kΩ1 kΩ2V 2 mA1 kΩE 2 V 4 V 12 V 6 V 24 VI 34Chapter 5
29.30.4V b.100 V a.b.c.31.32.R(20 V),2 kΩ 6 kΩa.R 1.6 kΩ(6 Ω R )140 V3 Ω 6 Ω R300 Ω 600 Ω 100R 840 Ω 140 R140R 100R 840 Ω 900 Ω40R 60 Ω60 ΩR 1.5 Ω40V4V20 Ω(4 V) 2 V2 8V10 Ω 20 Ω10 ΩV3 E V1 V2 40 V 4 V 8 V 28 V(28 V)(10 Ω)4 V 28 V R3 70 Ω10 ΩR34V8V 160 Ω50 mAR (12 V) 160 Ω(12 V)Vbulb 8 V bulb , Rx 80 Ω in series with the bulbRbulb Rx160 Ω Rxa.Rbulb b.VR 12 V 8 V 4 V, P V 2 (4 V) 2 0.2 W, 1/4 W okayR80 ΩVR1 VR2 72 V1VR VR2 72 V5 272 V 1 60 VVR2 1 72 V, VR2 1.2 5 VRVR60 V72 V 60 V 12 VR2 2 15 kΩ, R1 1 3 kΩI R24 mAI R14 mA4 mA33.RT R1 R2 R3 2R3 7R3 R3 10R3R (60 V)VR3 3 6 V, VR1 2VR3 2 (6 V) 12 V, VR2 7VR3 7(6 V) 42 V10 R334.a.VR3 4VR2 4(3VR1 ) 12VR1E VR1 3VR1 12VR1 RT R1 3R1 12R1 16R1 R1 Chapter 564 V 6.4 kΩ10 mA6.4 kΩ 400 Ω, R2 3R1 1.2 kΩ, R3 12R1 4.8 kΩ1635
35.36.RT a.Va 12 V 8 V 4 VVb 8 VVab Va Vb 4 V ( 8 V) 12 Vc.Va 10 V 3 V 13 VVb 6 VVab Va Vb 13 V 6 V 7 Va.I(CW) b.37.a.b.38.366.4 MΩ64 V 6.4 MΩ, R1 400 kΩ, R2 1.2 MΩ, R3 4.8 MΩ10 μA16R ′ 400 kΩI1 10 mA 103 and 1 103 alsoR1400 ΩI ′ 10 μ Ab.b.Va 20 V 6 V 14 VVb 4 VVab Va Vb 14 V 4 V 10 V80 V 26 V54 V 6A6Ω 3Ω9ΩV IR (6 A)(3 Ω) 18 V70 V 10 V60 V 1A10 Ω 20 Ω 30 Ω60 ΩV IR (1 A)(10 Ω) 10 VI(CW) 16 V 4 V 12 V 0.4 A (CW) 10 Ω 20 Ω 30 ΩVa 16 V I(10 Ω) 16 V (0.4 A)(10 Ω) 16 V 4 V 12 VV1 IR (0.4 A)(20 Ω) 8 VI 12 V 10 V 8 V30 V 5.455 mA2.2 k Ω 3.3 k Ω 5.5 k ΩVa 12 V I(2.2 kΩ) 10 V 12 V (5.455 mA)(2.2 kΩ) 10 V 12 V 12 V 10 V 10 VV1 I(2.2 kΩ) (5.455 mA)
Introductory Circuit Analysis Eleventh Edition Robert L. Boylestad Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio . iii Contents CHAPTER 1 1 CHAPTER 2 9 CHAPTER 3 13 CHAPTER 4 22 CHAPTER 5 29 CHAPTER 6 39 CHAPTER 7 52 CHAPTER 8 65 CHAPTER 9 86 CHAPTER 10 106 CHAPTER 11 124 .
circuit protection component which cars he a fusible link, a fuse, or a circuit breaker. Then the circuit goes to the circuit controller which can be a switch or a relay. From the circuit controller the circuit goes into the circuit load. The circuit load can be one light or many lights in parallel, an electric motor or a solenoid.
Series Circuit A series circuit is a closed circuit in which the current follows one path, as opposed to a parallel circuit where the circuit is divided into two or more paths. In a series circuit, the current through each load is the same and the total voltage across the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each load. NOTE: TinkerCAD has an Autosave system.
XX. Introductory Physics, High School. 411 High School Introductory Physics Test The spring 2018 high school Introductory Physics test was based on learning standards in the Introductory Physics content strand of the October 2006 version of the Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum Framework. These learning
Methods of Circuit Analysis Two popular and powerful techniques for analyzing circuits are: -Nodal analysis: a general procedure to find all the node voltages in a circuit. It is based on KCL and Ohm's Law. -Mesh analysis: another general approach to find mesh currents which circulate around closed paths in the circuit. It
molded-case circuit breakers (MCCB), insulated-case circuit breakers (ICCB) and low voltage power circuit breakers LVPCB). Insulated-case circuit breakers are designed to meet the standards for molded-case circuit breakers. Low voltage power circuit breakers comply with the following standards: ANSI Std. C37.16—Preferred Ratings
The Effect of an Open in a Series Circuit An open circuit is a circuit with a break in the current path. When a series circuit is open, the current is zero in all parts of the circuit. The total resistance of an open circuit is infinite ohms. When a series circuit is open,
B0100 . Short in D squib circuit . B0131 . Open in P/T squib (RH) circuit : B0101 . Open in D squib circuit : B0132 . Short in P/T squib (RH) circuit (to ground) B0102 . Short in D squib circuit (to ground) B0133 . Short in P/T squib (RH) circuit (to B ) B0103 . Short in D squib circuit (to B ) B0135 . Short in P/T
business,insurance risk transformationor activities directly arising frominsurance risk transformation(for example,general insurance businessoraccepting deposits) thefirmmay choose to comply with Principles6, 7, 8 and 9 as if all itsclientswerecustomers. Alternatively, it may choose to distinguish betweeneligible counterpartiesandcustomersin complying with thosePrinciples. If it chooses to .
