Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook - NREL
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbookfor WorkplaceCharging Hosts
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts2Photo from Southern California Edison, NREL 26481Clean Cities Helps EstablishCharging InfrastructureThe U.S. Department of Energy’sClean Cities program supportslocal actions to reduce petroleumuse in transportation. Nearly 100Clean Cities coalitions across thecountry work to deploy alternativefuels, advanced vehicles, and fueleconomy improvements. Each coalition includes a diverse and capableteam of stakeholders from businesses, utilities, government agencies, vehicle manufacturers, fleets,and other organizations. Find yourlocal Clean Cities coordinator byvisiting cleancities.energy.gov.Table of ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PEV Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Charging Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Benefits of Workplace Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Evaluating and Planning for Workplace Charging . . . . . . . 9Workplace Charging Management andPolicy Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Workplace Charging Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Electrifying Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18AcknowledgementsThanks to the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and the Electric VehicleInfrastructure Training Program (EVITP) for contributing information used in thedevelopment of this handbook. For information on MPCA, visit www.pca.state.mn.us. For information on EVITP, visit his report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States governmentnor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for theaccuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringeprivately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwisedoes not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. Theviews and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts3Photo from The Coca-Cola Company, NREL 26455IntroductionPlug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have immense potential for increasing the country’s energy, economic, andenvironmental security, and they will play a key role inthe future of U.S. transportation. A full transition toelectric-drive vehicles (including all-electric vehicles,plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and hybrid electricvehicles) could reduce U.S. dependence on importedpetroleum by more than 80% and greenhouse gas emissions by more than 60%.1 By providing PEV chargingat the workplace, employers are perfectly positionedto contribute to and benefit from the electrification oftransportation. To help you get started, this handbookanswers basic questions about PEVs and chargingequipment, helps you assess whether your organizationshould offer workplace charging for employees, andoutlines important steps for implementation.1. DOE analysis: eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/electric vehicles/index.htmlJoin the Workplace Charging ChallengeThe U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is invitingemployers to advance the deployment of PEVsby signing the Workplace Charging ChallengePledge. Partners that sign the pledge commit tothe following: Assessing employee charging demand anddeveloping a plan to install charging stations Implementing workplace charging plans Sharing best practices and progress onmeeting plan milestones.DOE recognizes Workplace Charging ChallengePartners’ successes and provides them with technical assistance, information resources, and a forumfor dialogue among Partners and industry stakeholders. Prospective Partners can find out whichorganizations within their industry and geographicarea are already implementing workplace chargingby visiting electricvehicles.energy.gov.Key AcronymsEVs (all-electric vehicles) are powered by one ormore electric motors. EVs plug into off-boardsources of electricity and store the energyin a battery. These vehicles produce notailpipe emissions.EVSE (electric vehicle supply equipment) delivers electrical energy from an electricity source tocharge a PEV’s battery. It communicates with thePEV to ensure that an appropriate and safe flow ofelectricity is supplied. EVSE units are often referredto as “charging stations.”HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) are powered by anICE that runs on conventional or alternative fueland an electric motor that uses energy stored ina battery. HEV batteries are charged by the ICEand through regenerative braking. HEVs are notplugged in to charge.ICEs (internal combustion engines) generatemechanical power by burning a liquid fuel (such asgasoline, diesel, or a biofuel) or a gaseous fuel (suchas compressed natural gas). They are the dominantpropulsion technology for on-road vehicles today.PEVs (plug-in electric vehicles) derive all or part oftheir power from off-board sources of electricity.They include EVs and PHEVs.PHEVs (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) are poweredby an ICE and by an electric motor that uses energystored in a battery. PHEVs can be plugged into offboard sources of electricity to charge the battery.
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts4Among U.S. households that own at least one car,about half park their vehicles at locations with access toelectrical outlets,2 providing a great foundation for thecountry’s PEV charging infrastructure. And employers across the country are beginning to offer chargingaccess in workplace parking areas, the second-mostlikely place a vehicle will spend time parked. The abilityto charge at work can potentially double a PEV driver’sall-electric daily driving range. This untapped resourcerepresents a significant opportunity to expand the country’s PEV charging infrastructure.To support the deployment of this infrastructure,the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) launched theWorkplace Charging Challenge in 2013. This challengeaims to achieve a tenfold increase in the number of U.S.employers offering workplace charging by 2018. Theinitiative is part of DOE’s EV Everywhere Grand Challenge, which focuses on the United States becomingthe first nation in the world to produce plug-in electricvehicles that are as affordable and convenient for theaverage American family as today’s gasoline-poweredvehicles by 2022.32. EIA. 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey: eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/20093. EV Everywhere Grand Challenge: eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/electric vehicles/index.htmlPEV BasicsBefore learning about charging stations, it’s usefulto learn a little about the vehicles that will use them.A PEV has the ability to be charged by an off-boardelectric power source. Put simply, PEVs can be “pluggedin.” This feature distinguishes them from HEVs, whichsupplement power from an internal combustion engine(ICE) with battery power but cannot be plugged in.There are two basic types of PEVs: EVs and PHEVs.All-Electric Vehicles (EVs)EVs (also called battery-electric vehicles, or BEVs) usebatteries to store the electrical energy that powers oneor more motors. The batteries are charged by pluggingthe vehicle into an electric power source. EVs can alsobe charged in part through regenerative braking, whichgenerates electricity from some of the energy normallylost when braking. It’s as simple as that—EVs have noICEs and produce no tailpipe emissions.Today’s EVs typically have a shorter driving range thanconventional vehicles have. Most light-, medium-, andheavy-duty EVs have a range of about 100 miles ona fully charged battery, although a few models havelonger ranges. An EV’s range varies based on drivingconditions and driving habits. Extreme outside temperatures tend to reduce range, because energy from thebattery must power climate control systems in additionto powering the motor. Speeding, aggressive driving,and heavy loads can also reduce range.The time required to charge depleted batteries—whichcan range from less than 30 minutes to almost a fullUnder the hood of a Nissan Leaf. An EV contains no ICE.Instead, the battery supplies electricity to the electricmotor. Photo from Margaret Smith, DOE, NREL 18218day—depends on the size and type of the batteries, aswell as the type of charging equipment used.Neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), also calledlow-speed electric vehicles, are a type of EV with rangeand speed limitations. NEVs typically have a top speedof 25 mph, and they are commonly used for neighborhood commuting, light hauling, and delivery. They areoften limited to use on roads with speed limits up to 35miles per hour, making them ideal for college campusesand similar applications. There are also specialty EVs,such as airport ground support equipment and personaltransporters, that are not intended for on-road use.These types of vehicles are valuable for the niches theyserve, but this handbook focuses on EVs designed forhighway use.
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts5Why Drivers Choose PEVsPEVs offer a number of benefits that make them anattractive option for an increasing number of drivers.High fuel economy, low operating cost: PEVs arehighly efficient, and they generally have much loweroperating costs than those of conventional vehicles.4Flexible fueling: PEVs offer fueling options not typically available to conventional vehicles, includingcharging at home, work, public charging stations, or acombination of these sites.High performance: Today’s PEVs are state-of-the-arthighway vehicles ready to match or surpass the performance of their conventional counterparts.Low emissions: Compared with conventionalvehicles, PEVs typically produce lower levels of airpollutants and greenhouse gases, even when takinginto account the emissions associated with electricityproduction.An increasing number of drivers is taking advantage ofthe financial, environmental, and energy benefits of PEVs.Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 19699Energy security: Almost all U.S. electricity isproduced from domestic coal, natural gas, nuclearpower, and renewable sources, so choosing PEVsreduces reliance on imported petroleum.4. Alternative Fuels Data Center: afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity benefits.htmlPlug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)PHEVs (sometimes called extended range electric vehicles, or EREVs)use batteries to power an electric motor and use another fuel, such asgasoline or diesel, to power an ICE. When running on battery poweralone, PHEVs produce no tailpipe emissions. Even when the ICEis operating, PHEVs consume less fuel and typically produce loweremissions than similar conventional vehicles do.PHEVs have larger battery packs than HEVs, providing an equivalent all-electric driving range of about 10 to 40-plus miles for currentlight-duty models. During typical urban driving, most of a PHEV’spower can be drawn from electricity stored in the battery. The ICEpowers the vehicle when the battery is mostly depleted, during rapidacceleration, at high speeds, or when intensive heating or air conditioning is required.Like EVs, PHEVs can be plugged into the grid and charged, althoughthe time required to charge depleted batteries is typically shorter forPHEVs, because most have smaller battery packs. Their batteries arealso charged by the ICE and through regenerative braking.PHEV fuel consumption depends on the distance driven betweenbattery charges. If the vehicle is never plugged in to charge, fueleconomy will be about the same as for a similarly sized HEV. If thevehicle is driven less than its all-electric range and plugged in tocharge, it may be possible to use only electric power.Photo from the Hertz Corporation, NREL 26479PEV AvailabilityPEV availability in the United Stateshas grown rapidly in recent years,with more than a dozen models onthe market in 2013. To find currentlyavailable PEVs, use the Light-DutyVehicle Search (afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/search/light) on DOE’s Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC).
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts6Charging BasicsIf your organization is interested in providing employees with workplace charging, it will help to becomefamiliar with electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE).There are multiple types of EVSE, which differ basedon their communication capabilities and how quicklythey can charge a vehicle.Types of Charging Equipment (EVSE)EVSE is the equipment used to deliver electrical energyfrom an electricity source to a PEV. EVSE communicates with the PEV to ensure that an appropriate andsafe flow of electricity is supplied.Utility240-V ACConnectorEVCouplerCharging times range from less than 30 minutes to 20hours or more, based on the type or level of EVSE; thetype of battery, its capacity, and how depleted it is; andthe size of the vehicle’s internal charger. EVs generallyhave more battery capacity than PHEVs, so charginga fully depleted EV takes longer than charging a fullydepleted PHEV.Level 1Control DeviceCordEVSE for PEVs is classified according to the rate atwhich the batteries are charged. Two types—Level 1 andLevel 2—provide alternating-current (AC) to the vehicle,with the vehicle’s onboard equipment (charger) converting AC to the direct current (DC) needed to charge thebatteries. The other type—DC fast charging—providesDC electricity directly to the vehicle.EVSEInletChargerBatteryLevel 1 EVSE provides charging through a 120-volt (V)AC circuit and requires electrical installation per theNational Electrical Code. Most, if not all, PEVs comewith a Level 1 EVSE cord set. On one end of the cord isa standard, three-prong household plug (NEMA 5-15connector). On the other end is a J17725 standard connector, which plugs into the vehicle.Level 1 typically is used for charging when only a 120-Voutlet is available, such as at some residential and workplace locations. Based on the battery type and vehicle,Level 1 charging adds about 2 to 5 miles of range to aPEV per hour of charging time.Level 2Figure 1. Level 2 charging schematic.Source: eTec (2010), Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Deployment Guidelines for the Oregon I-5 Metro Areas of Portland, Salem,Level 2 EVSE can easily charge a typical EV batteryovernight, and it is a common installation for residential, workplace, fleet, and public facilities. Level2 EVSE offers charging through a 240-V (typical inresidential applications) or 208-V (typical in commercial applications) electrical service. These installationsare generally hard-wired for safe operation (althougha wall plug connection is possible). Level 2 EVSErequires installation of charging equipment and adedicated circuit of 20 to 80 amp (A) depending on theEVSE requirements (Figure 1). Most Level 2 EVSE usesa dedicated 40 A circuit. As with Level 1 equipment,Level 2 equipment uses the J1772 connector. Based onthe battery type, charger configuration, and circuitCorvallis and Eugene. EV Project publication (www.theevproject.com/documents.php). Illustration by Dean Armstrong, NREL5. J1772 is a trademark of SAE International.
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging HostsThe standard J1772 receptacle (right) can receive chargefrom Level 1 or Level 2 equipment. The CHAdeMO DC fastcharge receptacle (left) uses a different type of connector.Photo by Andrew Hudgins, NREL 19558The standard EVSE connector fits into the standardreceptacle. Photo by Andrew Hudgins, NREL 17634capacity, Level 2 charging adds about 10 to 20 miles ofrange to a PEV per hour of charging time, dependingon the power level of the onboard charger.DC Fast ChargingDC fast-charging EVSE (sometimes referred to as DCLevel 2 EVSE) enables rapid charging and is generallylocated at sites along heavy traffic corridors and atpublic fueling stations. Some DC fast-charging unitsare designed to use 480-V AC input, while others use208-V AC input. A DC fast charger can add 60 to 80miles of range to a light-duty PEV in 20 minutes. DCfast-charging is not commonly used as a workplacecharging option. Workers’ vehicles are typically parkedfor several hours at a time, so they don’t require rapidcharging at work.Connectors and PlugsToday’s EVSE and PEVs have standard connectors andreceptacles based on the J1772 standard developed bySAE International. Vehicles with this receptacle can useany Level 1 or Level 2 EVSE. Most major vehicle andcharging system manufacturers in the United Statessupport this standard, which should eliminate concernsabout vehicles’ compatibility with charging infrastructure. Most currently available PEVs that are equippedto accept DC fast charging are using the CHAdeMOconnector (see image above). SAE International recentlydeveloped a “hybrid connector” standard for fast charging that adds high-voltage DC power contact pins to theJ1772 connector, enabling use of the same receptacle forall levels of charging.Minnesota-based 3M aims to provide workplace chargingto every employee who drives a PEV at its St. Paulheadquarters. Photo from 3M, NREL 264537
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts8EVSE Ownership and Payment ModelsA growing number of vendors not only sell Level 2equipment but also offer installation and ongoingservice and maintenance. Some vendors of EVSE unitsrequire drivers to subscribe to a charging service thatuses credit card, cash, or radio-frequency identification(RFID) devices to control access to the EVSE and toenable the owner of the EVSE to collect usage data andpayments for charging. Owners can also set up charging to be free for all or some users. Some EVSE vendorsshare in the revenue generated by the EVSE and chargeservice fees for managing payment transactions, maintenance, and trouble-shooting services.Some workplace charging hosts may decide to purchase,install, and operate stations themselves. This modelgives the host or owner control of the station and itsrevenues. For example, a parking lot owner might buyand operate a pay-for-use charging station as part of itsbusiness strategy.Benefits of Workplace ChargingWorkplace PEV charging offers many benefits toemployers, employees, and building owners. For aproject to be successful, it is important for all stakeholders to understand these benefits.Benefits for Employers and Building OwnersEmployee recruitment and retention: The availabilityof charging conveys that your organization stays onthe leading edge of technological development, evento workers who don’t drive PEVs. And employers thatoffer charging may be better positioned to attract andretain employees who do drive PEVs.Furthering sustainability goals: The availability ofPEV charging can be a strong addition to an organization’s larger portfolio of sustainability practices,particularly if the organization has existing objectives related to employee commuting practices,greenhouse gas reductions, and/or transportationemissions reductions.Public image: Providing workplace charging canhelp demonstrate an organization’s leadership insupporting cutting-edge, clean transportationtechnologies to customers, consumers, and thesurrounding community.Employee satisfaction: Workplace charging can bean attractive addition to your organization’s existing employee benefits package. Employees will likelyappreciate that their employer is proactive in seekingout ways to enhance their experience at the workplace.Tenant attraction and retention: Building owners whooffer workplace charging at their facilities send theThe Hartford offers workplace charging at variouslocations across Connecticut, helping the company makeprogress toward its goal of reducing greenhouse gasemissions 20% by 2017. Photo from The Hartford, NREL 26470message that they are interested in providing smart,proactive solutions for their tenants’ present andfuture needs. Entering this fast-growing niche markettoday may yield significant benefits in the long run.Benefits for EmployeesRange security: The opportunity to charge at work canhelp alleviate “range anxiety,” a driver’s uncertaintyabout the vehicle’s ability to reach a destinationbefore depleting the battery’s charge.
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts9Range extensions: Workplace charging can potentiallydouble daily all-electric driving range, accommodating longer commutes and additional trips between theworkplace and the home.Thermal preconditioning: On very hot or cold days,workplace charging allows PEV drivers to achievea comfortable cabin temperature and to preheat orprecool the battery while the vehicle is still pluggedin. This extends the vehicle’s range by reducing theclimate-control load on the battery. Preconditioning can also help extend battery life.6 (Note that thiscapability is not available in all PEV models.)Greater flexibility: By extending range, workplacecharging opens up options drivers might not otherwise have, making it easier to manage special circumstances, urgent trips, and unexpected changesin plans or schedules, particularly for EV drivers.Workplace charging also provides flexibility in thelocation and timing of charging, which may behelpful for drivers whose residential charging optionsare somewhat limited or inconvenient.Increased incentive for PEV adoption: The ability tocharge at work may provide the encouragement andassurance an employee needs to make the switchfrom a conventional vehicle to a PEV, and to takeIn 2013, the New York Power Authority installed threeemployee charging stations at its White Plains facilityas part of the organization’s workplace charging pilotprogram. Photo from NYPA, NREL 26486advantage of the financial and environmental benefitsof such a switch.Employers and employees seeking to take advantage ofthe benefits of PEVs should explore available incentivesfor early adopters. See page 13 for more informationabout finding relevant incentives.6. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2012). NREL Reveals LinksAmong Climate Control, Battery Life, and Electric Vehicle ng and Planning for Workplace ChargingSuccessful implementation of workplace charginginvolves careful planning and a willingness to addresspotential challenges, many of which may be unique tothe physical, cultural, and organizational characteristics of your workplace.Facilities Ownership ConsiderationsImplementing PEV workplace charging is easiestwhen the employer owns and operates its campusor facility. Planning and installation will be morestraightforward processes if the employer has singularcontrol of the critical pieces of real estate, includingthe affected parking area(s), building(s), and electricalinfrastructure.In 2012, Eli Lilly installed several workplace chargingstations at its two main campuses in Indianapolis.Photo from Eli Lilly & Company, NREL 26480Planning and installation may be more complex whenmultiple stakeholders are involved, particularly indensely developed urban areas. For example, a business
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts10may lease office space in a building that is owned byone entity, operated and maintained by another entity,with a parking facility operated by yet another entity.For assistance with evaluating the scope of a project,organizations should contact their local Clean Citiescoalitions. Find the nearest coalition by visiting theClean Cities website at ting Employee DemandRegardless of whether a workplace charging projectis initiated by the employer or by employees, it will beuseful to gauge potential employee demand. Employeesurveys can be useful for this purpose. A survey shouldnot only assess existing demand, but also help evaluatefuture demand.Possible survey questions include:Workplace Charging ScenariosEasiest: The employer owns the building andparking lots; electricity is accessible, and upgradesare not needed.Easy: The employer owns the building and parkinglots; electricity is accessible, but upgrades may beneeded.Moderate: The employer leases building space andparking lots; electricity is accessible, but upgradesare needed.Challenging: The employer leases building spaceand uses independently operated parking; electricity is inaccessible.Identifying Key StakeholdersSome workplaces that decide to offer PEV charging mayundertake their projects as top-down initiatives. But asPEV ownership rates continue to increase, many organizations will find that employees are driving the conversations early in the process. In small organizations,informal dialogue among colleagues and managementare often enough to determine whether the organizationshould explore the possibility of providing workplacecharging. Medium-sized and large employers may needto follow more formal processes and protocols.Typically, key decision makers include a managementlevel designee, a sustainability lead, the building owner(if different from the employer), the parking lot operator (if different from the employer), facilities operationsstaff, human resources staff, and legal counsel. Employers and employees with complex building ownershipand/or parking arrangements should engage all relevantstakeholders to ensure that EVSE planning, installation, and operations take all parties’ interests andneeds into account. See Figure 2 for more detail aboutrelevant stakeholders and their roles and needs. If you drive to work, how far is your trip (one-way)?- Less than 10 miles- 10–25 miles- 26–50 miles- More than 50 miles During the workday, what is your usual travel pattern?- I stay at the worksite and do not move my vehicle- I leave the worksite and move my vehicle onceper day- I leave the worksite and move my vehicle morethan once per day Do you drive a PEV, or are you considering acquiringone in the future?- I already drive a PEV- I’m considering acquiring a PEV within six months- I’m considering acquiring a PEV within 12–24months- I’m considering acquiring one but not sure when- I’m not considering a PEV for personal use Do you have the ability to install PEV chargingequipment at your residence? (Y/N) Do you think we should install PEV charging stationsfor employees? (Y/N) If charging stations were available at work, would youuse them? (Y/N) Would you be willing to pay a fee to use a chargingstation at work? (Y/N) Would availability of workplace charging increase thelikelihood that you would consider a PEV? (Y/N) Are you interested in participating in an employeetask force on workplace charging? (Y/N)
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging HostsGoverning Authority ConsiderationsUtility Considerations1. PEV Rate Structure2. Availability of Power3. Metering4. Total Load Management5. Smart Grid6. Level 1 and/or Level 2ChargingEmployee Considerations1. Current and Future Demand2. Location3. User Payment for Service4. Tax ImplicationsProperty Owner/FacilityManager Considerations1. Number of EVSE Units2. Location of EVSE3. Ownership4. Cost Sharing5. Maintenance Responsibilities6. User Payment for Service7. Vandalism8. Lighting/Shelter9. Signage10. Smart Grid/LoadManagementConsultationwith UtilityConsultationwith GoverningAuthorityConsultationwith PropertyOwner/FacilityManager1. Public Planning2. Funding/Grant Requirements3. Siting Locations4. Traffic Patterns5. Signage6. Other RequirementsEVSE Supplier ConsiderationsConsultationwithEmployees andManagementConsultationwith EVSESupplierConsultationwith ElectricalContractorEmployerSite PlanDevelopedObtain PermitsUtility ServiceUpgradeCompleted11ConductInstallationFinal Inspectionand Approval1. Level 1 and/or Level 2 Charging2. Current and Future PEV Needs3. Determination of Number ofChargers Required4. User Payment OptionsContractor Considerations1. Site Assessment/Load Calculation2. Proximity to Utility Service Panel3. Standing Water/Flood Issues4. Safety and Accessibility5. Avoidance of Tripping Hazard6. Installation Meets Building CodeRequirements7. Installation Meets Local ZoningRequirements8. Additional Lighting Requirements9. Load Sharing OptionsContractor Considerations1. Drawing of EVSE Location2. Electrical Plan Including New Circuit3. Additional Meter Requirements, ifNecessary4. Concrete Cutting, Trenching,Landscape Considerations5. Contractor EstimateApproving Authority Considerations1. All Building Codes Satisfied2. Qualified and Certified ContractorFigure 2. General outline for implementation of workplace charging. A successful project requires thoughtful planning andinvolvement by all relevant stakeholders. Adapted from: eTec (2010). Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Deployment Guidelines for theOregon I-5 Metro Areas of Portland, Salem, Corvallis and Eugene. EV Project publication (theevproject.com/documents.php).
12Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging HostsThe organization’s decision makers should evaluatesurvey results to help determine the number of charging stations that may be needed. PEV production andownership are expected to grow rapidly over the comingdecade, so employers may want to allow for the possibility of future expansion when developing their workplacecharging plans. This may
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have immense poten-tial for increasing the country's energy, economic, and environmental security, and they will play a key role in the future of U.S. transportation. A full transition to electric-drive vehicles (including all-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and hybrid electric
1 To avoid ambiguity, we use the term plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs, synonymous with "plug-in vehicles" or "plug-ins"). Technically speaking, the term electric vehicle (EV) may properly refer to either electric-drive vehicles (including all-gasoline hybrids and fuel-cell electric vehicles without grid charging capability) or electric-fuel
power source used in on-road vehicles today . PEVs (plug-in electric vehicles) derive all or part of their power from electricity supplied by the electric grid . They include EVs and PHEVs . PHEVs (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) use batteries to power an electric motor, plug into the electric grid to charge, and use a petroleum-based or an .
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Consumers 3 Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), like the Nissan Leaf, Tesla Model S, Chevy Volt, and Toyota Plug-in Prius, are everywhere these days. Perhaps you're considering buying one, but wonder how they measure up to con-ventional vehicles. This handbook is designed to answer
Nissan Leaf is an example of a plug-in electric vehicle. A plug-in hybrid vehicle includes vehicles that plug into the electrical grid to charge a battery pack, and also have a gasoline motor that serves as a back-up or works together with the electric motor. A Chevy Volt is an example of a plug-in hybrid vehicle.
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Kia Niro 2018, 2019, 2020 Plug-In Hybrid 4409 Kia Niro EV 2019, 2020 Electric Drive Plug-In 4916 Jaguar I-Pace 2018, 2019, 2020 Electric Drive Plug-In 5886 Land Rover Range Rover 2020 Plug-In Hybrid 6125 Land Rover Range Rover Sport 2020 Plug-In Hybrid 7050 Lincoln Aviator PHEV 2020, 2021 Plug-in Hybrid 7150 .
2-wheeler, 3-wheeler and 4-wheeler Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), Plug in Electric Vehicles (PHEV), Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). 2.3.2. Electric Vehicle Battery refers to all energy storage systems used in the defined EVs above. This includes Lithium ion batteries, nickel metal
Each reference should include everything you need to identify the item. You need to identify the source type (e.g. book, journal article) and use the correct referencing format from this guide to create the reference. If you include items that are not specifically cited but are relevant to the text or of potential interest to the reader, then that is a bibliography. Generally speaking, the key .
