A Study On The Ambiguity Found In English Exercises Of . - Core

A STUDY ON THE AMBIGUITY FOUND IN ENGLISHEXERCISES OF VOCATIONAL SCHOOL STUDENT’SEXERCISE BOOKSRESEARCH PAPERSubmitted as a Particial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor Getting Bachelor Degree of Educationin English Departementby:ATIK PRAMITASIHA 320 080 091SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATIONMUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA2012i

APPROVALA STUDY ON THE AMBIGUITY FOUND IN ENGLISH EXERCISES OFVOCATIONAL SCHOOL STUDENT’S EXERCISE BOOKSRESEARCH PAPERby:ATIK PRAMITASIHA320080091Approved by:First ConsultantSecond ConsultantProf. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.HumDra. Malikatul Laila, M.Humii

ACCEPTANCEAccepted by the board of Examiners Schoolof Teacher Training and EducationMuhammadiyah University of Surakartaon Oktober 20121. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum()(Chair Person)2. Dra. Malikatul Laila, M.Hum.()()(Member I)3. Drs. H. Maryadi, M.A(Member II)Approved bySchool of Teacher Training and EducationMuhammadiyah University of SurakartaDean,(Drs. H Sofyan Anif, M Si)NIK. 547iii

TESTIMONYThe writer here with asserts that there is no proposed work before inthis research to get a bachelor degree in a certain university and as long as the writerknows there is also no work or idea that has ever been written or publishedby other people, except referred in this research paper mentioned in the bibliography.If it is proven that there is a mistake in the writer’s statements above in thefuture, she will be fully responsible for it.Surakarta, Oktober 2012ResearcherAtik PramitasihA320080091iv

MOTTOKegagalan hanyalah kesempatan untuk memulai lagi lebih pandai.(Henry Ford)Tidak ada pemandangan yang lebih menyedihkan daripada seorang muda yangpesimistis.(Mark Twain)Ketike seseorang tak bisa mendapatkan apa yang ia inginkan, yakinlah bahwa Tuhanlebih tahu apa yang dibutuhkan. Tuhan maha tahu yang baik dan yang buruk bagiciptaanNya.(Penulis)v

DEDICATIONThis research paper is dedicated to: My beloved mother and father, My beloved sister (Alfy), My beloved brother (Ari), My beloved dear All of my friend especially Gembelz Community and Symphavi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFirst of all, the writer would like thanks to Allah SWT for blessing in finishing thisresearch paper as a partial fulfillment of the requirement in completing the graduatedegree of education in Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.The writer is aware that actually he cannot finish this research paper without otherhelps. In occasion, he would like to express his great appreciation to:1. Drs. Drs. H Sofyan Anif, M Si, as the Dean of School of Teacher Training ofEducation, from approving this research.2. Titis Setyabudi, S.Pd, M. Hum., as the Head of English department.3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum, as the first consultant who has given heradvice, patience guidance, correction and suggestion from the beginning tothe finishing of this research paper.4. Dra. Malikatul Laila, M.Hum., as the second consultant who has given thewriter patience guidance and correction in finishing this research paper.5. Drs. H. Maryadi M. A. as the third consultant who has given the writerguidance and correction and suggestion wisely.6. The writer‘s beloved mother and father who always love, pray, guide andsupport the writer on finishing this research paper. She loves you more thanshe can say. U’re her everything .vii

7. Her beloved brother, Ari (now at husbandry department of BrawijayaUniversity), thanks for his support and help to borrow his friend’s exercisebooks. Keep running whatever the situation lil-bro. 8. Her lovely sister and roommate, Alfy, thanks for supporting andaccompanying her everyday. :*9. Her Bawel for everything. Support, pain, love, and prayer. Love u,,10. The Gembelz Community of class C, whatever their class, it is always calledC. Bebeb Galuh, Anyak jueleq, Teteh, Babi Huda, Ilham, Rendi, Ncepti,Anna, Arif, Blink, Narko, Tika, Vima, Risa, Yuni, Saras, Mb Susil, Linda,Mimi, May, Udin, Arsida, all of her friends she can’t listed here one by one.Thanks for calling her Virush or Cyber Crime, always spread positive virus toeveryone! :D11. Sympha Drama Community. Hanif aka Happy, Pandu aka Mopey, Arif, Sasa,Mb Ana, Watik, Maz Tri, etc. and also Sympha Accoustic (Maz Agus, MasPian, Maz Gendut) Keep always in spirit of SYMPHA!! She still rememberyou all 12. Ex-Lupuswati family that can’t be forgotten. Mb Ana, Ning, Novi, Erna, MbDee, Timbol, Mb Nana, Mb Kiki, Mb Nika, Mb Panda. Miss U.13. Green Fidsya 3’s family. Ucik, Isti, Lia, Aan, Nisa, Mida, Rida, Widi, Risma,Vika, Mb Nana, Bebeb Galuh, princez Ajenk, Evi, Eva, Endah, Bani, Uni,Wuri, Herlin, Mb Lina, Mb Helen, Maz Roni, Mb Fatma,,,viii

14. Her thankful brother and sister, Indah, Tri Wiyanto and Robert. Thanks 4borrowing the exercise books. Her research paper is nothing without yours.15. For all friends in Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta from all facultiesthat she knows and knows her. Its worth to see you all.16. The last and the most important for Allah SWT, the one and only, thanks foralways giving inspirations and heard and answered of her prayers. Thanksalso for her great prophet Muhammad SAW, peace and be upon him, whospread good morals and knowledge.ix

TABLE OF CONTENTCOVER iAPPROVAL iiACCEPTANCE iiiTESTIMONY ivMOTTO vDEDICATION viACKNOWLEDGEMENT viiTABLE OF CONTENT xLIST OF TABLES xvLIST OF CHART xviLIST OF APPENDIXES .xviiABSTRACT xivCHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1A. Background of the StudyB. Problem Statement 1 4C. Objective of the Study 4D. Benefit of the Study 5E. Research Paper Organization 5CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 7A. Previous Study 7x

1. Luqman Al Hakim’s Work; A Study on the Ambiguity Found inEnglish Test for Junior High School Students (UMS, 2009)72. Natasha Jacobus’s Work; The Study of Structural Ambiguity inThe Interview Articles of English Tempo Magazine (UKP, 2007) 83. Susan Kristianty’s Work; The Structural and Lexical AmbiguityFound in Cleo Magazine Advertisements (UKP, 2006)4. Position of the StudyB. Underlying Theory 9 10 111. Ambiguity 112. Types of Ambiguity 13a. Syntactic Ambiguity 131) Surface-Structure Ambiguity 142) Deep-Structure Ambiguity 16b. Lexical Ambiguity 173. The Reasons of Ambiguity 18a.Without Context 19b. Ambiguous Word Orderc. 20Improper or Missing Punctuationd. Faulty Pronoun Reference 224. The Ways to Disambiguate Ambiguitya. Paraphrasing 21 24 23b. Adding Preposition of 24xi

c. Moving Sentence Constructionsd. Adding Additional Contexte. Using Hyphen (-)f. Using Picture 26 27 29CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODSA. Type of the Study 25 30 30B. Data and Data Source 30C. Object of the Study 30D. Technique of the Collecting Data 31E. Technique of the Analyzing Data 31CHAPTER IV : RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 32A. Research Findings 321. Types of Ambiguity 32a. Lexical Ambiguity 321) Verbs 332) Nouns 343) Adjectives 37b. Syntactic or Structural Ambiguity 401) Surface –Structure Ambiguity 40a) A Coordinate Head with One Modifier 40b) A Complement and Modifier or Two Complements 42xii

c) A Head with an Inner Modifier and an Outer Modifier . 45d) Certain Function Words, Including Not, Have PossibleDifferences in Scope 47e) A Head with a Coordinate Modifier 482) Deep-Structure Ambiguity 53a) Gerund Object or Participle Modifying a Nounb) Certain Noun Phrase2. The Frequency of Ambiguity54 54 573. The Dominant Type of Ambiguity 614. The Reasons of Ambiguity 61a. Without Context 61b. Ambiguous Word Order 63c. Improper or Missing Punctuation 64d. Faulty of Sentence Structure 665. Discussion 68CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 73A. Conclusion 73B. Suggestion 75BIBLIOGRAPHY AND VIRTUAL REFERENCEAppendixes xv . xviiixiii

LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1 Lexical Ambiguity 38Table 4.2 Surface-structure Ambiguity 48Table 4.3 Deep-structure Ambiguity 55Table 4.4 Frequency of Ambiguity 57Table 4.5 Types, Reasons and Ways to Disambiguate Ambiguityxiv 67

LIST OF CHARTChart 4.1 Frequency of Ambiguity 59xv

LIST OF APPENDIXESClassification of AmbiguityData of Ambiguityxvi

ABSTRACTAtik Pramitasih. A320080091. A STUDY ON THE AMBIGUITY FOUND INENGLISH EXERCISES OF VOCATIONAL SCHOOL STUDENT’S EXERCISEBOOKS. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. 2012.The study aims on identifying the types, describing the frequency and the dominanttype and also describing the causes and ways to disambiguate 101 ambiguoussentences found in vocational school student’s exercise books entitled Forum, Pista,Prestige 1, Prestige 2, Prestige 3, Prestige 4, Modul Mentari 1 and Modul Mentari 2.The object of the study is the ambiguous word or sentence in those exercise books.The type of this study is qualitative research. The method of collecting data isdocumentation. The technique of the data analysis is using descriptive qualitative. Itmeans the researcher identifying the types of ambiguity by Hurford Heasly and Jamestheory for lexical ambiguity and Kreidler theory for syntactical ambiguity, describingthe frequency of each ambiguity by using table and chart, deciding the most dominantambiguity and then describing the causes and the ways to disambiguate theambiguous sentences by using different ways from some linguists.The finding shows that the writer finds lexical ambiguity (23,8%) and structural orsyntactic ambiguity (76,2%). Lexical ambiguity divided into some part of speech;verbs (3%), nouns (16,8%), and adjectives (4%). Syntactic ambiguity divided intosurface-structure ambiguity (58,4%); a coordinate head with one modifier (8,91%), acomplement and modifier or two complements (23,8%), a head with an innermodifier and an outer modifier (24,7%), certain function words, including not, havepossible differences in scope (1%) and deep-structure ambiguity (17,8%);gerund object or participle modifying a noun (2%), and also certain noun phrase(15,8%). The dominant type of ambiguity is 77 sentences (76,2%) of structuralambiguity. The writer finds 1) without context, 2) ambiguous word order, and 3)improper or missing punctuation, and 4) faulty of sentence structure as the reasons ofambiguity that can be resolved by using paraphrasing, adding preposition of, movingsentence construction, adding additional context, hyphen (-) and picture.Keywords: Ambiguity, reasons of ambiguity, English exercise booksConsultant IConsultant IIProf. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum.NIK. 274Dra. Malikatul Laila, M.Hum.NIK. 409xvii

ambiguity and then describing the causes and the ways to disambiguate the ambiguous sentences by using different ways from some linguists. The finding shows that the writer finds lexical ambiguity (23,8%) and structural or syntactic ambiguity (76,2%). Lexical ambiguity divided into some part of speech;