Estimates Of Global E-commerce 2019 And Preliminary Assessment Of Covid .
U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N TESTIMATES OF GLOBAL E-COMMERCE 2019AND PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF COVID-19 IMPACTON ONLINE RETAIL 2020UNCTAD Technical Notes on ICT for DevelopmentNo18No15
ESTIMATES OF GLOBAL E-COMMERCE 2019 AND PRELIMINARYASSESSMENT OF COVID-19 IMPACT ON ONLINE RETAIL 20201 COVID-19 impact on e-commerceGovernment business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) statistics lag by overa year so 2020 data were not available at the time of this note. However, with a view tomaking preliminary assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on online shopping, this notedraws on data on online retail sales from selected countries and from annual reports for 2020of leading B2C e-commerce companies. The full estimates for e-commerce in 2019 areprovided in section 2.1.1 Online retail sales increase at above average rate in 2020National statistical offices in several countries compile online retail sales on a frequent basis.Data for these countries, which accounted for 65% of global B2C e-commerce in 2019, suggestthat online retail sales as a share of total retail sales jumped by 3 percentage points in 2020(from 16% to 19%) compared to a two percentage point rise between 2018-2019 (Table 1).Notably, COVID-19 generated an increase in demand for online ordering of physical goodsdue to quarantine restrictions imposed in many countries. 1 Overall retail sales declined by 1%in this group of countries in 2020 while online retail grew by 22%. Among the countriesincluded in table 1, the Republic of Korea had the highest online share of retail trade at 25.9%in 2020, up from 20.8% the year before.Table 1: Online retail sales, selected economies, 2018-2020EconomyAustraliaCanadaChinaOnline retail sales( .41,233.61,414.3Korea (Rep.)76.884.3104.4Singapore1.61.93.2United Kingdom84.089.0130.6United States519.6598.0791.7Economies above1,7702,0382,495Source: UNCTAD, based on national statistics offices.Retail sales( 5,63813,003Online share(% of retail .24.714.99.91420.85.915.811.016UNCTAD. 2021. COVID-19 and e-commerce: a global review. -global-review125.911.723.314.019
1.2 COVID-19 results in mixed fortunes for e-commerce companiesAnother perspective regarding the COVID-19 impact on e-commerce can be deduced fromthe financial reports of leading e-commerce companies. This provides a more completepicture than the online retail sales since it also covers e-commerce services companies.Table 2 shows data for the top 13 e-commerce companies in 2020, ten of which are fromChina and the United States. There was a notable reversal of fortune for services e-commercecompanies, such as in ride hailing and travel. All of them experienced sharp declines in grossmerchandize volume (GMV) and corresponding drops in ranks. For instance, Expedia fell from5th place in 2019 to 11th in 2020, Booking Holdings from 6th to 12th and Airbnb, whichlaunched its IPO in 2020, from 11th to 13th. Despite the reduction in services companies’GMV, total GMV for the top 13 B2C e-commerce companies rose by 20.5% in 2020, higherthan in 2019 (17.9%). Overall, B2C GMV for these companies stood at US 2.9 trillion in 2020.It is estimated that they accounted for just less than half of B2C e-commerce GMV in 2019.Table 2: Top B2C e-commerce companies by GMV, 2020Rank WalmartUberRakutenExpediaBooking HoldingsAirbnbCompanies ommerceInternet Media & ServicesE-commerceE-commerceConsumer goods retailInternet Media & ServicesE-commerceInternet Media & ServicesInternet Media & ServicesInternet Media & Services2018 866 344 253 71 41 90 43 25 50 30 100 93 29 2,035GMV( billions)20192020 9541,145 417 575 302 379 146 242 61 120 86 100 57 71 37 64 65 58 34 42 108 37 96 35 38 24 2,399 2,890GMV change(%)2018-19 -63.329.3-37.117.920.5Note: Alibaba year beginning 1 April, Walmart year beginning 1 February. Figures in italics are estimates. GMV Gross Merchandize Value (as well as Booking Value).Source: UNCTAD based on company reports.2
Box 1: E-commerce companies lagging in support of digital inclusionIn December 2020, the World Benchmarking Alliance launched the first ever global indexmeasuring the performance of tech companies on digital inclusion (Digital InclusionBenchmark (DIB)). 2 The world's top 100 digital companies were ranked based on how theycontribute to access to digital technologies, building digital skills, enhancing trust andfostering innovation. Fourteen e-commerce companies were included in the DIB. Ecommerce enterprises performed poorly compared to companies in other digital industriessuch as hardware or telecommunication services. For instance, the highest ranked ecommerce company was eBay at 49th place. Overall, e-commerce companies obtained ascore of just 20 out of a possible 100. A main factor for the poor performance is that ecommerce companies are relatively young, typically founded only in the last two decades.They have been more focused on shareholders rather than engaging with a wide group ofstakeholders and compiling metrics on their environmental, social and governanceperformance. Nonetheless there are some bright spots. For instance, several e-commercecompanies provide free training to entrepreneurs on how to sell online including in somecases, specifically targeted at vulnerable groups such as people with disabilities or ethnicminorities.Figure 1: E-commerce companies in the 2020 Digital Inclusion BenchmarkE-commerce companies in the 2020 Digital Inclusion 000Rank (left)Score (right)Source: UNCTAD based on World Benchmarking Alliance. Digital Inclusion Benchmark 2020.World Benchmarking Alliance. 2020. Digital Inclusion Benchmark Synthesis rk-2020/23
2 Estimates of Global E-commerce 20192.1 E-commerce sales up four per cent in 2019UNCTAD estimates that the global value of e-commerce sales (B2B and B2C) reached almost 26.7 trillion in 2019 (see Table 3). This corresponded to about 30% of GDP and representedan increase of 4% from 2018 ( 25.6 trillion). The estimated value of global B2B e-commercewas 21.8 trillion, representing 82% of all e-commerce, including both sales over onlinemarket platforms and electronic data interchange (EDI) transactions. B2C e-commerce saleswere estimated at 4.9 trillion in 2019, up 11% over 2018. The top three countries by B2C ecommerce sales remained China, the United States and the United Kingdom.Table 3: E-commerce sales: Top ten countries, 2019Total ecommercesalesRank Economy( billions)1United States9,5802Japan3,4163China2,6044Korea (Rep.)1,3025United 34710Spain34410 above20,218World26,673Source: UNCTAD, based on national sources.Note: Figures in italics are UNCTAD estimates.Share of totale-commercesales in GDP(%)456718793129142225253630B2B ecommercesales( 52621,803Share of B2Be-commercesales in totale-commerce(%)8795419172857992948182B2C ecommercesales( 2.2 Top 20 economies by B2C e-commerce salesDeveloping and transition economies accounted for about half of the top 20 economies byB2C e-commerce sales in 2019 (see Table 4). In relation to GDP, B2C e-commerce sales werethe largest in Hong Kong (China), China and the United Kingdom. Among the top 20economies, the extent to which Internet users engage in online purchases varies considerably.In 2019, the highest shares were observed in the United Kingdom (88%), Canada, Germanyand the Netherlands (all 84%).4
Table 4: B2C e-commerce sales: Top 20 economies, 2019Share of B2C eB2C ecommerce salesOnlineOnlinecommerce salesin GDPshoppersshoppers (% ofRank Economy( billion)(%)(million)internet users)1 China1,53910.7639752 United States1,2615.9189803 United Kingdom2518.942884 Japan1783.555545 France1164.338776 Korea (Rep.)1157.027667 Germany1112.956848 Spain644.623649 India612.1702010 Canada533.0248411 Hong Kong (China)3810.423812 Italy351.8194913 Russian Federation311.9343514 Mexico312.5263215 Netherlands293.2128416 Thailand275.351417 Ireland256.427318 Australia211.5127319 Malaysia196.0153520 Brazil160.9483920 above4,0215.91,33959Source: UNCTAD, based on sources mentioned in section 3 on methodology and data sources.Note. Data for some economies are from supply-side surveys that include overseas sales (exports) but notoverseas purchases. Data for other economies are from demand-side surveys that include purchases byconsumers from overseas (imports) but not foreign sales by companies. Hence the data are not directlycomparable and should therefore be interpreted carefully. Figures in italics refer to 2018.2.3 Cross-border B2C e-commerceUNCTAD estimates that cross-border B2C e-commerce sales amounted to 440 billion in2019, representing an increase of 9% over 2018. This is based on sales for the top teneconomies by merchandise exports (Table 5). Cross-border sales are estimated to be 9% oftotal B2C e-commerce sales.5
Table 5: Cross border B2C e-commerce sales: Top ten merchandize exporters, 2019Share of crossborder B2C ecommerce sales 0.23.42.3Cross border B2Ce-commerce salesRankEconomy( billions)1 China1052 United States903 United Kingdom384 Hong Kong (China)355 Japan236 Germany167 France128 Korea (Rep.)59 Italy510 Netherlands110 above332World440Source: UNCTAD estimates based on national sources.Share of crossborder B2C sales intotal B2C ecommerce 2.4 Almost 1.5 billion people shopped online in 2019UNCTAD estimates that 1.48 billion people, or a little over one quarter of the world’spopulation aged 15 and older, made purchases online in 2019 (Figure 2). This is 7% higherthan in 2018. While the majority of online shoppers mainly buy from domestic suppliers, some360 million online shoppers made cross-border purchases in 2019—around one in four of allonline shoppers. The interest in buying from foreign suppliers continued to expand. The shareof cross-border online shoppers to all online shoppers rose from 20% in 2017 to 25% in 2019.Figure 2: Global online shoppers (billions), 00.20-0.6020172018DomesticCross-border2019-Total shoppersSource: UNCTAD, based on national data.Note: Cross-border refers to shoppers who purchase from websites located outside their own country. Followingthe transaction, the goods are delivered to the overseas location where the purchaser is located.6
3 Methodology and data sources3.1 Global estimatesGlobal B2C e-commerce sales were estimated based on the GDP share (92%) of the countrieswith data on B2C e-commerce. Data on total e-commerce sales were available for countriesrepresenting 65% of global GDP. To estimate global e-commerce sales UNCTAD used the ratioof B2C to total e-commerce for those countries.Global cross-border B2C e-commerce sales were estimated based on total B2C sales of the topten merchandise exporters.Global number of online shoppers was estimated based on the top 25 economiesrepresenting 90% of all online shoppers.3.2 Data sourcesGDP and annual average exchange rates were sourced from the World Bank. 3 Merchandiseexports were sourced from the World Trade Organization. 4 Company data were sourced fromtheir respective annual financial reports. Sources for the proportion of online shoppers arefrom national surveys. Sources for data in Tables 1, 2 and 4 are shown below.3.2.1 AustraliaTotal e-commerce is sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and refers toInternet income encapsulating all B2B and B2C orders. 5 Online retail sales data is from ABS. 6Data on B2C e-commerce are from the National Australia Bank. 7 As the latest Internet incomedata are from 2017, estimates for 2019 were based on the proportion of B2C in total Internetincome.3.2.2 BrazilB2C e-commerce sales are from Ebit based on a demand survey and do not include services. 83.2.3 CanadaData on B2C e-commerce sales are from Statistics Canada, based on a demand survey. 9 Onlineretail sales are also from Statistics Canada. .CD S4https://timeseries.wto.org5Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2018. "8166.0 - Summary of IT Use and Innovation in Australian Business,2016-17." ary-2021-supplementary-covid-19-analysis7National Australia Bank. 2020. "NAB Online Retail Sales Index December 019.pdf8ebit. 2020 "WEBSHOPPERS ISSUE 41 2020."9Statistics Canada. 2019. "Online shopping in Canada, 2018." Just the Facts, 2 cs Canada. Table 20-10-0072-01 Retail e-commerce sales (x 1,000). DOI:https://doi.org/10.25318/2010007201-eng37
3.2.4 ChinaOfficial statistics for B2C (including online retail) 11 and total 12 e-commerce are available fromthe Chinese Bureau of Statistics. There are no regularly published official data on the value ofcross-border e-commerce, which were derived from Alibaba's export sales. 13 Alibaba had a62% B2C market share in 2019.3.2.5 FranceOfficial statistics for e-commerce value are available from the national statistics office. 14Cross-border e-commerce sales were estimated on the basis of exports by non-store onlineretailers in 2015. 153.2.6 GermanyIn Germany, B2C and B2B data were sourced from the industry association (BEVH). 16 Crossborder e-commerce was estimated on reported cross-border sales from the second and thirdlargest B2C companies in the country. 173.2.7 Hong Kong, ChinaE-commerce value data are available from the Census and Statistics Department. 18 Crossborder sales were derived by subtracting estimated consumer online spending from B2Csales. B2C e-commerce sales data are based on supply survey.3.2.8 IndiaB2C e-commerce value is sourced from J.P. Morgan. 193.2.9 IrelandB2C e-commerce sales are from the Central Bank of Ireland and based on credit cardtransactions. 20Statistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2019 National Economic and SocialDevelopment. english/easyquery.htm?cn C0113Alibaba Group Holding Limited. 2020. Form 20-F. cshow.aspx?Type html&FilingId 13476929&CIK 0001577552&Index 1000014Insee. 2020. "Les TIC et le commerce électronique dans les entreprises en 15Direction générale des douanes et droits indirects. 2016. Le secteur de la vente à distance se développe àl’international." Etudes et éclairages, s/etudes/tableaux/ee 70.pdf16BEVH. "The Impact Of E-Commerce on the German Economy." ording to EHI Retail Institute, Amazon, Otto and Zalando are the three top e-commerce sites by te-onlineshops-in-deutschland/). Otto and Zalando reportswere analyzed to determine the share of foreign sales. See: https://corporate.zalando.com/en/investorrelations and fakten/Annual Reports.php .18Census and Statistics Department. 2020. "Report on the Survey on Information Technology Usage andPenetration in the Business Sector for .jsp?productCode es/insights/reports/india-202020Central Bank of Ireland. 2020. "Credit and Debit Card Statistics – Q4 2019." https://www.centralbank.ie118
3.2.10 ItalyB2C value including cross-border sales and purchases was compiled by the School ofManagement Politecnico di Milano. 21 B2B and total e-commerce were derived from the B2Cratio based on EUROSTAT percentages.3.2.11 JapanOfficial statistics for both B2C and B2B are available from METI. 22 Cross-border sales andpurchases are also available from METI but only for trade with China and the United States.3.2.12 MalaysiaData on B2C e-commerce sales refer to 2017 and are from the Department of Statistics. 233.2.13 MexicoData on B2C e-commerce sales are from Asociación de Internet MX and based on a demandsurvey. 243.2.14 NetherlandsThe Netherlands is among the top ten merchandise exporters. B2C consumer spending wassourced from the industry association. 25 Cross-border sales were estimated based on theexport revenue of the second largest online shop. 263.2.15 Republic of KoreaB2C value data including online retail and cross-border sales and purchases are available fromthe national statistical office. 27 As it stopped publishing B2B statistics several years ago (lastavailable data are from 2013), total e-commerce was estimated based on the ratio to GDP in2013 (84%).3.2.16 Russian FederationB2C e-commerce sales are from the Association of Internet Trade Companies (AKIT). 283.2.17 SingaporeOnline retail sales are available from Statistics Singapore. 293.2.18 SpainOfficial value statistics for B2C and B2B are available from the National Statistical Institute. 30Osservatori Digital Innovation del Politecnico di Milano. https://www.osservatori.netMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). https://www.meti.go.jp23Department of Statistics. 2019. "Statistics on Usage of ICT and E-Commerce by Establishment 2018." PressRelease, 14 May.https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r column/pdfPrev&id U3FYOHJ3cE90UnNWMWdUaVMzRElKdz0924Asociación de Internet MX. cio-electronico25Thuiswinkel. https://www.thuiswinkel.org26Cool Blue. Yearbook. tics Korea. -data30Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). 2020. "Encuesta de uso de TIC y Comercio Electrónico (CE) en lasempresas."21229
3.2.19 ThailandData on B2C e-commerce sales are based on figures sourced to the Electronic TransactionDevelopment Agency and based on a supply survey. 313.2.20 United KingdomOfficial value statistics for B2C and B2B 32 and online retail sales 33 are available from the Officeof National Statistics. Cross-border data were estimated on the basis of SME online exportsales. 343.2.21 United StatesOverall figures for e-commerce in four key industries are published by US Census Bureau(latest data available for 2018). 35 These were added together for total e-commerce. B2C ecommerce was derived from retail e-commerce sales and the estimated proportion of B2C inthe services industry total e-commerce (based on the proportion of B2C sales by the serviceindustry in the United Kingdom). Cross border data were estimated based on availablebilateral data (i.e., Canada, China, Japan and Republic of on.htm?c estadistica C&cid 1254736176743&menu ultiDatos&idp 125473557679931Suchit Leesa-Nguansuk. 2019. "E-commerce grows 14%, highest in Asean." Bangkok Post, 5 714/e-commerce-grows-14-highest-in-asean32Office of National Statistics (ONS). "E-commerce and ICT activity, UK Statistical dFirst. 2017. Rise of the Global iStreet.https://www.worldfirst.com/downloads/rise of the global istreet.pdf35United States Census Bureau. "E-Stats". ml10
UNCTAD Technical Notes on ICT for Development Issue 181. Implications of Applying the New Definition of «ICT Goods», May 20112. Updating the Partnership Definition of ICT Goods From HS 2007 to HS 2012, January 20143. International Trade in ICT Services and ICT-enabled Services: Proposed Indicators from the Partnership onMeasuring ICT for Development, October 20154. Global Assessment of Sex-disaggregated ICT Employment Statistics: Data Availability and Challenges onMeasurement and Compilation, December 20155. Trade in ICT Goods and the 2015 Expansion of the WTO Information Technology Agreement, December 20156. In Search of Cross-border E-commerce Trade Data, April 20167. UNCTAD B2C E-commerce Index 2016, April 20168. The «New» Digital Economy and Development, October 20179. UNCTAD B2C E-commerce Index 2017, October 201710. Updating the Partnership Definition of ICT Goods From HS 2012 to HS 2017, February 201811. Implementing a Survey on Exports of ICT-enabled Services, June 201812. UNCTAD B2C E-commerce Index 2018: Focus on Africa, December 201813. Donor Support to the Digital Economy in Developing Countries, March 201914. UNCTAD B2C E-Commerce Index 2019, December 201915. UNCTAD Estimates of Global E-Commerce 2018, April 202016. Digital Economy Growth and Mineral Resources: Implications for Developing Countries, December 202017. The UNCTAD B2C E-commerce Index 2020 Spotlight on Latin America and the Caribbean, February 2021For more information about UNCTAD’s work on ICT for Development please contact:ICT Policy SectionDivision on Technology and Logisticswww.unctad.org/ict4dict4d@unctad.org
in this group of countries in 2020 while online retail grew 22%. Among the countries by included in table 1, the Republic of Korea had the highest online share of retail trade at 25.9% in 2020, up from 20.8% the year before. Table 1: Online retail sales, selected economies, 2018-2020 . Economy Online retail sales ( b illions ) Retail sales
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E-COMMERCE SHIFTS INTO HIGHER GEAR E-commerce is big business and getting bigger every day. Growth estimates from eMarketer report that business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce sales worldwide will reach 1.5 trillion in 2014, increasing nearly 20% over 2013. But not all e-commerce categories are created equal. The most popular e-commerce .
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Introduction to e-commerce 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES c To understand the complexity of e-commerce and its many facets. c To explore how e-business and e-commerce fit together. c To identify the impact of e-commerce. c To recognise the benefits and limitations of e-commerce. c To use classification frameworks for analysing e-commerce.
1.3 Various applications of E-commerce 1.4 Features of E-commerce Technology 1.5 Types of e-commerce 1.6 Impact of e-commerce 1.7 Summary 1.8 Self-Assessment Test 1.9 Suggested Readings 1.1 Introduction E-commerce is buying and selling goods and services over the Internet or doing business online. Commerce is part of e-business as specified in .
M-commerce is the next revolutionary way of doing business after e-commerce, which is set to change the landscape of businesses. The term m-commerce came into existence in 1997 when it was first used by Kevin Duffey at the launch of the Global Mobile Commerce Forum organised in the UK, to mean "the delivery of electronic
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