Small Scale Biodiesel Production - Wilson College
Small Scale BiodieselProductionWilson CollegeSarah Jo Griffin
TABLE OF CONTENTSAN INTRODUCTION TO BIODIESEL3 – 14THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL: A LAB PROCESS15 - 29APPENDIX A: MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS30-59BIODIESEL31-33GLYCERIN34 -38ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL39-42METHANOL43-48POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE49-53SODIUM HYDROXIDE54-59APPENDIX B: LAB SHEETS60-64APPENDIX C: SOURCES65-672
AN INTRODUCTION TOBIODIESEL3
What is Biodiesel?Biodiesel is a clean burning fuel made from variousfeedstocks, such as waste vegetable oil, virgin vegetable,animal fats, and yellow greasei. However, at Wilson College,we brew biodiesel using waste vegetable oil provided by thecampus kitchen. What makes biodiesel different from usingpure vegetable oil is a process known astransesterification, and this process will be discussedlater in this publication.Biodiesel is one of several biofuels that can be usedto meet society’s energy needs. For example, ethanol is avery common biofuel made from sugar cane, potatoe, maizeand manioc feedstocks. But, biodiesel is not ethanolbecause ethanol is a renewable biofuel intended for use ingasoline-powered enginesii.The interest in biodiesel has increased due to risingfuel prices, the want for energy independence (sincebiodiesel can be created through domestic sources) and theneed for an environmentally responsible fuel sourceiii.Advantages and Disadvantages of BiodieselThere are many advantages to using biodiesel as a fuelsource. First, biodiesel actually cleanses diesel engines4
of deposits that may have accumulated over time. Second,biodiesel may cost less than using traditional diesel sincea feedstock such as waste vegetable oil can be easily andcheaply obtained from places such as restaurants. However,the time and energy spent to create biodiesel can make itseem to be more expensive than readily available diesel.Third, biodiesel is a renewable and clean burning energysource. Fourth, small-scale biodiesel production does nottake more energy to create than it gives back. According toBiodiesel.Org, a leading organization in biodiesel researchand marketing:Biodiesel has one of the highest “energy balance” ofany liquid fuel. For every unit of fossil energy ittakes to make biodiesel, 4.5 units of energy aregained. This takes into account the planting,harvesting, fuel production and fuel transportationto the end useriv.Some of this calculation is probably due to the fact thatfeedstocks, such as waste vegetable oil, can be gaineddomestically, which means no transportation of petroleumfrom other countries and thereby less fossil fuels andenergy spent. Also, biodiesel can be used by itself inmodified diesel engines, which can mean no use ofpetroleum, which is typically gained from other countries.However, biodiesel does have some disadvantages.One disadvantage is that biodiesel on the small-scale takesgreat amounts of time and energy on the part of thebiodiesel producer to complete. Another disadvantage ofbiodiesel is that it has a lower energy output thantraditional fuel sources such as diesel and gasolinev. Also,if one is using waste vegetable oil as a feedstock, for5
example, massive amounts of water probably went intogrowing the vegetable, and this probably had negativeimpacts on the environment in terms of runoff andpesticidesvi. Also, washing the fuel takes considerablewater usage too.At any rate, now more than ever it is important tounderstand the different fuel sources available forvehicles. Our dependence on fossil fuels has causeddependency on foreign sources, environmental degradationand rising costs due to depletion and politicalinstability. Therefore, we must understand and know theoptions we have as consumers and members of the biospherein order to make responsible decisions.Biodiesel as Transportation Fuel SourceBiodiesel can be used as a pure fuel source itself, orit can be mixed with petroleum. In this case, the biodieselwould be labeled “B”, followed by the percentage ofbiodiesel added to the oil. For example, if 20% biodieselwere mixed with 80% petroleum, then the label would be B20.Additionally, blends up to 20% will work in a diesel enginewith no modificationsvii. In fact, biodiesel can cleanse adiesel engine of deposits that may have accumulated fromprevious fuel useviii. Therefore, it is important to checkfuel filters frequentlyix. Also, blends above B20 should beevaluated on a case-by-case basis since damage to theequipment and fuel systems could occur in unknown oruntested blends above B20x.6
Biodiesel Emissions Compared to DieselEmissionsAccording to Biodiesel.Org, biodiesel is the “firstand only alternative fuel to have a complete evaluation ofemission results and potential health effects”xi. Thefollowing chart, from the Environmental Protection Agencyoutlines the emissions results of biodiesel compared toconventional diesel:AVERAGE BIODIESEL EMISSIONS COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL DIESEL,ACCORDING TO EPAEmission TypeB100B20Total Unburned Hydrocarbons-67%-20%Carbon Monoxide-48%-12%Particulate Matter-47%-12%Nox 10% 2% to -2%RegulatedNon-RegulatedSulfatesPAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)**-100%-20%*-80%-13%nPAH(nitrated PAH’s)**-90%-50%***Ozone potential of speciated HC-50%-10%*Estimated from B100 result7
** Average Reducation across all compounds measured***2-nitroflourine results were within test method variabilitySource: Biodiesel Emissions. The National Biodiesel Board. Jefferson City, MO.http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf files/fuelfactsheets/emissions.pdfHydrocarbons, or the components that help to createsmog are reduced, as well as carbon monoxide (a poisonousgas), and particulate matter. Additionally, sulfates, whichcontribute to acid deposition, are completely eliminated aswell as a significant reduction in nPAH’s and PAH’s, whichare carcinogenic compounds. Hydrocarbons are also reduced,which includes the greenhouse gas, methane, which is 25%more potent than carbon dioxidexiiHowever, nitrogen oxides increase or decrease with theuse of biodiesel. Nitrogen oxides contribute tophotochemical smog and can cause respiratory problemsxiii.According to The National Biodiesel Board, the increase ordecrease in NOx emissions with B20, depends “on the enginefamily and testing procedures”xiv. However, the increase inB100 nitrogen oxide emissions is a definite drawback. Inspite of this, the Environmental Protection agency statesthat because biodiesel reduces so many other pollutants,and eliminates sulfur emissions altogether, the increase innitrogen oxides is small in contrast to what is gained byusing biodieselxv. Also, there are many researchers on trackto creating blends with specific diesels, which will reduceor eliminate nitrogen oxide emissions, such as thehydrogenation of soybean oil before the transesterificationprocessxvixvii.8
What is Transesterification?Transesterification is the process of converting wastevegetable oil into biodieselxviii. According to Lab 17written by Matt Steiman of the Miller’s Living in theEnvironment Instructors Guide for AP Environmental Studies,“Vegetable oil molecules are triglycerides”, this meansthey are made up of a “heavy glycerol molecule and threelighter fatty acid chains called esters”. The point of thetransesterification process is to separate thesecombustible and useful esters from the thick glycerol inorder to achieve oil that works properly in dieselenginesxix. Therefore, use the lye catalyst to split apartthe vegetable molecules and then mix them with methanol tocreate methyl esters. Then drain the glycerol from the oil,and what is left is a crude biodieselxx. The next processinvolves washing and drying the oil to free it ofparticulate matter.The titration process determines how much lye isneeded to perform a successful transesterification, andthis process is outlined next within this manual. However,for every liter of vegetable oil 20% of the oil needs to bemethanol to cause the transesterification processxxi.9
What is Titration?When vegetable oil is used in a deep fryer thechemical composition of it changesxxii. According to the MGELUser Guide, “the combination of triglycerides plus waterand heat causes the hydrolysis of ester bonds and theformation of free fatty acid molecules”xxiii. Essentially,free fatty acids (FFA’s) form within the oil, and acatalyst such as lye must neutralize them to enable thetransesterification process to create oil that is effectivein diesel enginesxxiv. But, the amount of FFA’s within theoil will vary each time, so we must perform titrations todiscover how much lye is needed to neutralize the FFA’ andbegin the transesterification process. Heavier used oilwill require more lye to neutralize the FFA's. This processis outlined in the lab section of this manual.Time CommittmentIt is important to understand that biodiesel requiresmuch attention and time on the part of the producers.According to Bioiesel Safety and Best Management Practicesfor Small-Scale Noncommerical Use and Production, theparticipants in biodiesel creation must have the time to: Maintain biodiesel equipment-- 10-15 minutes to cleanleaks or spills up10
Collect Oil Secure chemicals properly-- 5-7 minutes to getchemicals and put them away properly Fuel Processing-- Heating- 2 or more hoursCooling- 1 hour or moreTitration- 15 minutesPumping Oil- 15 minutesMixing- 1 hour Washing the Fuel-20 to 30 minutes Drying the Fuel- 24 hours Disposal of waste products- CompostingxxvThese procedures all require time and attention, andcan be disadvantages to people hoping for instantgratification. However, to run a responsible and safebiodiesel project, one must be thoughtful and respectfulof each step of the project and allow proper time foreach step to take place appropriately.Safety PrecautionsThe chemicals used to produce biodiesel are potent andsome are very toxic. It is important to follow the safetyprocedures outlined in Appendix A. Proper clothing for theprocess includes closed-toed shoes, goggles, aprons, and11
gloves. It is also necessary when mixing the lye andmethanol, to be under a fume hood in the lab. Methanol canirritate the lungs, cause eye damage, and overexposure canhave serious neurological impacts and it is a serious fireriskxxvi(more outlined in Appendix A).Lye can also irritatethe lungs and skin, cause eye damagexxvii. Therefore, again,it is important to follow the safety procedures outlined toprotect yourself and fellow producers.The Mobile Green Energy Lab12
Source: Mobile Green Energy Lab User Guide Version 1.1. Center for Urban EnvironmentalResearch and Policy. 2010. Loyola University: Chicago, IL. Pg. 4Source: Mobile Green Energy Lab User Guide Version 1.1. Center forUrban Environmental Research and Policy. 2010. Loyola University:Chicago, IL.These are diagrams of the system and the system components.Each component of the system is labeled in these diagramsand valves are labeled on the system itself.13
The Components of the MGEL Biodiesel Production System:Pretreatment tank- This is where the oil is first collectedand heatedMethoxide container- This is where the lye and methanol aremixed for transesterificationStir plate- the device used to agitate the methanol and lyeto become methoxideClearwater pump- Circulates around the methanol and lye andoil during transesterificationBubbler- Used to dry the oilReaction Tank- Where the transesterification, drying andwashing processes take placeFuel Tanks- The containers in which to store the biodieselSpill Cart- Prevents spills from reaching the floor14
THE PRODUCTION OFBIODIESELA LAB PROCESS15
Pretreatment of Waste Vegetable Oil1:Make that all valves are closed (they will be perpendicularto pipe if they are closed.)First, you must pretreat the waste vegetable oil (WVO)to remove contaminants within the oil. You want the oil asclean as you can get it. Therefore, you must pour the WVOinto the 25-micron sock filter on top of the pretreatmenttank. This sock filters out the particles within the WVO tocreate cleaner oil and thereby a cleaner burning oil.o First, note the date, participant names and gallons ofWVO to be converted to biodiesel.Note: You want to put in more oil than you intend to make;for example if you wish to create 3 gallons of biodiesel,begin with 5 gallons! This is because you may not get touse all of the oil due to spills, oil being left in thetank and draining particulate matter and glycerol.o Open the pretreatment tank, within it is a 25-micronsock filter. Pour the WVO through the sock filtercarefully. Note the temperature once the WVO is filledin pretreatment tank in lab sheets provided.1Source for this section of Lab Manual: Mobile Green Energy Lab (MGEL) UserGuide. 2009. Center for Urban Environmental Research and Policy. Pg 10. LoyolaUniversity, Il.16
Note: The WVO container should be held in a secondarycontainer in case of spills! If there is any WVO that isunused, place it back in secondary container. This unusedWVO should be returned to the central accumulation areaalong with rags and towels used to clean spills. Becausethe flashpoint of WVO is so high, 162 to 282 degrees C (323to 540 degrees F), it does not have to be stored inflammables cabinet. It should only be stored in flammablescabinet after it has been converted to biodiesel.o Next, turn on band heater by plugging in the mainpower for the Mobile Green Energy Lab. Next, turn onswitch #4 on the band heater labeled,” heat tank” andswitch #2 which is the temperature. This begins thenext process of heating the WVO to assist theseparation of the water and oil (water sinks to thebottom).o Allow the WVO to heat to 50 C. Note the temperature onthe Lab Sheet.o After 50 C is reached, take sample from top and samplefrom the bottom of pretreatment tank, this will beused for titrations.o After the oil is heated to 70 C, switch off the “heattank” button and wait for the oil to then cool to50 C. Note the temperature on Lab Sheet. You must heatand cool the waste vegetable oil in order to break17
some of the fatty acids from the glycerol2.o The next step is to drain both the water andparticulate matter from the bottom of the tank.o Place a waste container under valve 9. Slowly drainthe oil. At first, the oil should be very dark; thissignifies the water and particulate filled oil.However, once you notice amber colored oil, theprocess is completed and the oil should be clean.Close valve 9 once you notice this change in color.Titration3:Next, you must perform titration to determine theamount of free fatty acids (FFAs) within the WVO and theamount of lye needed to neutralize them. To performtitration, you will need, four empty cups or beakers,turmeric (indicates pH however, phenol red or another pHindicator can also be used), 1 mL oil for each beaker, 10mL isopropyl alcohol (known base). Use the top and bottom2Biodiesel-Fuel.co.uk. “What is Biodiesel?”. 2006-2009. Renewable EnergyAssociation. .3Source for this section of Lab Manual: Mobile Green Energy Lab (MGEL) UserGuide. 2009. Center for Urban Environmental Research and Policy. pp 10-11. LoyolaUniversity, Il.18
collections from the previous step. You will need 2 fromthe top of the pretreatment tank and 2 from the bottom.o Be sure to perform titration under a fume hood. Wearprotective gloves and goggles, and closed toed shoes!o First, add 1 gram of KOH or NaOH to 1 liter ofdistilled water into burette. This will later be addedto the isopropyl alcohol, WVO feedstock, and turmeric(or phenoyl red) to indicate the amount of catalystneeded to neutralize FFAs in the larger batch of WVO.o Measure 10 mL of isopropyl alcohol (this alcohol isextremely flammable and dangerous, take precautionarymeasures stated above). Also you must use a 91% orgreater concentration of Isopropyl alcohol!o Add the 10 mL of isopropyl alcohol to each of the 4beakers.o Place turmeric on the open palm of your hand andlightly dust the turmeric into the beaker4.4Just dust the turmeric in the solution. Turmeric is more qualitative thanquantitative, therefore, if you add a little too much it will not matter.19
oNext, add 1 mL of the WVO (feedstock) into eachbeaker filled with the alcohol and dusted with theturmeric. Swirl to mix.o Record the initial amount of the KOH or NaOH and watermixture. Slowly add the solution from the burette atabout .5 mL at a time into the beaker. Both KOH andNaOH should be treated the same way regardless ofwhich you are using.o Stop adding the burette solution when the beakersolution becomes a pinkish red color and stays at thiscolor for 30 seconds. This indicates the solutions pHis between 8 and 9.o To determine the amount of solution used, subtract theFinal quantity of the burette solution from theInitial quantity of the burette solution. For example,if you started with 5 mL of solution in the dropperand removed 1.5 mL of solution, the end result wouldbe 3.5.o Perform this test another three times, and take theaverage amount. If there is an anomaly, or one numberthat is not close to the other numbers, throw it out.Record this amount on Lab Sheet.20
Determining Amounts of Oil, Methanol and LyeNeeded for Reaction5o Close all valves on the reactor then open valves 2 and3.o The oil should then begin to pump from thepretreatment tank to the reactor. This will show youhow much WVO you are working with but, make sure thatALL the WVO has been drained from the pretreatmenttank because this affects titration numbers! Note thisamount on your Lab Sheet.o Activate the switch labeled, “Pump”; you should nowsee oil being pumped from the pretreatment tank to thereactor.o After the specific amount of oil has been moved intothe reactor, or if 12 gallons enters the tank, or air5Source for this section of Lab Manual: Mobile Green Energy Lab (MGEL) UserGuide. 2009. Center for Urban Environmental Research and Policy. pp 12. LoyolaUniversity, Il.21
bubbles prevent any further oil from entering reactor,turn off the switch labeled “Pump”.o 1.5 gallons will remain at the bottom of the tank soplace bucket underneath valve 9 and open valve 9.After draining the remaining oil, pour it into thereactor/wash tank with the rest of the oil.o Measure and document the amount of WVO within thereactor and record that number on Lab Sheet. Round tothe nearest quarter of a gallon if need be.o There may be oil left over since the pump may havestopped due to air pockets within the tubing. Removethis excess oil by opening valve 9 and draining theexcess into a bucket labeled waste vegetable oil andplace it within secondary containment. We do not wantany wasted oil or oil left within the pretreatmenttank.o To determine the catalyst or NaOH or KOH, take thetitration average from before. Plug the values intothe following formula on the next page to determinethe amount needed.22
Determining Amounts of Methanol and LyeT Average Titration ValueX The amount of lye (NaOH or KOH) needed ingrams1 Gallon 3.79 Liters(? L) Amount of WVO or Feedstock? L(.2) Liters of MethanolX (T (4))X(?L) g LyeExample:20% of the volume should be methanol (e.g. 10 gallonsof waste vegetable oil 2 gallons of methanolTo get liters, multiply 3.79 by the gallons of oil youhave (e.g. 6 gallons of oil 3.79 x 6 22.74)You need 4 grams per liter of oil. To get amount ofgrams needed total, add the titration number to 4, (e.g. .8titration number 4 4.8)Multiply 4.8 by the liters to get amount of gramsneeded total to complete transesterification (e.g. 4.8 x22.74 109 grams of lye to methanol).23
Mixing Methanol and Lye to Create Methoxide6o When handling methanol and lye it is extremelyvital that you wear proper protective clothingunderneath fume hood, this includes gloves, mask,goggles, and closed toed shoes! If there areothers in the laboratory, they should stand faraway from the methanol and lye unless they arealso covered in protective clothing and apparatus!o Under the fume hood measure the appropriate amount ofmethanol you calculated. Pour this into the methoxidetank and be sure to close the lid tightly.o Next, measure the appropriate amount of lye needed ina coffee filter on top of a balance, and then add thelye to the methoxide tank. Seal the tank tightlybefore beginning the agitation.o Next, be sure the methoxide tank is on top of stirplate. Turn on stir plate. Slowly increase the power6Source for this section of Lab Manual: Mobile Green Energy Lab (MGEL) UserGuide. 2009. Center for Urban Environmental Research and Policy. pp 12- 13.Loyola University, Il.24
of the stir plate but never exceed one quarter of thefull power of the stir plate. Therefore, no more than300 on stir plate power.o If stir plate is not working, gently shake themethoxide tank, but, DO NOT OPEN IT!o If using KOH, it ought to dissolve in 5 minutes;however, NaOH could take up to 15 minutes or more.o Once all the catalyst has been dissolved, it is readyto be mixed into reactor.o Return methanol and lye to appropriate storagecontainment. Methanol MUST be placed in flammablescabinet. SEE MSDS Sheets in Appendix!Transesterification7oNext, you must heat oil in preparation for thereaction. Move the temperature probe to the reactortank.7Source for this section of Lab Manual: Mobile Green Energy Lab (MGEL) UserGuide. 2009. Center for Urban Environmental Research and Policy. pg 13. LoyolaUniversity, Il.25
oTurn on the switches, labeled, “Temperature”,“Pump”, and “Heat Pump”. Note: NEVER TURN ON HEAT PUMPWITHOUT TURNING ON PUMP! Note the start time on LabSheet.oAllow the temperature to reach 50 C, thecontrol panel will hold the temperature at 50 C toprotect the integrity of the plastic.oOnce the temperature has reached 50 C, TURNOFF HEAT PUMP! TURN OFF HEAT PUMP! Methoxide cannotcome into contact with direct heat! Note the stop timeon Lab Sheet. If temperature drops below 50 C, turn onswitch #3 but #3 can only be on if #1 is on.oNext, you must open valve 5 and 6 so themethoxide can enter the tubing, which will connect itto the reaction tank.oYou will need to tip the methoxide tank to getthe rest of the methoxide out. When methoxide isemptied, close valves 5 and 6 and turn off pumpswitch.oAllow the pump to run for 1 hour, also, recordthe start time of the reaction on Lab Sheet and anyspecial comments about the reaction.oAfter 1 hour, close valve 6 and 7. Allow it tosettle overnight, turn off all switches on powerstation.Drain Glycerin and Washing FueloLastly, get a Hazardous Waste containerlabeled, “Glycerin” along with the date of thecollection, and place it under valve 1. Slowly open26
valve 1 and valve 6 to drain out the glycerin. Theglycerin will be a darker, thicker liquid than thebiodiesel. Compost this glycerin (we will have ittested for methanol content). After draining closevalves 1 and 6.When you come in to wash the fuel, you shoulddrain out remaining glycerin at the bottom of the tank—somewill have settled out over night. In fact, since we aregoing to wait a day anyway, might as well just drain allthe glycerin out the next day before you wash the fuel.Washing the Fuel8In order to remove the impurities from the biodieselyou have just created, the fuel must be washed. Thisprocess gathers the contaminants to the bottom of the tankso they may be drained out. After the washing process thebiodiesel must then be dried since water can affect thequality of the biodiesel.o Setup the wash system by connecting tubing to thedrill holes at the top of the reactor.o Secure the wash system in place with use of theVelcro.o Connect wash system to the faucet, and turn on thesink; it would be best to use warm or hot water toquicken the separation. Make sure the water pressureis a fine mist. You will need to add 20% to 25% water8Source for this section of Lab Manual: Mobile Green Energy Lab (MGEL) UserGuide. 2009. Center for Urban Environmental Research and Policy. Pg 14-15. LoyolaUniversity, Il.27
to the biodiesel in the tank. For example, if you have10 gallons of biodiesel, add between two and one-halfgallons. Once you’ve reached this amount turn off thewater.o Allow the contents to settle for 20-30 minutes andrecord on the Lab Sheet the amount of wash water.oGet a container labeled wash water and place itunderneath valve 1. Slowly open valves 1 and 6 todrain the wash water and stop when you begin to noticebiodiesel being released from reactor. Note thegallons on the lab sheets after you have removed thewash water. (The washwater will be a white color atthe bottom of reactor tank). After it drains closevalves 1 and 6.Note: Be careful not to open valve 1 too quickly during thewashing process, it could cause a too much wash water andonce and you will need to reheat to separate mixture again!o Collect a sample of the wash water in order to testthe pH. Dip pH paper into the sample of wash water andrecord the pH onto the Lab Sheet. If pH of wash wateris neutral then it can be dumped down drain. If thewash water is basic, add vinegar to lower the pH toaround 7oRepeat the washing process and remember to note startgallons and stop gallons on Lab Sheet.o After washing is completed and the pH is achieved,drain all water out of the tubing and return tubing tothe bottom of the MGEL system.o Only if oil is excessively dirty should you perform athird wash, but this is rare.28
o Remove hoses from wash tank after the wash iscomplete.Drying Biodiesel9o Next, you must dry the biodiesel, which means removingwater vapor from the fuel. When the pump is turned onwater evaporates through the top of the tank.o Place the tubes from the air pump into the holes atthe top of the reactor. Make sure wood coated tubesare in the fluid. Plug the air pump into it'sdesignated switch,(switch 8) and turn it on. Notethe start time of bubbler (air pump) on Lab Sheet.o Allow the bubbler or air pump to run for 24 hours,remove any water that has accumulated at the bottom ofthe tank. Then, switch off the air pump and remove thetubing from the top of the reactor. Note the stop timeof bubbler on Lab Sheet.Emptying Biodiesel from the Reactoro You may find excess wash water after allowing thebidiesel to dry overnight. If so, open valves 1 and 6and collect the wash water. Then close valves 1 and 6.o Finally, open valves 2 and 6 to release the biodieselthrough the filter using the hand pump. Collect thebiodiesel into a designated yellow container, andplace that in secondary containment. Then close allvalves and turn off power station, and unplug powerstation. Document in the lab sheet how much biodieselwas removed and when.9Source for this section of Lab Manual: Mobile Green Energy Lab (MGEL) UserGuide. 2009. Center for Urban Environmental Research and Policy. Pg 15. LoyolaUniversity, Il.29
APPENDIX AMaterial Safety Data SheetsBiodieselGlycerinIsopropyl AlcoholMethanolPotassium HydroxideSodium Hydroxide30
BIODIESELHealth Effects:Inhalation: No effects can occur at room temperature,but when heated, vapors of biodiesel may irritatemucous membranes, cause dizziness and nausea.Eye Contact: May cause irritation.Skin Contact: Repeated or prolonged contact with theskin will not cause problems unless the oil is heated.Ingestion: No hazards anticipated from ingestionincidental to industrial exposure.First Aid Measures:Inhalation:Remove from area to fresh air. Seek medical attentionif symptoms persist.Eye Contact:Flush eyes with a heavy stream of water for 15 to 20minutes. Seek medical attention if symptoms persist orworsen.Skin:Wash contaminated areas of the body with soap andwater.Ingestion:31
Give one to two glasses of water to drink. If gastrointestinal symptoms develop, seek medical attention.NEVER GIVE ANYTHING BY MOUTH TO AN UNCONSCIOUS PERSON!Fire Safety:Flashpoint:130.0 C or 266.0 F min.Extinguishing Media:Dry chemical, foam, halon (where permissible),CO2, water spray (fog), (water stream may splashthe burning liquid and spread fire).Special Fire Fighting Procedures:Use water spray to cool drums exposed to fire.Explosion Hazards:Oil soaked rags or spill absorbents ( i.e. oildry, polypropylene socks, sand, etc.) can causespontaneous combustion if stored nearcombustibles and not handled properly. Storebiodiesel soaked rags in special approved safetycontainers and dispose of them properly. Oilsoaked rags may be washed with soap and water andallowed to dry in a well ventilated air.Firefighters should use self-contained breathingapparatus to avoid exposure to smoke and vapor.Evacuate non-emergency personnel to safe area.32
Accidental Release and/or Spill:Remove sources of ignition, contain spill to smallestarea possible. Stop leak if possible. Pick up smallspills with absorbent materials and dispose ofproperly to avoid spontaneous combustion.Recover large spills for salvage or disposal. Washhard surfaces with safety solvent or detergent toremove remaining oil film. Watch for slippery surfacecaused by the greasiness of the oil.Handling and Storage:Store in closed containers between 50 F and 120 F.Keep away from oxidizing agents, excessive heat, andignition sources. Store and use in well ventilatedareas. Do not store near heat, spark, flame orsunlight. Do not puncture, drag or slide containers.Drum is not a pressure vessel; never use pressure toempty.Disposal Considerations:Waste may be disposed of by a licensed waste disposalcompany. Contaminated absorbent material may bedisposed of in an approved landfill. Follow local,state, and federal disposal laws.SOURCES:Biodiesel. Organic Fuels: Fuel Solutions. June Biodiesel Sample Material Safety Data Sheet. JeffersonCity, MO.33
GlycerinHealth Effects:Inhalation:Due to low vapor pressure, inhalation of vaporsis unlikely, however, inhalation may causeirritation.Eye Contact:Can cause irritationSkin Contact:Can cause irritationIngestion:Low toxicity but could cause nausea, diarrhea, orheadache.First Aid Measures:Inhalation:Move to fresh air. Get medical attention for anybreathing difficulty.Sk
source. Fourth, small-scale biodiesel production does not take more energy to create than it gives back. According to Biodiesel.Org, a leading organization in biodiesel research and marketing: Biodiesel has one of the highest "energy balance" of any liquid fuel. For every unit of fossil energy it takes to make biodiesel, 4.5 units of energy are
2008 Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (Fourth Edition) 5 This document is a guide for those who blend, store, distribute, and use biodiesel and biodiesel blends. It provides basic information on the proper and safe use of biodiesel and biodiesel blends in compression-ignition engines
Production – U.S. production of biodiesel was 159 million gallons in December 2020. Biodiesel production during December 2020 was 8 million gallons higher than production in November 2020. Biodiesel production from the Midwest region (Petroleum Administration for Defense District 2) accounted for 72 percent of the United States total.
Describe the inputs & process of making biodiesel (transesterification) . and hydrogen) of the alcohol to form fatty acid alkyl esters (in our case, fatty acid methyl esters or FAMEs), which are biodiesel. To speed up the reaction, a base catalyst , . ethanol* to form biodiesel. Biodiesel is a methyl or ethyl ester (depending on whether
Life cycle environmental impacts Life cycle environmental impacts of biodiesel production from seven categories of feedstocks were calculated (Table 1). In order to produce 0.2 million tonnes of biodiesel, biodiesel production consumed about 214-268 thousand tonnes of fruits and about 204-234 thousand tonnes of biomass oil from life cycle .
basic catalyst used in making biodiesel. Methanol (CH3OH) a volatile colourless alcohol, derived originally as wood alcohol, used as a racing fuel and as a solvent. Also called methyl alcohol, used to make methoxide in biodiesel production. Methoxide an organic salt, in pure form a white powder. In biodiesel production, "methoxide" is a product of
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2) Biodiesel will clean your injectors and fuel lines. If you have an old diesel vehicle, there's a chance that your first few tanks of biodiesel could free up all the accumulated crud and clog your fuel filter. 3) It has a higher gel point. B100 (100% biodiesel) gets slushy a little under 32 F.
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