Parents' And Teachers' Perceptions Of The Role Of Citizenship Education .
Prestige Journal of Education, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2021A publication of the Association for the Promotion of Innovation in Education (APIE)ISSN: 2645-324X (Print)ISSN: 2645-3223 (Online)Parents’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of the Role of Citizenship Education in NationBuilding: Implications for Counselling in NigeriaSunusi Muhammad Kani, Ph.DDepartment of Educational FoundationsKano University of Science and Technology, Wudilsmkgwale@yahoo.comEzeodo Calista ChinweDepartment of Social Science EducationUniversity of Nigeria, Nsukkacalista.ezeodo@unn.edu.ngAbstractThe study aimed at investigating teacher's and parent's perception of the role ofCitizenship Education in nation building: Implications for counselling in Nigeria.Descriptive survey research design was adopted. The sample consisted of 95 teachersand 76 parents, selected through convenient sampling procedure. Twenty three (23)item structured questionnaire, with Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.73, wasused to collect data. Data was analyzed using mean and t-test. The results revealedthat Citizenship Education plays significant roles in nation building through fosteringcommitment to the fundamental values and principles that bind Nigerians together;promoting informed discussion on public issues among citizens; among others. The ttest analysis showed a significant difference between teachers and parents perceptionsof the role of Citizenship Education in nation building. Recommendations madesuggested a balanced public awareness to further communicate the roles ofCitizenship Education to the project of nation building.Keywords: citizenship, education, nation, building, counselling164
Parents’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of the Role of Citizenship Education in Nation Building: Implicationsfor Counselling in NigeriaSunusi Muhammad Kani, Ph.D & Ezeodo Calista ChinweIntroductionInterest in citizenship education has escalated worldwide in the last decade. Some viewthis dimension of education as an opportunity to prepare young people to understandand become involved in the civic life of their communities, from the local to the global.Other writers view it as a way to respond to a range of existing social and civicconcerns (Heater, 2000). Some scholars have emphasized knowledge aboutgovernment structures and processes while others have included notions of identity,cultural diversity, and political literacy. Interestingly, Olatunji (2008) definescitizenship education as a programme aimed at inculcating in an individual the skillsfor effective participation in the process of democratic development and on how tolive in freedom. The National Curriculum Handbook for Secondary Teachers inEngland (1999), describes the importance of Citizenship Education as follows:Citizenship Education gives pupils the knowledge, skills and understanding to play aneffective role in the society at local, national, and international levels. It helps them tobecome informed, thoughtful and responsible citizens who are aware of their dutiesand rights. Mgbor and Mgbor (2002) conceptualized citizenship education as that typeof education designed to expose the citizens to their rights, obligations and duties tothe state as well as help them to contribute efficiently to nation building. Citizenshipeducation can be likened to Education for Sustainable Development which seeks totransfer knowledge, values and skills to enable them participate in decision makingprocess, learn the ways things are done individually and collectively, locally andglobally, that will improve the quality of life now without damaging the planet in thefuture (UNESCO, 2009). Bowles and Gintis, in Michael and Lian ( 2003), posit thatthe development of Citizenship Education is a key force in stabilizing and legitimatingthe nineteenth-century nation-state and in securing of a sense of national identitythrough the provision of a universal education, inventing public ceremonies, and massproducing public monuments. Citizenship Education in the context of this paper is asystematic method of training the citizens on social, economic, political, cultural, andreligious values, as well as their duties and obligations which they owe the Nigerianstate, towards the realization of the goals of nation building. The national goals ofeducation which necessitated the inclusion of Citizenship education in the Nigeriancurriculum are as follows:a) a free and democratic societyb) a just and egalitarian society165
Prestige Journal of Education, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2021A publication of the Association for the Promotion of Innovation in Education (APIE)ISSN: 2645-324X (Print)ISSN: 2645-3223 (Online)c) a united, strong and self-reliant nationd) a great and dynamic economye) a land of bright and full opportunities for all citizen (FRN, 2013).From these goals, one can deduce that the idea of Citizenship Education hinges on thedevelopment of individual’s civic knowledge, values, skills, and more importantly, theconfidence and motivation to participate in public life. To buttress this fact, Kerr(2004), stresses that Citizenship Education is essential in creating awareness tofundamental human rights and underlying freedom which negates fear, ignorance,prejudice and apathy. Oluniyi (2011) opined that the aim of Citizenship education isto equip young citizens with the knowledge of their rights and responsibilities, to beable to play active roles in the development of the society. Mathews and Dilworth(2008) opine that Citizenship Education teaches citizens to genuinely participate andeffect positive change within the political community. Obiadi in Beston (2018),expressed that Citizenship Education helps individuals to make incisive decisions andto take responsibility for their own lives and community and as well teachesindividuals on the importance of patriotism in ensuring the realization of unity,progress and stability. Imperatively, the essence of Citizenship education is thereforegeared towards moulding the thoughts, hearts, actions and behaviour of citizens so asto facilitate the improvement of man for the development of human society. Hence,citizenship is not merely about formal rights; it is about participation in social life andbeing able to contribute to the integration of the society. Citizenship has a normativecomponent which includes the acceptance of national and societal values. It is alsoimportant to emphasize that the process of synthetic nation building is hinged on thequality of Citizenship Education available to the citizens. Thus, the contemporaryagendas for nation building in the 21st century, show that the key force in stabilizingand legitimating nation building is by providing a worthwhile Citizenship educationto the citizens. However, despite the vast amounts of research focused on CitizenshipEducation, there appears to be a lack of prior research directly examining teacher's andparent's perception of the role of Citizenship Education in nation building. More so,the lack of interest in Citizenship Education can be linked to, among others, thewidespread insecurity, hate crimes, underdevelopment, ineffective leadership,corruption, and cultural antagonism that undermine the project of nation building inNigeria. This reality suggests the need for a therapeutic intervention of a professionalcounsellor to re-educate the citizens on the roles of Citizenship Education in building166
Parents’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of the Role of Citizenship Education in Nation Building: Implicationsfor Counselling in NigeriaSunusi Muhammad Kani, Ph.D & Ezeodo Calista Chinwea Nigeria that will reflect the yearnings and aspirations of all, irrespective of thedifferences in religion, culture, ethnic and party affiliations.Counselling is a profession designed to help a client learn how to make decisions andformulate new ways of behaving, feeling, and thinking. According to the BritishAssociation for Counselling (BAC), as cited in Mcleod (2003),the term counselling includes work with individuals and withrelationships which may be developmental, crisis support,psychotherapeutic, guiding or problem solving The task ofcounselling is to give the ‘client’ an opportunity to explore,discover and clarify ways of living more satisfyingly andresourcefully (p. 7)Counselling is a process of helping people in, among others, (i) the acquisition of anunderstanding of the origins and development of emotional difficulties, leading to anincreased capacity to take rational control over feelings and actions, (ii) becomingbetter able to form and maintain meaningful and satisfying relationships with otherpeople, (iii) becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had been blocked offor denied, or developing a more accurate sense of how self is perceived by others, (iv)the development of a positive attitude towards self, marked by an ability toacknowledge areas of experience that had been the subject of self-criticism andrejection, and (v) inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for others andpass on knowledge and to contribute to the collective good through politicalengagement and community work (Mcleod, 2003). No doubt, counselling is relevantin assisting Nigerians to achieve the role of citizenship education in nation building.Hence, the specific purpose of this study is to ascertain teachers’ and parents’perception of the role of citizenship education in nation building and its implicationsfor counselling in Nigeria.John Krumboltz Career Choice Theory (1976) is relevant to the study. The majornotion of the theory states that an individual has several alternatives or courses ofaction and; that certain events occur with the alternatives and; that each event musthave a set of values attributed to it that is measurable. Career Choice Theory focuseson how individuals utilizes the information or knowledge available to enhance theimplementation of some decisions regarding self, work, and other life opportunities.167
Prestige Journal of Education, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2021A publication of the Association for the Promotion of Innovation in Education (APIE)ISSN: 2645-324X (Print)ISSN: 2645-3223 (Online)Krumboltz further stated that there are five general steps involved in any decisionmaking process; specification of the problem-which means the issue to be decided on;examination of the options or alternatives available; selection of the best alternativesand then; feedback or correction. Given the anti-nation building indices of widespreadinsecurity, hate crimes, underdevelopment, ineffective leadership, corruption, culturalantagonism in the country, Krumboltz Theory of Choice Making becomes critical inthis study because it can provide alternative ways for the citizens to embrace andreflect the Citizenship Education objectives which are crucial for sustainable nationbuilding.Statement of the problemCitizenship Education is the body of knowledge that conveys to the learners set ofvalues and behaviours that are considered vital and necessary for sustaining acountry’s democratic life through the teaching of the rights and responsibilities ofcitizens. The basic objectives of citizenship education in Nigeria among othersinclude: to create an awareness on the provisions of the Nigerian constitution and theneed for democracy in Nigeria; to sensitize Nigerians about the functions andobligations of the government; to assist in raising responsible, well informed and selfreliant Nigerian citizens and; to inculcate the right type of values and attitudes for thedevelopment of the individual and the Nigerian society (FRN, 2013). According toOkpoko and Okpala (2008), citizenship education can, therefore, be viewed as amethod of transmitting knowledge, skills, and political, economic, social andadministrative cultures to the citizens of a state for national development. The authorsare of the view that effective citizenship education will be evident in Nigerian peoplewhen they exhibits appropriate type of values and attitudes based on sound knowledgeand self-reliance; and participates in public efforts and activities that contribute tocommunity and national development.Presently, the Nigerian unity and democracy is under threat, especially with risinginsecurity, rampant ethnic violence and religious crises including leadership crises thathave become a common occurrence in Nigeria. Iyamu as cited in Yusuf (1999) viewscitizenship education as a conscious effort to inculcate in the youth, a set of values andattitude contingent on the need and problems of the society. If the views of Yusuf weretaken into consideration, then can the authors claim that the teaching of citizenshipeducation in Nigeria has not achieved its objectives? It is in order to justify this claim168
Parents’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of the Role of Citizenship Education in Nation Building: Implicationsfor Counselling in NigeriaSunusi Muhammad Kani, Ph.D & Ezeodo Calista Chinwethat the authors are investigating the teachers’ and parents’ perceptions of the role ofcitizenship education in nation building and its implications for counselling in Nigeria.Indeed, senior secondary school teachers and parents are in a place that can assist inascertaining whether the teaching of citizenship education has appropriately foster theneeded national unity and stability for the development of the Nigerian nation.Research questions1. What is the perception of senior secondary school teachers on the role ofcitizenship education in nation building?2. What is the perception of senior secondary school parents on the role ofcitizenship education in nation building?HypothesisHo1: There is no significant difference between the perceptions of seniorsecondary school teachers and parents on the role of citizenship education in nationbuilding.MethodologyThe study adopted descriptive survey design. The target population for this studyconsisted the teachers and parents of the students in five randomly selected SeniorSecondary School in Dala Zonal Education Authority of Kano State. A total 227teachers and 253 parents constituted the population. The sample size of the studycomprised of 95 teachers and 76 parents, conveniently selected from the totalpopulation of the study.Data were collected using researchers’ developed questionnaire titled ‘Perceptions ofTeachers and Parents on the Role of Citizenship Education Questionnaire’(PTPRCEQ). The questionnaire has two sections, A and B. Section A gathereddemographic information; while section B contained 23 items on the perceived rolesof Citizenship Education in nation building. Items of section B were scored on 4-pointresponse categories of strongly agree, agree, disagree and strongly disagree withassigned values of 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. Initially, the questionnaire had 19 itemsand was increased to 23 by experts who vetted it to ensure validity. To ensure thereliability of the questionnaire, 25 copies were trial tested on teachers of GovernmentSenior Secondary School, Sharada which was not part of the study. The scores169
Prestige Journal of Education, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2021ISSN: 2645-324X (Print)A publication of the Association for the Promotion of Innovation in Education (APIE)ISSN: 2645-3223 (Online)obtained were subjected to Cronbach Alpha analysis and a reliability coefficient of0.73 was obtained.The copies of the questionnaire were personally distributed by the researchers to theteachers and parents with the help of a research assistant. Completed copies werecollected on the spot while some were retrieved a day after distribution. The returnrate was 100% for both the teachers and parents. Data analysis was done using mean,standard deviations and t-test statistics. Mean value of less than 2.5 was rejected whilea mean value of 2.5 and above was accepted. The hypothesis was tested at 0.05 levelof significance.Presentation of resultsResearch question 1: What are the perceptions of senior secondary school teacherson the role of citizenship education in nation building?Table 1: Teachers perceptions of the role of citizenship education in nation buildingS/N1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.Roles of Citizenship EducationCitizenship educationHelps one to understand some basic laws of thestateProvides information on the duties andobligations to the stateFosters commitment to the fundamental valuesand principles that bind Nigerians togetherFosters cooperation between citizens and statePromotes informed discussion on public issuesamong citizensEncourages patriotismMotivates citizens to perform civic dutiesHelps in moulding responsible citizensEncourages the citizens to influence the publicpolicy-making processGives insight onthe workings of aconstitutional governmentExposes the rights and responsibilities ofcitizensPromotes informed participation in civicactivitiesEducates citizens on their rights and privilegesProvides information on the duties andobligations to the dAcceptedAcceptedRejected
Parents’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of the Role of Citizenship Education in Nation Building: Implicationsfor Counselling in NigeriaSunusi Muhammad Kani, Ph.D & Ezeodo Calista Chinwe15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.Encourages citizens to respect the values ofdifferent ethnicityTeaches rich Nigerian culturesExposes individuals to skills and values in thesocietyLeads to proper understanding of keygovernment institutionsExposes the role of state to the citizensEncourages peaceful coexistence amongNigeriansGives a sense of self belongingEncourages self-reliancePromotes active ejectedAcceptedAcceptedData analysis on Table 1 revealed that teachers accepted that Citizenship Educationplays the role of fostering commitment to the fundamental values and principles thatbind Nigerians together; promoting informed discussion on public issues amongcitizens; encouraging patriotism; helping in moulding responsible citizens;encouraging the citizens to influence the public policy-making process; giving insighton the workings of a constitutional government; leading to proper understanding ofkey government institutions; exposing individuals to skills and values in the society,and; encouraging peaceful coexistence among Nigerians, and as such promotes nationbuilding. While, the 14 items with mean score below the benchmark of 2.50, marked‘Rejected’ were not considered as the roles of Citizenship Education in nationbuilding. Furthermore, the closeness of the standard deviation scores on the roles ofCitizenship Education in nation building indicated less variability of the scores fromthe mean. This finding indicates low perceptions of senior secondary school teacherson the role of citizenship education in nation building.Research question 2: What are the perceptions of senior secondary school parents onthe role of citizenship education in nation building?171
Prestige Journal of Education, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2021ISSN: 2645-324X (Print)A publication of the Association for the Promotion of Innovation in Education (APIE)ISSN: 2645-3223 (Online)Table 2: Parents perceptions of the role of citizenship education in nation buildingS/NRoles of Citizenship jectedRejectedRejectedRejectedRejectedCitizenship education1. Helps one to understand some basic laws of the state2. Provides information on the duties and obligationsto the state3. Fosters commitment to the fundamental values andprinciples that bind Nigerians together4. Fosters cooperation between citizens and state5. Promotes informed discussion on public issuesamong citizens6. Encourages patriotism7. Motivates citizens to perform civic duties8. Helps in moulding responsible citizens9. Encourages the citizens to influence the publicpolicy-making process10. Gives insight on the workings of a constitutionalgovernment11. Exposes the rights and responsibilities of citizens12. Promotes informed participation in civic activities13. Educates citizens on their rights and privileges14. Provides information on the duties and obligationsto the state15. Encourages citizens to respect the values ofdifferent ethnicity16. Teaches rich Nigerian cultures.17. Exposes individuals to skills and values in thesociety18. Leads to proper understanding of key governmentinstitutions19. Exposes the role of state to the citizens20. Encourages peaceful coexistence among Nigerians21. Gives a sense of self belonging22. Encourages self-reliance23. Promotes active citizenshipThe data in Table 2 revealed that parents accepted that Citizenship Education providesinformation on the duties and obligations of citizens to the state and; fosterscommitment to the fundamental values and principles that bind Nigerians together.They rejected the remaining 21 items marked ‘Rejected’ with criterion mean scores ofless than 2.50, as the roles of Citizenship Education in Nigerian nation building.Hence, the reason for the closeness and less variability of the standard deviation scoreson the roles of Citizenship Education in nation building from the mean. The rejected172
Parents’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of the Role of Citizenship Education in Nation Building: Implicationsfor Counselling in NigeriaSunusi Muhammad Kani, Ph.D & Ezeodo Calista Chinweitems with mean score of less than 2.50 further indicated that parents are oblivious ofsome roles of Citizenship Education in nation building identified in the questionnaire.Ho1: There is no significant difference between the perceptions of senior secondaryschool teachers and parents on the role of citizenship education in nation buildingTable 3: t-test on the perceptions of teachers and parents on the role of citizenshipeducation in nation buildingRespondentsNMeanDftSig. (2-tailed) 952.4380The data on Table 3 showed t-test value of 5.649, with a probability value of .000which is less than 0.05 level of significance. Since the significant value of 0.05 isgreater than the sig. (2-tailed) value of .000, the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore,there is significant difference between teachers and parents perceptions of the role ofCitizenship Education in nation building.Discussion of the findingsThe discussions of the findings were made in line with the research questions thatguided the study. The teachers affirmed that Citizenship Education plays roles innation building as it fosters the commitment to the fundamental values and principlesthat bind Nigerians together; promotes informed discussion on public issues amongcitizens; encourages patriotism; helps in moulding responsible citizens; encouragesthe citizens to influence the public policy-making process; provides citizens withinsights on the workings of a constitutional government; gives proper understandingof key government institutions; exposes individual citizens to skills and values in thesociety; and encourages peaceful coexistence among Nigerians. This finding coincideswith the assertion of Bowles and Gintis, in Michael and Lian ( 2003), that thedevelopment of Citizenship Education is a key force in stabilizing and legitimating thenineteenth-century nation-state and in securing of a sense of national identity throughthe provision of a universal education, inventing public ceremonies, and massproducing public monuments. The National Curriculum Handbook for SecondaryTeachers in England (Department for Education and Employment, 1999), describes173
Prestige Journal of Education, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2021A publication of the Association for the Promotion of Innovation in Education (APIE)ISSN: 2645-324X (Print)ISSN: 2645-3223 (Online)the importance of Citizenship Education as follows: Citizenship Education givespupils the knowledge, skills and understanding to play an effective role the society atlocal, national, and international levels. It helps them to become informed, thoughtfuland responsible citizens who are aware of their duties and rights. It also teaches themabout the economy, democratic institutions and values and; equally encourages respectfor different national, religion and ethnic identities; and the ability to reflect onnational issues.Parents accepted that Citizenship Education provides the citizens with the informationon the duties and obligations of citizens to the state and; as well fosters commitmentto the fundamental values and principles that bind Nigerians together. Obiadi in Beston(2018), expressed that Citizenship Education helps individuals to make incisivedecisions and to take responsibility for their own lives and community and as wellteaches individuals on the importance of patriotism in ensuring the realization of unity,progress and stability. However, majority of the roles of Citizenship Education listedon the questionnaire were not acknowledged by teachers and parents, which suggestthat teachers and parents are ignorant of some of the important roles of CitizenshipEducation in nation building.The t-test results of teachers and parents perception of the role of CitizenshipEducation in nation building found a significant difference between teachers andparents perceptions of the role of Citizenship Education in nation building. Thereasons for the such difference could be attributed to parents lack of knowledge on theroles of Citizenship Education in nation building.ConclusionCitizenship Education plays important roles in nation building through fosteringcommitment to the fundamental values and principles that bind Nigerians together;promoting informed discussion on public issues among citizens; encouragingpatriotism; helping in moulding responsible citizens; encouraging the citizens toinfluence the public policy-making process; giving insight on the workings of aconstitutional government; leading to proper understanding of key governmentinstitutions; exposing individuals to skills and values in the society; and, encouragingpeaceful coexistence among Nigerians. The t-test results of teachers’ and parents’perception on the role of Citizenship Education in nation building found a significant174
Parents’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of the Role of Citizenship Education in Nation Building: Implicationsfor Counselling in NigeriaSunusi Muhammad Kani, Ph.D & Ezeodo Calista Chinwedifference between teachers and parents perceptions of the role of CitizenshipEducation in nation building.Counselling implicationsCounselling is a specialized form of intervention given by a counsellor to assistindividuals to explore, understand and overcome issues in their lives which may becausing them difficulty, distress and/or confusion. Counselling involves helping anindividual to become fully aware of and critically respond to their environment.Counselling for Citizenship Education, therefore, is a specialized service meant todevelop, inspire and motivate the citizens to participate in public life, assume roles,understand their rights and perform duties, usually related to citizenship in ademocratic system. Citizenship Education in the context of this study entails educatingNigerian citizens to become enlightened and to participate in decision makingprocesses concerning the democratic development of the Nigerian society. Thistherapeutic education intervention should take place within and outside the four wallsof the educational institutions.In view of this, the findings of this study have several counselling implications for thecitizens (students, teachers and parents), necessary for effective Citizenship Educationin Nigeria. Taking into cognizance that the senior secondary school teachers andparents have rejected most of the items of the questionnaire, this implies that most ofthe expected roles of citizenship education are not recognized by the citizens. Thiscalls for the need to involve the service of professional counsellors to further exposethe citizens to the roles of Citizenship Education in nation building. Thus, counsellingfor Citizenship Education should centre on behavioural modifications that encourageissues of national consciousness, citizenship, democracy, human rights, values, andnational development. It is therefore, essential that counsellors have the knowledge ofthe objectives and curriculum of Citizenship Education. In addition, the schoolcounsellors should have ability to assess why Citizenship Education is important inadvancing the Nigerian democracy. Counselling for citizenship education can beconducted within the spheres of educational, vocational and psycho-social guidance.175
Prestige Journal of Education, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2021A publication of the Association for the Promotion of Innovation in Education (APIE)ISSN: 2645-324X (Print)ISSN: 2645-3223 (Online)RecommendationsThe following recommendations were suggested based on the findings:1. Balanced awareness should be availed to the public to further communicate theroles of Citizenship Education to the project of nation building.2. Counselling options ought to be adopted as remedial or re-educationprogramme for promoting Citizenship Education.3. Government at every level should encourage and sponsor adult educationcentres across the country to further enlighten parents on important roles of CitizenshipEducation in nation building.ReferencesBeston, H. (2018). The Role of Ci
citizenship education as a programme aimed at inculcating in an individual the skills for effective participation in the process of democratic development and on how to live in freedom. The National Curriculum Handbook for Secondary Teachers in England (1999), describes the importance of Citizenship Education as follows:
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Dear St Mark's Whanau, Last night we welcomed new parents to our school for 2019 at an evening supported by our wonderful Parents' Association. It was an opportunity for us all to share many aspects of our school and welcome current parents, new parents and "old girls and boys" as new parents.
A NEWSLETTER FOR PARENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA–LINCOLN STUDENTS Fall 2009 VOL. 26 NO. 1 UNL Parents Association Co-Presidents Welcome, Parents! Welcome to our newest Parent’s Association members, our freshmen parents and our transfer student parents! Welcome also to all our returning Parent Association members!
