Some Data On The Invention Of The Airplane And The New Airplane Industry
1Some data on the invention of the airplane and the new airplane industryBy Peter B. Meyer 1,2Office of Productivity and Technology, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics18 Feb 2010This work is preliminary and incomplete.IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to establish a set of quantitative historical facts and their sources about the invention of theairplane and the rise of aircraft-related organizations and industries. This will support the study and analytical modeling ofhow an invention comes about and leads to a new industry. The facts as presented here will have errors, omissions, andambiguities, which can be corrected, improved, and clarified over time.1All views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics.2Acknowledgements: The author Ceceile Richter for expert research assistance, and participants at many past conferences for support, advice, and input.
2Appendix A. Notes on sources and future tables.References to sources are compressed in the following tables.A reference to G104 is a reference to page 104 of Gunston:Gunston, Bill. 1993. World Encyclopedia of Aircraft Manufacturers. Naval Institute Press: Annapolis, Maryland; and HaynesPublishing/Patrick Stephens Ltd, Sparkford Somerset, UK.A reference to Gunston 2d is to the second edition of that book, dated 2005.A reference to Dir1920 is to the International Directory of Aeronautical Anderson, John D. 1997 A History of Aerodynamics.Crouch, Tom. 1981/2002 Dream of Wings: Americans and the Airplane, 1875-1905.Dale, Henry. 1992. Early Flying Machines. Oxford University Press.Garber, Lester W. 2005. The Wright Brothers and the Birth of Aviation. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press.Gibbs-Smith, Charles. 1966. The Invention of the Aeroplane.Hallion, Richard P. 2003. Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age from Antiquity through the First World War. Oxford University Press.Hoffman, Paul. 2003. Wings of Madness: Alberto Santos-Dumont and the Invention of Flight. Theia: New York.Jakab, Peter L. 1990. Visions of a Flying Machine: The Wright Brothers and the Process of Invention. Washington, DC: SmithsonianInstitution Press.Jarrett, Philip. 1987. Another Icarus: Percy Pilcher and the Quest for Flight. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.Kelly, Maurice. 2006. Steam in the Air: the Application of Steam Power in Aviation during the 19th and 20th Centuries. Barnsley, SouthYorkshire, England: Pen & Sword Aviation.Penrose, Harald. An Ancient Air: A Biography of John Stringfellow of Chard, The Victorian aeronautical pioneer. First published 1988 byAirlife Publishing Ltd; this edition 2000 by Wrens Park Publishing, an imprint of W.J. Williams & Son, Ltd.Randolph, Stella. 1966. Before the Wrights flew: the Story of Gustave Whitehead. New York: G.P. Putnam' s Sons.Roseberry, C.R. Glenn Curtiss: Pioneer of Flight. 1972 by C.R. Roseberry. My edition: 1991 Syracuse University Press.Shulman, Seth. 2002. Unlocking the Sky: Glenn Hammond Curtiss and the race to invent the airplane. HarperCollins.Tobin, James. 2003. To Conquer the Air: The Wright Brothers and the Great Race for Flight. New York: Free Press (Simon & Schuster).Von Kármán, Theodore. 1954. Aerodynamics: Selected topics in the light of their historical development. Ithaca, New York: CornellUniversity Press.
3Tables to come:German, U.S., and British patentsTable summarizing citations of individuals by historians in the indexes of booksTable of clubs and other organizations relevant to the inventionSome counts of letter traffic between the key players (Chanute-Wrights, and letters to and from Lilienthal)
4Appendix B. Early fixed-wing aircraft makersMost of these are firms. Some are individuals, government institutions, or nonprofits such as research institutes.Entity'sLast Yearin AircraftProductsSources1915G10; 2dG6Founded 1 October 1907. Four aircrafttotal incl. a multiplane, making for oneeach except by the Bells. (A. G. Bell didproduce an aircraft, which is listed underhis own name.)1908 or1909G10, 42, 872dG7, 88,112;mfr; electrical company; major producer ofwarplanes incl. large bombers, 2-seatrecon., 2-seat fighets, and armouredattackers.1919?G10; 2dG7;1IDCH410;Dir1920p26;Est. Feb. 1915, produced over 90 licensedCaudrons by June 1916; then built SPaircraft for for Fiat' s aviation company,SIA, and about 50 Ansaldo SVAs.1919 Feb.G11, 277;2dG8, 424;Designated NamesYear of FirstInvestmentin AircraftNationPlaceEntityTypeAdmiralty Air Department1915UKUK2Admiralty Air Department,designer; Pembertonflying boat and prototype pusher interceptorBilling, flying-boatbuilder.Key IndividualsAerial ExperimentAssociation (AEA)1907USHammondsport, NY0Dr. Alexander GrahamBell, leader; Mrs. Bell,prime mover and financier;and designers, GlennHammond Curtiss, Lt.T.E. Selfridge, and F.W.Baldwin and J.A.D.McCurdy, both Canadians.Allgemeine ElektricitätsGesellschaft (AEG);Allgemeine ElektricitätsGesellschaft, abt.Flugzeugbau1910GermanyNiederneuendorf,near Berlin1Emil Rathenau, founder,1883, name changed fromDEGAER / ?1915ItalyOrbassano1Aerial Navigation Co.ca. 1911Gurard, KSCall?Products and/or DesignsCall MonoplaneSD15, 66General Notes
5Designated NamesYear of FirstInvestmentin AircraftNationPlaceEntityTypeKey IndividualsProducts and/or DesignsInglis M Upperçu; Charlesflying boats, seaplanes; firm reorganizedWillard, designer, whoand named, 1914; then built both land andbecame chief engineer inwater machines and held contracts with theearly 1916; Albert S.U.S. Army and Navy. BecameHeinrich, who joined asAeromarine-Klemm, 1928.chief designer, late 1915.Aircraft manufacturing firmof Inglis M. Uppercu becameAeromarine Plane and MotorCo. (Aeromarine), 1914.1908USAKeyport, NJ; by late1915, Nutley, NJ.1Aeronautic Supply Co.1909USASt. Louis, MO1Benoist?built numerous prototypes.Aeronautical Syndicate Ltd1909UK1Horatio Barberbuilt 29 Valkyrie "tail-first" monoplanes byDec 1911Aeroplanbau G. Otto (Ago);became Aerowerke GustavOtto and then AgoFlugzeugwerke, 1912.1911GermanyCostruzioni AeronauticheGiovanni Agusta (Augusta)1907ItalyAir Navigation andEngineering Co., Ltdbefore 1920;estabUKAircraft Manufacturing Co.(Airco)1912UKBerlin-Johannisthal11Addlestone, SurreyThe Hyde, Hendon?Entity'sLast Yearin AircraftProductsSourcesGeneral Notes1928G13;2dG10;YB60-70;Aerial AgeWeekly,6Dec1915,p.274.1917-1918, Albert S. Heinrichwas designing for VictorAircraft Corp. (2dG213, 484),suggesting that Heinrich eitheremployed by Victor or inbusiness for himself and nolonger with Aeromarine.BecameBenoist,1912G14, 44;2dG11, 56;G14; 2dG112-seat recon. biplanes, pusher and tractor;(named for Lilienthals?)1920G16;2dG14;Dir1920 p27?1923 (reformed)G16-17;3?(subsid)1Dir1920 p40George Holt Thomas; CaptGeoffrey de Havilland,chief designer, beg. June1914.de Havilland planes after 19141920listed as part of, or a licenseeof, Bleriot and spad AircraftWorks in Dir1920Sold to BSA, which, with littleprospect of business, closed it1920. DeHavilland formed hisG18; 2dG own company 1920. Dir192017; Dir1920 p16 lists Canadian branch inp16;Montreal; Dir1920 p40 listsaddress Edgware Road, TheHyde, Hendon, London,N.W.9.
6Designated NamesAviatsionnaya IspitatelnayaStantsiya (AIS) andAviatsionnaya IspitatelnayaStantsiya MorskayaVedomstvaYear of FirstInvestmentin Aircraft1916NationPlaceRussiaPoly Institute,Petrgram w/ navalair test station atKrestovsky IslandEntityType2 (govt)Albatros Werke che FlugzeugwerkeA.G. (BFW)1916GermanyMunich3Albree, George Norman1912before 1920;Alliance Aeroplane Co., Ltd. may be a nearmissLudwig Alter-werke (Alter)Aeronáutica Militar Espanola(AME)19151916USA0Key IndividualsProducts and/or DesignsEntity'sLast Yearin AircraftProductsSourcesEngineers P.A. Shishkovand Sushenkovbuilt two aircraft, a Farman pusher-typebiplane w/ 130 hp Clerget to carry torpedos(made several flights of over one hour,Aug. 1917) and the Aist (stork), a 2-seatarmed seaplane w/ 150 hp Sunbeam,completed autumn 1917.1917G20; 2dG21General NotesErnst Heinkel, chiefdesigner, beg. 1913, of 2seat biplanes (early 1914,Albatros-Gesellschaft furAntoinettes under license, then many reconG20-21,Henkel goes toFlugzeugunternehmungenand fighter biplanes. More than 10,3001925 (re144; 2dGBrandenburgischeGmbH (Albatroswere produced by 1918 with severalformed)22, 212;Flugzeug-werke); teamFlugzeugwerke GmbH) formedcompanies participating.Dir1920 p26under Dipl.-Ing. Robert1925.Thielen produced 1-seatfighters.subsidiary of AlbatrosWerkefounded 20 Feb 1916; Albatros designs plusfive prototypes1919G47;Dir1920 p30 lists Bayaerische2dG60;Motoren Werke A.G., engineDir1920 p27 maker, at Munich 46, BavariaGeorge Norman Albree,designer.designed numerous aircraft w/ no controlsexcept ailerons"; two of his design for amonoplane fighter (100-hp Gnome) in styleof 1914 Fokker Eindecker were built byPigeon Hollow Spar Co., East Boston, MA,1917, and called Pigeon Fraser.1917G21, 238;2dG23, 362UKLondon /Hammersmith andActon1GermanyDarmstadt1Ludwig Alterprototypes including A.1 fighter1918G22, 2G25SpainAeronáutica MilitarEspanola (Air Forceof Spain)headquarters, CuatroVientos2Aeronáutica MilitarEspanolaproduced AME VI.A, derived from BristolFighter; 20 built by 1927.?G22, 2dG25made complete airplanesDir1920 p43
7Designated Namesformed as Sociétéd' Emboutissage et deConstructions Mécaniques(SECM); aka Amiot.Anatra, Arthur Antonovich(A. A. Anatra)Year of FirstInvestmentin Aircraft19161912NationFranceRussiaPlaceColombes, ParisOdessa; addt' lfactory atSimferopol, 1916.EntityType11Key IndividualsProducts and/or DesignsEntity'sLast Yearin AircraftProductsSourcesFélix Amiotmany major aircraft designs, starting withbiplanes1940becamepart ofJunkersempireG24, 2dG27Arthur Antonovich Anatra,owner (and designer?);employs French designerElisee Alfred Déscampesfrom late 1914 or so to endand Vassili NikolayevichKhioni as designer and testpilot, apparently 19161917. During 1916-1917,the Odessa factory alsobuilt more than 150 Voisinof Ivanov, a Voisin LASthat had been redesigned by2d Lt. Petr Ivanov, a pilotin the 26th AviationDetachment, with theassistance of mechanic I.I.Dil.By the end of 1912, Anatra, a businessmanof Italian parentage and part owner of anaviation school in Odessa, had converted anAero Club workshop into a small aircraftfactory which, in June 1913, received itsfirst order from the government. Afterbuilding French Farman, Nieuport,Morane, and Voisin aircraft for the militaryunder license, the factory in 1915 began toproduce original designs by Descampesincluding two-seat tractor seaplanes andland biplanes under Anatra names includingAnade, Anacler, Anasal, Anadis, andAnadva. Production rose from 5 airplanesmonthly in 1914 to 2-3 daily in mid 1917.Khioni prototypes were built 1916-1917 butit appears not went into production. At theend of 1917, following the RussianRevolution, the newly independentgovernment of Ukraine took over theOdessa factory. Meanwhile, in 1916,Anatra had built a second aircraft factory inSimferopol, Crimea, which had producedsome 50 aircraft before being confiscatedby government decree at the end of 1917.Late 1917,followingthe RussianRevolution, eachfactory wastaken overby a newgovernment.General NotesAt shutdown, the factoryhoused some 242 finishedaeroplanes and some 150 morein various stages of completion.From May 1918 into November1918, with Odessa occupied byAustrian troops, the Anatrafactory worked under contract,G25, 97,producing aeroplanes for169; 2dG27, Austria-Hungary. After the125, 264; city came under jurisdiction ofRA12-23;Soviet Russia in 1920, thefactory resumed production asState Aviation Workshop No. 7before being closedpermanently in 1924. In 1920,the factory at Simferopolbecame State AviationWorkshop No. 15, whichfunction until 1922.
8Designated NamesAnsaldo in Genoa; CantieriAeronautico Ansaldo inTurin.AntoinetteYear of FirstInvestmentin Aircraft19161900NationItalyFrancePlaceGenoa; addt' lfactory at Turin,Italy, ca. 1917.FranceKey IndividualsProducts and/or DesignsEntity'sLast Yearin AircraftProductsSources1Savoia, Verduzio, andRosatelli, all designers.Responded to government to build newfighter design of Savoia and Verduzio;were soon joined by Rosaettli. The SV.5,which became SVA.5 after first flight,March 1917, was the fastest fighter of itsday; more than 2,650 SVA, SVAmodifications, A.I. Balilla, and A.300recon-bombers were built at former SIT,Turin, which became Cantieri AeronauticoAnsaldo.Mergedwith Fiat,1925,losing itsidentity.G26,2dG28;1company formed by JulesGastambide; LéonLevasseur, designer.EntityTypeAnzani1907France112, Boulevard deCourbevoie,Courbevoie, Paris1Argus Motorenwerkebefore sandro Anzani;Ernesto Forlanini;Deschamps; Blondeau;Levasseur created water-cooled V-8 engineand prototype monoplane in 1903."Gastambide-Mengin" flew Antionettes I1911through IV in 1908; building of three more liquidationdesigns or modifications followed beforecompany liquidated 30 Nov. 1911. .General NotesG26,2dG29;G1 and 2dG read the same buttype was apparently reset in2ndG for there is a date error.It has G-M flying A-I in Feb1908 and A-II in Aug 1907;1907 is an error.made engines including for Bleriot' s 1909flight; made hydrofoil; did business withCoventry Ordnance Works t.htm andhttp://www.britishanzani.co.uk/History.htm (28May 2009);British branch started 1912EnginesDir1920,p30listed in Dir1920 at BerlinReinickendorf, Germany
9Designated NamesYear of FirstInvestmentin AircraftNationPlaceSir W. G. Armstrong,Whitworth became Sir W. G.Armstrong Whitworth(Armstrong Whitworth, AW)1912UKArnoux, Rene1909FranceAsteria1909ItalyVia Salbertrand,TurinFrance129, Rue deBellevue à,Billancourt, SeineSociété de ConstructionsAéronautiques (Astra)1909Gosforth (Tyneside)and ?EntityTypeEntity'sLast Yearin AircraftProductsKey IndividualsProducts and/or Designs1Capt I.F. FairbairnCrawford, manager;Frederick (Frits)Koolhoven (Dutch),designer.Sir W.G. Armstrong, Whitworth firmfounded 1897 through merger ot two rivalship building firms; the comma was laterdropped. In 1912, agreed to make ABCaero engines and Leitner hollow-steelpropellers. New Aerial Dept. formed June1913 under manager Fairbairn-Crawfordwith Koolhoven as designer. FairbairnCrawford built prototypes while Koolhovendesigned and in September 1914 flew FK.1;150 were built by firm plus another 350were built by Hewlett & Blondeau. AfterFK.3 was flown in 1916, 1,652 were builtby November 1918. Koolhoven departed1917 for BAT after which AW firm built250 Bristol Fighters. Firm also deisgnedand built rigid and non-rigid airships 19151919.0René Arnouxbuilt at least five including tailless CoupeDeutsch racer1922G29; 2dG321Francesco Darbesio andIng. Origonipusher biplanes w/out front elevators; No.3 saw active in Libya; monoplane, May1913, was last effort.1913G30;2ndG341major producer of balloons and non-rigidairships to 1920; Wright Flyers licensestarting 1909 led to Astra-Wrightcommercial and military biplanes, bothavailable on floats.SourcesGeneral NotesPurchasedSiddeleyDeasey1919 andmoved toCoventry,G28-29,forming 171; 2dG31Armstrong 32, 267Siddeley268.Motors andSir G34;Nieuport,Dir1920 p211921Firm started in factory ofDarbesio' s motor firm.
10Designated NamesYear of FirstInvestmentin AircraftNationPlaceLongbridge Works,Northfield,Birmingham; alsoLondon office; andLiancourt, France(all as of 1920)Austin Motor Co. (Austin)1916UKAutobiplaneby 1910FranceAutomobil und Aviatik AG(Aviatik); subsidiaryOesterreichische-UngarischeFlugzeufabrik Aviatik (O-UFAviatik), established 1914,Vienna.Alliott Verdon Roe (Avro)19101906GermanyUKMulhausen; movedhead office toLeipzig, 1914, withplants in LeipzigHeiterblick andFreiburg; subsidiaryin Vienna, Austria.BrooklandsEntityTypeKey IndividualsProducts and/or DesignsEntity'sLast Yearin AircraftProductsSources1prototype Austin-Ball fighter, 1916; est.aircraft design dept. 1917, which produced Also builtG32;Osprey triplane fighter and Greyhound 1planes2ndG36;seat biplane, both flown during war; InduringDir1920 p431919 produced three Whippet sportingW.W. II.single seaters and two-seat Kestrel.1?Farman-derived biplanes were flown fromMay 1910.?2ndG371Dipl.Ing. Julius von Berg;made automobiles, 2-seaterca. 1914, Frenchmanreconnaissance.and scout aircraft, andElisee Alfred Descampssingle-seat fighters; SD lists more than 70works as designerdesigns. Vienna subsidiary, O-UF Aviatik,Employed Emile Jeannin,mainly built parent firm' s aircraft but,pioneer aviator, as1916-1918, also built designs of fighter andengineer, apparently for areconnaissance bomber aircrat, known asfew months, until he left toBerg aircraft, after designer Dipl.-Ingstart his own firm, EmileJulius von Berg (from 700 to possibly 1,200Jeannin FlugzeugbauBerg Scouts were produced).GmbH.1918?G34, 45,97, 229;2dG39; 57,350;Dir1920p26; SD34,161;0After being an apprentice at railway works,a marine engineering student and engineeron merchant ships, and an automobiledraftsman, Roe won a prize for flyingmodel aircraft in 1906 that enabled him tobuild a 24 hp biplane that made hops in1907 and a 9hp triplane that flew well in1909. Registered as company in 1910.1910G36-7,2dG41-42Alliott Verdon RoeGeneral Notes
11Designated NamesA.V. Roe and Co., then A.V.Roe and Co., Ltd. (Avro)Axial Propeller FabrikG.m.b.H.Barnwell brothers, Frank andRichardBritish Aerial Transport Co.Ltd. (BAT)Year of FirstInvestmentin Aircraft1910during orbefore WWI19111917 or pre1917?NationPlaceUKFactory atBrooklands beforemoving toManchester and thenNewton Heath;second factory,1916, at Hamble,near Southampton.Flying school,established 1910 atBrooklands, movedto Shoreham, 1911.EntityType1Key IndividualsAlliott Verdon RoeProducts and/or DesignsEntity'sLast Yearin AircraftProductsDir1920,p31; 0-axialpropeller.htmlUK0London1General NotesA.V. Roe and Co. registered, 1910,became limited company 1913. Prototypes, 1928, sold1912, said to include world' s first cabin interests toG36-7;by Dir1920, Avro has agents inmonoplane and cabin biplane. Type 500form2dG41-41;Argentina, Australia . .tandem trainer biplaine of 1912 let to Type Saunders- Dir1920 p45504, 1913, which became most importantRoeBritish trainer pre-1935.GermanyUKSourcesbrothers, Frank andRichard Barnwell.Capt. Frank Barnwell, a Scottish marineengineer, with his brother Richard built abiplane that flew in January 1911. Richardwon prize for first successful Scottishaerplane. Frank joined Bristol in .Frederick (Frits)Koolhoven (Dutch),designer.In 1917, took on former ArmstrongWhitworth designer Frederick (Frits)Koolhoven as chief designer, after whichproduced FK designs including biplane andsesquiplane fighters, trainers, a transport,and one underpowered ultralightmonoplane. Unclear if in business beforejoined by Koolhaven.1911G39, 2dG491919G28-29, 41,171; 2dG3132, 50, 267268;Dir1920,p44listed in Dir1920 p31 atWarschauerstrasse 58 and 5,Berlin O 34.
12Designated NamesYear of FirstInvestmentin AircraftNationBathiat-Sanchez1914FranceBattaglione Aviatori (AviationBattalion)1913PlaceItalyEntityTypeKey IndividualsProducts and/or DesignsEntity'sLast Yearin AircraftProductsSources1Bathiet-Sancheztractor monoplane and pusher biplane;undefined later relationship with RogerSommer.1914?G40; 2dG51Battaglione Aviatori; U.Savoia and OttorinoPomilio, designers.Ottorino Pomilio enlisted in the BattaglioneAviatori (Aviation Battallion), Italy, in1913, becoming with U. Savoia, a designerto the Direzion Tecnica dell' AviazionMilitare. Together they produced improvedFarman pusher two-seater SP.1 (late 1914),with Fiat engine; resigned December 1915with permission to form their owncompany. (See Pomilio)2G241, 269,277;2dG369,411, 4241925?Dir1920 p36 has an ad for thisfirm as Beardmore AeroG41;Engines, Ltd., 112, Great2dG52;Portland Street, London, W.1.;Dir1920 p43with its works at Parkhead SteelWorks, GlasgowWilliam Beardmore & Co.(Beardmore); BeardmoreAero Engines, Ltd.1913UKBeatty, G. W.1913UKHendon1G. W. Beatty (American)school of flying started 1913; starting 1916made light biplanes1916?G41;2dG52;Dir1920 p43Beech-National1911USAChicago, IL1A. C. Beechbuilt 2-seat biplanes and a 50ft.-spanpassenger aircrat billed as "largest airplanein US."1912 or1913,maybe2dG53Bell, Alexander Grahambefore 1909USAUSA (NY?)0Alexander Graham Bellbuilt own multiplane while also financingthe AEA; the craft was flown briefly byJ.A.D. McCurdy of the AEA at Baddeck,January 1909.1909G42, 101G. Tilghman Richards,designer.1915, Fiat subsidiary, SocietaItaliana Aviazione (SIA),collaborated on SP.1 andhandled its main production.(Gunston errs under entry forSIA by saying SIA not formeduntil June 1916; under Fiat hegives correct date of 1914.)1915Dalmuir,Dumbartonshire,Scotland; as of 1920engine works atParkhead Forge,Glasgow, ScotlandShipbuilding and engineering firm; madeAustro-Daimler engines from early 1913,followed by licensed DFW and B.E.2caircraft, which were replaced by bombersand naval fighters designed by Richards.General Notes
13Designated NamesBellanca, Giuseppe MarioYear of FirstInvestmentin Aircraft1911NationUSAPlaceBrooklyn, NewYork, NYProducts and/or Designscame from Sicily to New York in 1911 witha degree in engineering; flew monoplaneGiuseppe Mario Bellanca built in Brooklyn basement and ran flyingschool; Joined Wright Aeronautical in1919.Entity'sLast Yearin AircraftProductsSourcesGeneral Notes1919Hammons& Co.,1934; G43;2dG55started Bellanca AircraftCorporation in 1927; it "holdsall his accumulated drawingsand designs"1914?G44, 14;2ndG56, 101Benoist?Denmark?Olaf Berg and Louis Stormbuilt a monoplane that was used for trainingDanish military pilots1910?2dG57USA0?Emile and MauriceBerkmansbiplane fifhter Speed Scout1917G46; 2dG571916 or1917G47;2dG59;RA34-37;ca. 1914starts toproduceaircraftG47,2dG59;Dir1920 p211912USABerg, Olaf1910Berkmans, Emile andMaurice1916St. Louis, MO, USABesobrasov, AleksandrAleksandrovich (akaBezobrazov) (A. A.Besobrasov)1913 or 1914Russiabegan in rentalfacility on outskirtsof KhodynskiAirfield, Moscow,Russia; workcontinued 1915 ataviation school,Sevastopol.Besson, Marcel1911?Francepossibly Rue St.Denis, Boulogne19140Key IndividualsPreviously Aeronautic Supply Co. Builtnumerous prototypes incl. Type XIV AirBoat, a two-seat flying boat that flew firstscheduled air service acoss Tampa Bay,FL, beg. 1 Jan. 1914.BenoistBesson, MarcelEntityTypeFrancepossibly Rue St.Denis, Boulogne001financed by Aleksandrexperimental triplane with no horizontalAleksandrovichtail, successfully test flown 1914 by Moska;Besobrasov, an ensign inimprovements on original model were madethe Russian army, withafter it was moved to Sevastopol; afterconstruction andcrash landing 6 August 1915 by pilot I. A.engineering assistance ofOrlov due to failure of the landing gearF.E. Moska (aka Mosca).axle, it underwent lengthy repairs. NotSome reports also mentionheard of after February 1917.V.A. Ponikovin.Marcel BessonMarcel Bessondesigned aircraft before 1912; appears tohave started producing aircraft after 1914after 1914 produced biplane and triplanebecame"trainers," followed in 1917 by pusherdivision ofG47,triplane flying boats, called LB, from beingANF Les2dG59;built by Hydravions Georges Levallois etMureaux Dir1920 p21Levy. After 1921 built his own prototypeca. 1926fighters and seaplanes.
14Designated NamesBlackburn, RobertBlackburn Aeroplane andMotor Co.Blériot, LouisSociété Blériot Aéronautique(Blériot Aéronautique)Bleriot and SpadManufacturing Co. (BleriotSpad)Year of FirstInvestmentin Aircraft190919141901ca. 1909 or19101914NationUKUKPlaceLeeds, UKOlympia, Leeds, andSherburn-in-ElmetFranceFranceFrance2 Quai du GeneralGallieni, Suresnes,SeineUKAddlestone, Surrey,UKEntityType01013?Key IndividualsProducts and/or DesignsEntity'sLast Yearin AircraftProductsSourcesRobert Blackburncivil engineer, designed and, apparentlybuilt, several monoplanes, first of whichmade brief hops on beach in 1909;established firm June 1914.1914G48-49;2dG61Robert Blackburnestablished factory in Leeds, June 1914;wartime production including BE.2cs(BE Bleriot Experimental) and Sopwiths.Built seaplanes by 1920 at new site atBroughj, on Humber, west of Hull, UK.AcquiredGeneralAircraft,G48-9; 2dG1949,61; Dir1920formingp43Blackburn& GeneralAircraftLouis Blériot; VoisinBleriot, a manufacturer of auto headlamps,constructed unsuccessful ornithoper, 1901,and glider [and other?] seaplanes andmonoplanes constructed by Voisin. Firstsuccess was Bleriot V pusher canard, 1907,followed by improved monoplanes incl. theXI, which cross the English Channel, 25July 1909. Massive orders followed.establishedfirm, dateundcertainbut wouldseem to beby 1910Louis Blériotbuilt variants of Bleriot XI, "nearly 800built in 1913 alone;" also, various wartimeaircraft incl. 4-engined bombers. Tookcontrol of Establissements A. Deperdussinlate 1913, which was renamed SocieteAnonyme pour l' Aviation et ses Derives. .Louis Bleriot and SPADG49-50;2dG64;Dir1920p22,p26G49-50, 97;2dG64, 125;SD page tolate 1913be supplied;Dir1920p22,p261919,became AirNavigationwartime manufacturing, products uncertainandG25, 2dG28Engineering Co.(ANEK)General Notes
15Designated NamesYear of FirstInvestmentin AircraftNationBloch, Marcel1914FranceBobba1911ItalyBoeing, William E., andWestervelt, Cdr. G. Conrad, 1914 or 1915(USN)Pacific Aero Products Co.;1917, Boeing Airplane Co.Boeing Airplane Co.19161917USAUSAUSAPlaceParis and SuresnesSeattle, WASeattle, WASeattle, WAKey IndividualsProducts and/or DesignsEntity'sLast Yearin AircraftProductsSources0Marcel Bloch, Potezhelped manage production of Caudronplane, 1914. With Potez; started Sociétéd' Etudes Aéronautiques (SEA), 1918, atSuresnes.1918G501Bobba?"small company" built "Gnome-poweredmonoplanes"1913G51; 2dG66EntityType0What were apparently two friends, Boeing,a timber merchant and Westervelt, a navalcommander, set about to build a betterairplane than one Boeing had flown in inWilliam E. Boeing; Cdr.1914. (or is it better airplanes than BoeingG. Conrad Westervelt (USand flown in and then learned to fly?). ByNavy)the end of June 1916, they had built andflown two B&W seaplanes and decided toform a commercial aviation company,Pacific Aero Products Co.1William E. Boeing; Cdr G.Conrad Westervelt (USNavy)1NameWilliam E. Boeing andPacific Aero Products Co. reregisters as changed toG51-52;Cdr. G. Conrad Westervelt Boeing Airplane Co., 16 April 1917; builds The Boeing2dG66-67(US Navy)landplanes and marine aircraft.Company,May 1961Pacific Aero Products Co., registered ascompany, 15 July 1916; reregistered asBoeing Airplane Co., 26 April 1917.1916Namechanged toBoeingAirplaneCo., 1917G51-52;2dG66-67;1IDCH47;General NotesNotes from ICDH V.1 p. 47:Glenn Martin sold Boeingairplane and taught him how tofly ca. 1914 With Westerveltbuilds seaplanes on backwatersof Puget Sound as a hobby.With mechanic Herb Munterand other carpenters andcraftsmen builds first B&Wseaplane, which he first flies inMay 1916. After WWI sellsairplanes to Edward Hubbard,whose Hubbard Air Transportis regarded as the world' s firstairline. Later, Martin andHubbbard create new airlineBoeing Air TransportCompany.G51-52;Have to find out what they built2dG66-67
16Designated NamesYear of FirstInvestmentin AircraftNationBorel, Gabriel;Establissements Borel orSociete Anonyme desEstablissements, beg. 19151909FranceBossi1910ItalyBoulton & Paul, then GermanyPlaceMourmelon andother locations incl.64, Quai National,Puteaux, SeineMouseholdAerodrome,Norwich (plusLondon office by1920)Libau (elsewhere,Liebau)EntityTypeKey IndividualsProducts and/or DesignsEntity'sLast Yearin AircraftProductsSourcesSeries of monoplanes, Bo.1-19, 1909-1914,most like Moranes except for 1913 pushers.Bo.11 made by Delecombe & Marechal.After conscription of workers forcedMourmelon factory to close (1914 or1915?), restarted November 1915 asG54-55;RestructureEstablisments Borel with four factories2dG70;d 1918working on Caludrons, Nieuports, andDir1920 p22SPADs and Borel-Odier twin-engineseaplanes. Restructured 1918 as SocieteGenerale des Constructions Industrielles etMecaniques (SGCIM), 1918; may haveclosed 1919.1Gabriel Borel; Odier?1Bossi (Enea Bossi?)at least 8 aeroplanes, 1910-1913, incl.Bossi-Majoli biplane, 1911, and hydroplaneof 1913, said to be first Italian seaplane.1913G55; 2dG701John Dudley North,designerlong established engineering firm awarded1915 contract for FE.2bs, followed bymany others; set up design office 1917under North.JoinedDowneyGroup,1969G55;2dG71;Dir1920 p31founded by designer IgoEtrich; soon joined byErnst Heinkel, also adesignerestablished Jan 1914 by Igo Etrich,designer of the original Taube monoplane.Control acquired May 1914 by CamilioG56, 141,Castiglioni who moves works to largeMerger, 144; 2dG72,facilities at Brandenburg am Havel; JulyJuly 1914 208, 212;1914, merges with Hansa FlugzeugwerkeDir1920 p28(which see) and new entity is named Hansaund Brandenburgische FlugzeugwerkeGmbH (which see).General Notes
17Designated NamesBrequet brothers, Louis andJacquesSociété des Avions LouisBreguet (Breguet); SociétéAnonyme des AteliersD' AviationBritish and ColonialAeroplane Co. (Bristol)Deutsche Bristol-WerkeYear of FirstInvestmentin ermanyfactory at Douaiuntil evacuatedAugust 1914; newworks thenestablishedVillacoublayplant at Filton,Bristol; flyingschools atBrooklands andLarkhill.HalberstadtEntityTypeKey IndividualsProducts and/or DesignsEntity'sLast Yearin -740brothers came from "famed Breguet clockand watchmaking family"; madeexperimental helicopter 1907 with Richet,brothers, Louis and Jacquesthe first to lift a
Some data on the invention of the airplane and the new airplane industry By Peter B. Meyer1,2 Office of Productivity and Technology, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 18 Feb 2010 This work is preliminary and incomplete. Introduction
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
Invention No. I Invention No. II Invention No. III Invention No. IV Invention No. V Invention No. VI Invention No. VII Invention No. VIII Invention No. IX . The purpose of this study was to analyze the Bach Two Part Inventions and to pre
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
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Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
