Plants That Produce Dermatitis, Photosensitivity And Liver Damage
Plants that produce dermatitis,photosensitivity and liver damageADVS 5860Bryan L. StegelmeierPPRL 2010
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Festuca arundinaceaPPRL 2010Neotyphodium coenophialum
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Primary Plant-Induced Skin LesionsPPRL 2010
Contact Dermatitis:Toxicodendron diversilobum(poison oak) N.America, BritishColumbia, MexicoToxicodendron radicans (poisonivy) All USToxicodendron vernix (poisonsumac) Mississippi riverCashew nut tree (Anacardiumoccidentiale), Mango tree(Mangifera indica), and theLacquer tree (Toxicodendrumvernicifluum)PPRL 2010
UrushiolUrushiols,oleoresins areoxidized toquinones that bindto proteinsPPRL 2010
Repeated exposuresincrease sensitivityRemarkable variabilityin allergic responseAnimals generally notsensitiveOral exposure ofteninduces tolerancePPRL 2010
Stinging Neetles (Urtica spp.)Injected mixtures ofhistamines and plateletactivating phospholipids Dose dependentresponse and recoveryOther irritants- Leafyspurge (Euphorbiaesula), Buttercup(Ranunculus spp.)PPRL 2010
Contact DermatitisPPRL 2010
PhotosensitizationErythemaEdemaIntense pruritis (rubbing,scratching, and kicking affectedparts)Marked exudatesNecrosis (skin dries andsloughs in desiccated sheets)Affects unpigmented, glabrousor lightly haired areas (uppersurfaces of ears of sheep,muzzle, eyelids etc.)Photophobia and lacrimation.PPRL 2010
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Photodynamic agents (chromophores) can chemicallyabsorb specific wavelengths of light (UV or visible- activationspectrum) raising it to a metastable triplet state. This may reactwith adjacent cellular proteins/membranes or nucleic acids or itmay react with molecular oxygen. This may produce reactiveoxygen intermediates such as superoxide anion, singlet oxygenand hydroxyl radical. This may result in chains of free radicalformation resulting in additional protein, nucleic acid orlipoprotein damage.Type I Photosensitization the photodynamic agent isexogenousType II Photosensitization an aberrant endogenouspigment is photodymanicType III Photosensitization is produced by phylloerythrinas a result of hepatic dysfunction (heptogenousphotosensitization)PPRL 2010
Primary PhotosensitizationResults from ingestion or direct absorption ofphotodynamic agents. Most are of plantorigin (St John’s wort Hypericum perforatum,Buckwheat Fagopyrum spp., Spring parsleyCymopterus watsoni, and Ammi spp. Somedrugs are also photodynamic- anthelminticphenothiazine.PPRL 2010
St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum)Perennial that grows along roadsidesand in meadows, pastures,rangelands, and waste places.Generally it is a 0.5 to 2 tall, smoothbranched, erect plant. The leavesare covered with clear, small dotsthat contain the toxic substances(hypericin). Five-petaled flowersgrow in clusters; they are orangeyellow with occasional black dotsalong the edges. After maturity,flowers wilt and the entire plant turnsbrown.Pacific Coast states, Europe,Australia, New Zealand, and SouthAmerica.Dry, gravelly, or sandy soils in fullsunshine forming dense patches ormixed among other plants.Noxious weed in many statesPPRL 2010
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St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum)Pathogenesis:Ingests St. John’swort, hypericincirculates to the skin,sensitizes the skin tosunlight, white orunpigmented areasdamaged.PPRL 2010
Signs: Lesions itch, become red, swollen,and sore, and the skin may peel or comeoff in large sheets. Lesions usually appear2 to 21 days after ingestion.Most palatable in the spring. Mature plantunpalatable to cattle and sheep, haycontaining dry St. Johns wort is poisonousCattle poisoned at approximately onepercent of their body weight and are thenexposed to direct sunshine for 2 to 5 days.Sheep fed 5 percent of their body weightdevelop symptoms.St. John’s wort has been traditionally usedas an herbal medicine and hypericin hasbeen associated with both antiviral andantidepressant activity.PPRL 2010
LeavesLeaves contain antidepressant compoundsthat regulate levels of dopamine,interleukins, melatonin, monoamine-oxides,and serotonin.FlowersUsed fresh in olive oil as a treatment forexternal ulcers, wounds, cuts, and bruises.Flower tea is folk remedy for bladderproblems, worms, dysentery, and diarrhea.Notes:St John's Wort outsells Prozac 20-to-1 inGermany. Contains compounds such ashypericin and pseudohypericin which mayhave anti-retroviral activity and are beingresearched for AIDS effectiveness. Notproven effective treatment for severedepression, and internal or external use maycause skin to be extra sensitive to light.PPRL 2010
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)Fagopyrin- hypericin withC6H11ON side chainattached to each methylgroup.Buchwheat is sometimesgrown as a grain or forageReports of sheepphotosensitization inAustraliaPPRL 2010
FurocoumarinsFruan ring fused witha coumarin nucleus(psoralen derivatives)Furocoumarins areprimary plant cpdsand phytoalexins(fungal pathogens)PPRL 2010
Spring Parsley (Cymopters watsonii)Perennial 8-12 cm tall, parsleylike leaves, small white orcream-colored flowers inumbrellalike clusters, longtaproot (carrot family).Poisonous from early springuntil they mature and dry inearly summer.well-drained soils on rollingfoothills at 1500 to 3500 meters.Grows in early spring withflowers from late April to Juneand disappears by earlysummer.Noxious weed that ofteninvades pastures andrangelands.PPRL 2010
Reddening and blistering ofexposed areas of the body(nose, udder, externalgenitals), Scabs form afterblistering, Ewes and cowsmay refuse to allow young tonurse.Sheep poisoned with 200 gmof the green plant.Cattle are affected aftereating about one pound ofthe green plant.All recover gradually.PPRL 2010
Bishop’s Weed (Ammi majus)Carrot like weed foundin central and southernstates that issporadically linked tophotosensitivity in cattleand sheepPPRL 2010
Dutchman’s Breeches (Thamnosmatexana)Perennial weed ofthe southwest9 psoralens(xanthotoxin andbergapten)Affects both cattleand sheepPPRL 2010
Celery/Parsnip DermatitisPlytoalexins(xanthotoxin andtrisoralen) that developon celery in response tofungal infection.Phytophotocontactdermatitis in pigs (NewZealand parsnips andcelery)PPRL 2010
Phenothiazine photosensitizationCorneal edema,keratoconjunctivitis fromrumen metabolitephenothiazine sulfoxideexcreted in tears ansaqueous humor. Mostcommon in calves butalso seen in sheep,swine and birds.Sulfonamides andtetracyclines also inhumansPPRL 2010
Photosensitization Due toDefective Pigment SynthesisBovine congenital erythropoietic porphyria Uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetaseSimple recessive trait in Shorthorn, Ayrshire, Holstein, andJamaican CattleOsteohemochromatosis and pink toothPorphyinuria and hematoporphyrinuriaUroporphyrinsBovine erythropoietic protoporphyria Limousin cattleFerrochelatase cause photodermatitis (no colorabnormalities)PPRL 2010
Hepatogenous Photosensitization(Secondary Photosensitization)Photosensitization caused byincreased circulatingphylloerythrin concentrations.This is the most commoncause of photosensitization inlivestock and it is secondaryto hepatic injury alteringhepatic phylloerythrinexcretion. Phylloerythrin isformed by intestinaldegradation of chlorophyll. Itis normally excreted in thebile.PPRL 2010
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Senecio, Amsinckia, Crotolaria, Heliotropium, Cynoglossum andTrichodesmaTetradymiaLantanaRyegrass debris mDrymairaViciaGaleniaTribulusAgave lechuguillaPPRL 2010
Black sage and (Tetradymia spp.)Bighead in SheepTwo species of horsebrushthat grow in the Great Basinregion of the West arepoisonous to sheep.Littleleaf horsebrush(Tetradymia glabrada) iscommonly called coal-oilbrush and spiny rabbitbrush.Spineless horsebrush (T.canescens) is also calledgray horsebrushPPRL 2010
Furanoeremophilanes(furanosesquiterpenes) knownas tetradymol.Metabolized by hepatic mixedfunction oxidases and theyuncouple oxidativephosphoralation.In sheep less than 0.5 kg of thelittleleaf brush will causebighead. Larger amounts mayresult in death.Less toxic, nearly twice as muchspineless horsebrush must beeaten to cause similarsymptoms.Synergy with black sagebrush.PPRL 2010
Loss of appetite, depression,lagging behind the herd,weakness, recumbency, anddeath, itching and uneasiness,swelling of lips, ears, eyelidsand cheeks, serum may oozefrom sores and scabs, animalsseek shade, peeling of skinfrom face and ears, abortionmay occur, liver swollen,engorged, and often showssevere fatty changes, nephritis,petechial hemorrhages onserosal surfacesPPRL 2010
Severe liver necrosisPhotosensitization, loss ofappetite, depression, laggingbehind the herd, weakness,recumbence, and death (withina day or two)Itching and uneasiness, swellingof lips, ears, eyelids andcheeks, serum may ooze fromsores and scabs, animals seekshade, peeling of skin from faceand ears, abortion may occurLiver swollen, engorged, andoften shows severe fattychanges, nephritis, petechialhemorrhages on serosalsurfacesPPRL 2010
Lantana (Lantana camara)Oranamental vinenative to central andsouth America. Foundas weed in southern USfrom Florida toCalifornia.PPRL 2010
Toxins are triterpenoidcpds- Lantadenes Aand B are hepatotoxinsthat are activated bymicrosomal enzymesand cause intrahepaticcholestasis. Lantadenemetabolites damagecanaliculi membranes.PPRL 2010
Lantana lesionsJaundice, rumen stasis,photosensitization,anorexia, dehydrationand deathLiver is firm, enlargedand yellowAcutely toxic at about1% BWToxicity has beenreported in horsesPPRL 2010
Sporidesmin from pithomyceschartarum causing facial edema ofAustralia, New Zealand and SouthAfricaSporidesmin is an hepatoxicmycotoxin produced byPithomyces chartarum thatgrows in dead litter ofryegrass pasturesSporidesmin A is most toxic(B,C,D,E,F, G, and H areless toxic). Spore levels riseduring warm wet weather.Can be seen as a cloud ofblack dust if disturbed.Disulfide bridge is importantfor toxicity.PPRL 2010
Sheep stop grazing, becomerestless, shake their headsand rub their eyes and earsagainst solid objects. Theears swell and droop. Thelips and eyelids may scab.Cattle also affected.20-25 mg/kg zinc oxide oriron supplements mayprotect sheeprecently several cases ofryegrass toxicity have beendescribed in the northwest.PPRL 2010
Cocklebur (Xanthium spp.)CarbosyatractylosideAtractylosideKaurene glycosidePigs- periacinar necrosisPPRL 2010
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Cestrum diurnum1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferolDystrophic calcificationKaurene glycosidescarbox;yparquin and parquin(similar tocarboxytractyloside)PPRL 2010
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Drymaria arenarioides and D.pachyphylllaTexas, New Mexico, ArizonaSaponins? Glycoside of githageninMild periacinar necrosisPPRL 2010
Alsike clover (Triflorum hybridum)Probably anaflatoxinNeurologic diseaseand hepatic failureEnlarged, fibroticliver (bile ductproliferation andfibrosis)PPRL 2010
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Microcystis spp.PPRL 2010
Microcystin microtubular collapsePPRL 2010
Panicum and Brachiaria spp.Kleingrass (Panicumcoloratum) common cause ofphotosensitization in sheepand horses in Texas.Switchgrass (Panicumvirgatum) lambs in WestVirginiaSignalgrass (Brachiariadecumbens) cattle in tropicsPPRL 2010
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Liver damage caused byperibillary deposition ofcrystalline steroidalsaponins glucuronidesSaponins probably donot cause all the liverdamage, but othermycotoxins such assporidesmin probablycontribute to toxicityPPRL 2010
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Geeldikkop (yellow head disease)Sheep and goats inSouth AfricaTribulus spp. causinglesions similar toPanicum spp. withinsoluble calcium saltsof saponinglucuronides.Puncture vine (Tribulusterrestris)PPRL 2010
Other plants causing crystallinehepatopathyAgavae lechequilla (desertplant) Nolina texana(beargrass, sacahuiste ofthe southwest),Narthecium ossifragum(ALVELD (Elf Fire BogasphodelPPRL 2010
LupinosisIngestion of toxins producedby the fungus Phomopsisleptostromiformis that growson lupinToxins are phomopsins thatinhibit cell mitosis byinhibiting microtubulepolymerizationHepatic necrosis withsubsequent jaundice andsecondaryphotosensitization.PPRL 2010
Other Potential Hepatotoxic PlantsKochiaTansymustard (descurainiapinnata) circumstanciallylinked withphotosensitization in cattleand to wooden tongueCicer milkvetch (Astragaluscicer)Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotuscorniculatus)Moldy strawPPRL 2010
Other causes of liver disease:Chemicals: carbon tetrachlorideInfectious: LeptospirosisImmune mediated disease: Theiler’sdiseasePPRL 2010
Reading AssignmentNatural Toxicants in Feeds, Forages andPoisonous Plants. Peter CheekeContact Dermatitis from plants pg 445Photosensitization 451Lantana Poisoning 353Blue-Green Algae 354Saponins 281Alsike Clover Poisoning 293Facial Eczema and Sporodesmin 257Tall Fescue Toxicosis 243PPRL 2010
Plants that produce dermatitis, photosensitivity and liver damage Bryan L. Stegelmeier. ADVS 5860. PPRL 2010. PPRL 2010. Festuca arundinacea. Neotyphodium coenophialum. PPRL 2010. PPRL 2010. PPRL 2010. PPRL 2010. PPRL 2010 Primary Plant-Induced Skin Lesions. PPRL 2010 Contact Dermatitis: Toxicodendron diversilobum
Dermatitis (Eczemas) Atopic dermatitis Contact dermatitis Photodermatitis Stasis dermatitis Hand dermatitis Drug eruptions Nummular dermatitis Exfoliative dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis Dermatologic immunology Urticaria and angioedema Leukocytoclastic vasculitis Other dermatologic immunology Vascular dermatoses Erythema multiforme
dermatitis’ are synonymous. The morphology, distribution and evolution of eczema/ dermatitis in atopic eczema/dermatitis are highly characteristic. During the infant phase (birth to 2 years) red scaly lesions develop typically on the cheeks, usually sparing the perioral and perinasal areas. The chin is typically involved and cheilitis is common.
1. Contact dermatitis 2. Atopic eczema 3. Nummular eczema 4. Dyshidrotic eczema 5. Hand dermatitis 6. Stasis dermatitis 7. General exfoliative dermatitis Discuss the natural history, differential diagnosis, signs, symptoms and treatment of the following reactive dermatoses: 1. Urticaria 2. Erythema multiforme 3. Erythema nodosum 4.
IAS 36 – LỖ TỔN THẤT TÀI SẢN. xxx KHÔNG áp dụngcho Ápdụngcho x Hàng tồnkho (IAS 2) x . Tài sản tài chính (IFRS 9) x . Quyền lợi người lao động (IAS 19) x . Tài sản thuế hoãn lại (IAS 12) x . Hợp đồng xây dựng (IAS 11) x . Bất động s
Acta Derm Venereo av Centenary theme section: ATOPIC DERMATITIS SIGNIFICANCE Just like we can prevent infectious diseases like polio, it should be possible to prevent eczema (atopic dermatitis), food allergy and asthma. Most things that have been tried so far
hand, seborrheic dermatitis can be considered as the inflammation of the skin of hairy regions. Arthropathy is seen as a comorbidity in psoriasis, not in seborrheic dermatitis. This can be considered as the key difference between . Dry scaly petaloid l
Definition Accumulation of pus in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. . dermatitis). Acute eczema, or contact allergic dermatitis. . Actinic keratosis, squamous cell carci-noma, wart, corn. Atopic dermatitis, or lich
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