Radiation-Utilizing Technology Overview
Radiation-UtilizingTechnology OverviewA survey of critical technologies utilizing radiationandHow YOU will understand their functions after 22.01MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 1
Motivation for Today Answer two question in a few ways: How can radiation be used to our benefit? What is the physics behind how it is used?MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 2
Types of Technology PowerMedical SpaceSemiconductors Product DevelopmentCourtesy of City Labs, Inc. Used with permission.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationCourtesy of Argonne National Laboratory on Flickr. License CC BY-NC-SA.Page 3
Nuclear Powerhttp://www.nucleartourist.com/type/pwr cycle.htm Overall reactor diagram Westinghouse. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our CreativeCommons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 4
Nuclear Powerhttp://www.nucleartourist.com/type/pwr cycle.htm Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Asian Network for Scientific Information. All rights reserved.This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license.For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Source: Hussain, A., and C. Xinrong. "Core OptimizationSimulation for a Pressurized Water Reactor." InformationTechnology Journal 8, no. 2 (2009): MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing Radiation Westinghouse. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our CreativeCommons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Page 5
How a Reactor Core Works Fuel, fission, and energetics Control rods Coolant and moderation Reflection and shieldingMIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 6
A Neat Aside"Advanced Test Reactor" by Argonne National Laboratory CherenkovRadiation Beta particlestraveling fasterthan the speed oflight in waterCourtesy of Argonne National Laboratory on Flickr. License CC BY-NC-SA.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 7
Fusion Energyhttp://www.iter.org/ Fuse light nuclei (D D or D T) instead ITER Organization. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our CreativeCommons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 8
Fusion Reactor u/mirai-en/2006/3 12.html Fuse light nuclei, breed fuel from 7Li Use Pb-17Li, enrich in 7Li21𝐷 31𝑇 42𝐻𝑒 10𝑛10𝑛 73𝐿𝑖 31𝑇 42𝐻𝑒 10𝑛10𝑛 63𝐿𝑖 31𝑇 42𝐻𝑒 Japan Atomic Energy Agency. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our CreativeCommons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 9
Why Fission and Fusion Workhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear binding energyFission releases binding energyFusionreleasesbindingenergyCan’t gain energy fromfission or fusion!Public domain image.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 10
Medical Uses of Radiation Imaging X-ray therapy Proton therapy Brachytherapy RadiotracersMIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 11
Imaging Differential absorption (attenuation) of x-raysFirst x-ray taken by C. RoentgenMIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing Radiation2010Courtesy of Porcaro Family on Flickr. License CC BY-NC-SA.Page 12
Imaging Differential absorption (attenuation) of x-rays2010Public domain, from U.S. NIST.Courtesy of Porcaro Family on Flickr. License CC BY-NC-SA.First x-ray taken by C. RoentgenMIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 13
X-Ray Therapy Hinges upon absorption of x-rays by tumorsCONVERGINGGAMMA RAYSSHIELDINGTARGETRADIOACTIVECOBALT SOURCESSPHERICAL HELMETFOR FURTHER BEAMNARROWINGImage by MIT OpenCourseWare.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 14
Proton Therapy Use an accelerator (cyclotron) to accelerate protons, firethem into the tumor! The New York Times. All rights reserved. This content isexcluded from our Creative Commons license. For moreinformation, see http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Courtesy of Vietnam Open Educational Resources. License CC from-energy/389d856bMIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationSee 08/the-power-of-proton-therapyPage 15
Why Protons vs. X-Rays? Highly controllable range vs. just attenuationRun SRIM live as demoMIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 16
Why Protons vs. X-Rays? Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)A set of tungstenleaves control eachbeam's shapeProstate shapeBeam shapedynamically adjustedduring exposureto control intensityProstateTorsocross-section American Academy of Family Physicians. All rights reserved. Thiscontent is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For moreinformation, see /www.aafp.org/afp/2008/1201/p1254.htmlMIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationImage by MIT OpenCourseWare.Page 17
Why Protons vs. X-Rays? Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)Courtesy of Macmillan Publishers Ltd. License CC BY-NC-SA.Source: W. P. Levin et al. "Proton beam therapy." British J. Cancer, 93(8):849-854 (2005).W. P. Levin et al. "Proton beam therapy." British J.Cancer, 93(8):849-854 (2005).MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 18
herapy Relies on simple radioactive decay Implanted directly into tumor Brachytherapy “seeds’Public domain photo.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationIr-192 commonly usedShort or long range?Short or long half life?Biocompatibility?Courtesy of Korea Atomic Energy ResearchInstitute. Used with permission.Page 19
Radiotracers Typically 99Mo 99mTc, attached to otherchemicals for imaging proceduresDetected decayenergyCourtesy of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Used with permission.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 20
tamibisSPECT.html Typically 99Mo 99mTc, attached to otherchemicals for imaging proceduresCourtesy of Bechara Y. Ghorayeb, MD. Used with permission.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 21
HUGE 99Mo Shortages!Nature 460, 312-313 (2009), doi:10.1038/460312aReprinted by permission of Macmillan Publishers Ltd.Source: Gould, Paula. "Medical isotope shortagereaches crisis level." Nature 460, 312-313 (2009).Soon, highly enriched targets will be illegal MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 22
Space Applications Astronaut Shielding Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) Nuclear RocketsMIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 23
Shielding Must know basic principles of shielding vs. Density fa beta gamma radiation penetration.svg EnergyCourtesy of Wikipedia User: Stannered. License CC BY.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 24
More Complex Shieldinghttp://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/early stage innovation/niac/westover radiation protection.htmlPublic domain image.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 25
RTGs Long-lived, high power decay heat sourcesPublic domain ystem.nasa.gov/rps/docs/MMRTGfactsFeb 2010.pdfMIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 26
Nuclear orry-about-a-nuclear-future-in-space Thrust may be lower, but life is longer!Public domain MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 27
Semiconductor Processinghttp://nrl.mit.edu/facilities/ntds VERY precise n-type doping of Si to PCourtesy of MIT Nuclear Reactor Laboratory. Used with permission.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 28
Accelerator Applicationssee animation at screens-are-made-2014-9 Making super thin, scratch-proof iPhone screensCourtesy of Neutron Therapeutics, Inc. Used with permission.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 29
Accelerator Applicationssee animation at screens-are-made-2014-9 Making super thin, scratch-proof iPhone screensCourtesy of Neutron Therapeutics, Inc. Used with permission.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 30
Accelerator Applicationssee animation at screens-are-made-2014-9 Making super thin, scratch-proof iPhone screensCourtesy of Neutron Therapeutics, Inc. Used with permission.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 31
Accelerator Applicationssee animation at screens-are-made-2014-9 Making super thin, scratch-proof iPhone screensCourtesy of Neutron Therapeutics, Inc. Used with permission.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 32
Other Productshttp://www.citylabs.net/ Betavoltaics – direct usage of beta particle charge Semiconductorband gap accelerates electronhole pairsCourtesy of City Labs, Inc. Used with permission.MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing RadiationPage 33
Detectors Various kinds for different usesBF3 neutron detector –Courtesy of ORAU Foundation. Used with ortional%20counters/nucchicago205bf3.htm STC RADEK Ltd. All rights reserved. Thiscontent is excluded from our Creative Commonslicense. For more information, ty Ge gamma spectrometer diometers-of-radiation/49/Courtesy of Robert Hart. Used with permission.Two ionization tubes used as a muon coincidencedetector - -9x9-pixel-hodoscopeMIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing Radiation Libelium Comunicaciones Distribuidas S.L. All rightsreserved. This content is excluded from our CreativeCommons license. For more information, nt Geiger tube o-raspberry-pi-tutorial/Page 34
MIT OpenCourseWarehttp://ocw.mit.edu22.01 Introduction to Nuclear Engineering and Ionizing RadiationFall 2015For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
Courtesy of Argonne National Laboratoryon Flickr. License CC BY-NC-SA. Nuclear Power Overall reactor diagram . MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing Radiation . . Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) MIT 22.01: Intro to Ionizing Radiation . Page 18 . W. P. Levin et al. "Proton beam therapy." British J. Cancer
Non-Ionizing Radiation Non-ionizing radiation includes both low frequency radiation and moderately high frequency radiation, including radio waves, microwaves and infrared radiation, visible light, and lower frequency ultraviolet radiation. Non-ionizing radiation has enough energy to move around the atoms in a molecule or cause them to vibrate .
Medical X-rays or radiation therapy for cancer. Ultraviolet radiation from the sun. These are just a few examples of radiation, its sources, and uses. Radiation is part of our lives. Natural radiation is all around us and manmade radiation ben-efits our daily lives in many ways. Yet radiation is complex and often not well understood.
Ionizing radiation: Ionizing radiation is the highenergy radiation that - causes most of the concerns about radiation exposure during military service. Ionizing radiation contains enough energy to remove an electron (ionize) from an atom or molecule and to damage DNA in cells.
Ionizing radiation can be classified into two catego-ries: photons (X-radiation and gamma radiation) and particles (alpha and beta particles and neutrons). Five types or sources of ionizing radiation are listed in the Report on Carcinogens as known to be hu-man carcinogens, in four separate listings: X-radiation and gamma radiation .
Unit I: Fundamentals of radiation physics and radiation chemistry (6 h) a. Electromagnetic radiation and radioactivity b. Radiation sources and radionuclides c. Measurement units of exposed and absorbed radiation d. Interaction of radiation with matter, excitation and ionization e. Radiochemical events relevant to radiation biology f.
Boiling water CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION 43. Frying a pancake CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION 44. Heat you feel from a hot stove CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION 45. Moves as a wave CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION 46. Occurs within fluids CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION 47. Sun’s rays reaching Earth CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION 48.
Non-ionizing radiation. Low frequency sources of non-ionizing radiation are not known to present health risks. High frequency sources of ionizing radiation (such as the sun and ultraviolet radiation) can cause burns and tissue damage with overexposure. 4. Does image and demonstration B represent the effects of non-ionizing or ionizing radiation?
Radiation Therapy Radiation Therapy is the planning and application of ionizing radiation to destroy tumours in patients with cancer. Radiation Therapy is commonly delivered to a patient using large sophisticated machines called linear accelerators (external beam radiation therapy) or by use of radioactive sources that are placed
