This Publication OHSU-TB-037! Is A Result Of Work That Was Supported .
PBS 98003 C2DANCDPVDNL solutionSatellitefmageryRon Technical Bulletin SeriesPublication ateUniversity1314 Kinnear RoadColumbus, Ohio 43212-1194614/292-8949Fax: 614/292-4364mNw.sg.ohio-state. educThispublicationOHSU-TB-037!isa es.TheOhioSeaGrantCollegeProgramisadministeredby TheOhioStateUniversity.
OHSU-T-98-003C2COASTLINEMAPPINGAND AGERYAnnual Project ReportMarch December 3 998!SubmittedSea GranttoI NOAAByResearchers:Principal Investigator: Dr. Ron LiDr. G. Zhou, A. Gonzalez, J.-K. Liu, Dr. F. Ma and Y. FelusDepartment of Civil 8 EnvironmentalEngineering and Geodetic ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityCo-PlsL. Lapine, National Geodetic Survey, NOAAM. Lockwood, Office of Coastal Survey, NOAAN. J. Schmidt and C. Fowler, Coastal Service Center, NOAADecember1998
Table1. Introductionof Contents.1.11.1 Project summary1,2 Background1.3 Organization of the reportPART I. DATA PROCESSING2FOR COASTI.INKMAPPING2. PhotogrammetricModel of BundleAdjustmentfor IKONOS-I. i' 5 i 52.1 Some metric characteristics of IKONOS-I2.2 PhotogrammetricModel of Bundle Adjustmentfor Linear Array CCD Sensor .,2.2,1 Interior. 7,7orientation2.2.2Transformationfrom imageto referencecoordinatesystem7,82.2.3 Coll inearity equations,2.2.4 Navigationdataasexterior orientationparameters.92.2.5 Observation equations,2.2.6 Vv'eights .102.2.7 Adjustmentcomputation132.2,8 Accuracy evaluation.2.2.9 Implementation153. DGPS Survey of the Test Range .1613163.1 Control network designand landmarklayout163.2 GPS field survey .3.3 GPS Data processing.3.4 Accuracy Evaluation184. Simulation Study for Accuracy Estimation,4.1 Data used for the simulation study .4.2 Generation of simulated satellite images4.3 Accuracy estimation2021 i 21i2126294.3.1 Accuracyversusvariousnumberof GCPs4.3.2 Accuracyversusdistributionsof GCPs4.3.3 Accuracyversusimagemeasuringerrorsof checkpoints4,3,4 Accuracyversuserrorsof imagecoordinatesof GCPs5. Processingof Airborne and SpaceShuttleThree-lineSensorData i I i 5.1 Processingof Airborne HRSC data5.1.1 High resolutionstereocamera-HRSC .5.1.2 The HRSCdata set5.1.3 Data ProcessingandAccuracyEvaluation29303133 I iii iii3333333437
5.1.3.1 Image coordinates5.1.3.2 Bundle adjustment and accuracy assessment5.2 Processingof MOMS-2P5.2.1 Imaging principle of MOMS-2P5.2.2 Test field in Germany for MOMS-2P .5.2.3 Experimental data for MOMS-2P5.2.3,1Calibrationdata5.2.3.2 Navigation data5.2.3.3Groundcontrol points andcheckpoints.5.2.4 Bundle adjustment5.2.4.1 Coordinate systems5,2.4.2 Transformation to image coordinate system5,2,4,3Accessof orientationparametersat OLs from fore- and aft-looking strips5.2.4.4 Transformation from Gauss-Krueger to WGS-84.5.2.4.5 Input data information .5.2.4.6Adjustmentcomputationand accuracyPART II. GIS AND YSIS6. CoastlineErosionand ChangeDetection6.1 Erosion375151in Lake Erie area6.1.1 Background6,1.2 Land-eating Lake Erie .6.1.3 Influencing Factors of erosion6.1.3.1 Coastal geomorphology51525353546. 1.3.2 Waves.556.1.3.4Littoral transportand sandsupply566.1.3.3 Lake levels566,1.4 Study area .6.2 Datapreparation.6.2,1 Historical57Shorelinedata596.2.2 Bathymetric data6.2.3 Topographic data6.2.4 Time series data5860.6.2,5 Others7. Spatial Analysis7.1 Modeling the coastline dynamicsegmentationmodel7.2 Prediction of coastline position .7.3 Computationof coastlineusing water-leveldata7,4 An alternativeway for quantifying coastlinechanges7.5 Intermediate analysis results7.5.1Effect of geologicalmaterials7.5,2 Terrain/bathymetric slopes7,5.3 Structuralprotection andErosionMonitoring6061.61.6163.65.,66.69.7172,74
8.AConclnslons jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjj jjjjjjjjj jjjjj jj j jjj j75 cknowledgment.,.,.,.,.,.,.7ReferencesAppendix I. Partial Derivatives of Observation EquationsAppendix II. The structure of observation equations jjjj jjj j jj jj j jj 778088
Coastline Mapping and Change Detection Using One-MeterResolution Satellite Imageryl. Introduction1.1 Project summaryThe project startedin March 1998and will last for two years.This project report coversthe period ofMarch December 1998. The project is on scheduleand has produceda significant progressin thereported period, which includes A journal paperpublishedin PhotogrammetricEngineeringandRemoteSensing Li 1998!, An oral presentation at Symposium of Commission III of the International Society ofPhotogrammetryand RemoteSensing,July 6 - 10, 1998,Columbus,Ohio, Two Master of Science theseson the project research topic Gonzalez 1998, Liu 1998!, Developmentof a softwaresystemfor simulatinghigh-resolutionsatelliteimagery, Developmentof the first version of a photogrammetricbundle adjustmentsystem for processingone-meter resolution satellite imagery, Completion of DGPS survey of the test range at Madison County, Ohio for testing the new onemeter resolution satellite imagery capability, and Completion of tests of the developed software using two data sets, one from an airbornehyperspectralHigh Resolution Stereo Cameras HRSC! developedby Germany Space AgencyDLR!, and the other from the German MOMS-02P systemon board of Russian SpaceStationMIR. Both systemsare three-linesensorsystemsimilar to the one-meterresolution satellitesensorIKONOS-I of SpaceIrnaging in US.The aboveproject achievementguaranteesa basisfor the researchin the secondproject year.Project members arePrincipal Investigator:Dr. Ron LiPost-doctoral fellow; Dr, G. Zhou and F. MaGraduate assistants: Y. Felus and Z. Tu
Graduatestudents:A. Gonzalezand J.-K. Liu thesisresearchbasedon the project researchtopicand data!1.2 BackgroundAs populationsand economic activities increasein coastal zones,coastline mapping and coastlinechange detection become critical to safe navigation, coastal resource management, coastalenvironmentalprotection, and sustainablecoastal developmentand planning. An investigation intointerrelationshipsamong various causesand impacts of coastline changesis necessarybefore anyobjective and scientific decisionsrelated to coastal zone policies, engineeringprojects, and coastalmanagementcan be made, Coastline mapping/monitoring and GIS spatial analysis are keytechnologies for such as investigations.Coastlinemappingis traditionally carried out by using conventionalfield surveying methods.Recentdevelopmentin Global Positioning Systems GPS! technologyhas stimulated a great interest in itsapplicationin large-scalecoastlinemapping.Land vehiclebasedmobile mappingtechnologyusesGPSreceiversand a beachvehicle to tracewater marks along the coastlines Shaw and Allen 1995and Li1997!.Aerial photogrammetryand LIDAR Light Direction and Ranging! depth data have beenusedto map regional and national coastlines Slama et al. 1980, Ingham 1992!, GPS technologyhas alsobeen applied to provide orientation information to enhanceaerial photogrammetric triangulationLapine 1991,Merchant 1994andBossier 1996!.The new generationof commercial one-meterresolution satellite imagery will open a new era fordigital mapping Fritz 1996,Li 1998!,SeveralAmerican companiesscheduledlaunchesof their highresolutionsatellites,for exampleEarlyBird m resolution,launchedin early 1998 and failed two-waycommunication!and QuickBird lm/4m! from EarthWatchInc. and OrbView-I lm/2m! of edthat IKONOS-1 meter!was goingto belaunchedfrom California's VandenburgAir Force Base at the end of 1998.We were able to accessdigital imageryof HRSC 0cm! from GermanSpaceAgencyand MOMS-02P7meter! fromGerman SpaceAgency.
It is expectedthat IKONOS-I will provide an absoluteplanimetric accuracyof 12m and a verticalaccuracyof 8m without ground control points GCPs!. With the addition of GCPs, the system canreacha planimetricaccuracyof 2m and a verticalaccuracyof 3m. This level of accuracyis consideredsufficient to support the generationof most national mapping products Li 1998!. The geometry ofthree-line sensorsthat is also used by most commercialhigh-resolutionsatellite imaging systemshasbeenresearchedby a few researchers.Ebner et al. 991! sitnulatedgeometryand estimatedaccuracyof MOMS-02/D2. Ebner and Strunz 988!investigated the accuracy of obtained ground points usinga DTM as control information. Ebner et al. 992! finished their simulation study on influences of theprecision of observed exterior orientation parameters, the type and density of GCPs, camera inclinationacross flight direction, and simultaneous adjustment of two crossing strips with different intersectionangleson the theoreticalaccuracyof the point determination.The desiredheight accuracyof about5mcan be achieved by the simultaneous adjustment of twooverlapping area, Fraser and Shao 996!or more! crossing strips within thedid similar work evaluating the accuracy of ground pointswhen employing different control point configurations, numbers of orientation images and orders ofinterpolation functions using a control field in Australia. Habib and Beshah 997! did their simulationstudy for an airborne Panoramic Linear Array Scanner. They concentrated on evaluating the effects ofdifferent numbers of GCP's and different combinations of images. Fritsch et al. 998!reported theirrecent result of processing MOMS-02P data that supplies similar accuracy as MOMS-02/D2.1.3 Organization of the reportThis report presentstechnical approaches and achievements of the following aspects:Part I. Data rocessin for coastline main'Extendedmathematicalmodel for bundle adjustmentof three-line sensordata including imagery,GPS/INS data, and GCPs and checkpoints. DGPS surveyfor acquiring geodeticcoordinatesof GCPs,which includescontrol field design andlandmarklayout, GPSfield surveying,dataprocessingand accuracyevaluation. Simulation of IKONOS-I mappinggeometryto estimateattainablegeometricaccuracyand to giverecommendationson variousconfigurationsfor groundpoint determination, Developmentof thefirst versionof bundleadjusttnentsoftwarefor theextendedmodel.
Processing of HRSC and MOMS-G2P data.Part II. GIS and s atialanal sis Discussionof datatypesand transformationandconversionneededin order to handlethe data. Proceduresdevelopedto analyzeerosion,coastlinechanges,andpredict future coastlinepositions. Conceptsandpreliminary analysisresultsof erosioncausesand their relationships,
PART I. DATA PROCESSINGFOR COASTLINEMAPPING2. PhotogrammetricModel of BundleAdjustmentfor IKONOS-I2.1 Some metriccharacteristicsof IKONOS-IThe geometricconfiguration of IKONOS-I is depictedin Figure l. It appliesthe push-broomprinciple.A single linear array is mounted in the focal plane of a lens with a 10m focal length, which isorthogonalto the direction of flight. In the push-broomimaging mode,a continuoussuccessionof theone-dimensionalimage is electronically sampledin such as way that an entire linear array is read outduring the integration time. Travelling at 7 km per secondwith an altitude of 680 km, the IKONOS-Ipitchesforward 26 and beginscollecting data.It then pitchesto nadir and collecteddata over the sameground area.After collection at nadir, the satellitepitches aft at 26' and collectsthe sameareafor thethird time Parker 1997!.Such a configurationprovides a so-calledin-track stereomodel. Stereopairscreatedfrom fore-, nadir-, and aft-looking ensurehigh quality collectionsbecauseimagesare acquiredin almost same ground and atmosphericconditions. The stereo imaging collections cover a swathapproximately11km wide. Stereopairs havea convergenceangleof 26' or 52',Fore-looking t! Nadir-!ooking t ht!zc YziirAft-looking t Al!V ,3IzFocal lengthlionX'iOrbit height9 9 d coK KFigure l. Geometricimaging configurationof IKONOS-I
The imaging geometryof IKONOS-I is similar to those of other push-broomscannerssuch as spaceborne MOMS-02/D2 and MOMS-2P or airborne HRSC that implemented real three-line stereogeometry.The perspectivegeometryis only valid on the sensorline. Specialcharactersof IKONOS-I,in comparison to other similar systems, are: This systemis basedon a new optical system:a push-brootncamerawith a very long focal length0m!, which is folded to two metersthroughthe useof a mirror system.It was designedto captureboth panchromaticimages with one-meterresolution and multispectral images with four-meterresolution. The multispectral bands are listed in Table 1. In addition to along-track stereo capability, the satellite will be able to pivot in orbit to collectcross-trackimagesat distanceof 72Skmon either side of the ground track. Due to the satellite's680km altitude, imagery will maintain at least a one-meter ground sample distance GSD! with350km for either side of nadir Corbley 1996!. The system is equipped with GPS antennas and three digital star trackers to maintain precisecameraposition and attitude. A rigid satelliteplatform was built to reducethe motion vibration ofthe platform and to contributeto the integrity of the line-of-sight determination.The satellite willrevolve around the Earth in a sun synchronous polar orbit, which will allow it to traverse the planetevery 98 minutes, crossing the equator at the same time around 10.30 am! in every orbit Folchi1996!.Table 1. Bandwidths of IKONOS-IFritz 1996!
2.2 PhotogrammetricModelof BundleAdjustmentfor LinearArray CCD Sensors2.2.1InteriororientationInterior orientation transformsscreencoordinates i andj in Figure 2! into imagecoordinates x and yin Figure3!, andcorrectsfor rvaturedistortion. Thus the following tasksshouldbe performed, Define the screencoordinatesystemand imagecoordinatesystems, Applytheprincipaloffsetthatshouldbeestimatedfroma laboratoryor in-flightbasedcalibration,and tempixel!Imagecoordinatesystemmm!x mm!T pixel!Figure2. Screenand imagecoordinatesystem2.2.2 Transformation from image to reference coordinate systemEachof thefore-,nadir-andaft-lookingarrayhasits ownimagecoordinatesystemxy, andzright-handed!.An ded!is definedto unifyimagecoordinatesfrom all threearrays.Thetransformationfrom animagecoordinatesystemto thereferencecoordinatesysteminvolvesa translationdx,dy,dz!andthreerotationsI, p, lc! Figure3!.Wedefinea counterclockwiserotation ang!e aspositive.
0RFigure 3. From image coordinate to image reference coordinate systemThe transformation equation isZ,RRCV, dVdzwhereVV,4C-fcospcos k cosRRCcousink sin a@sinp coskcos p sink cos N cosk sin cosin p sin ksinco cos psin a@sink coscousinp cosksinmcosk coscusinrpsink!coscocospR" is an orthogonal matrix, i.e. R'! R'! '.2.2.3Collinearity equationsFOrany imagepaint Within a CCD array, itS image referenCecOOrdinateSare XR,y11Z11!.Thecoordinatesof the exposurecenterof the array in the groundcoordinatesystemat the imagingepocht
are X, t!, Y, t!, Z, t!!. The correspondinggroundpoint coordinatesare Xo, Yo, ZG!. The co]linearitycondition statesthat all thesethreepoints must be on the sameline:r X X,X g Xz"zi Xct!! r Y Y t!! t!!lYg,!!»r, Z Zz t!!Z,Z t!!Xs !! "» Y Ys t!! rzs Z Z5 !!!Y g r X X t!! r» Y Y t!! r» Z. Zz !!whereR is a rotationmatrixfrom thegroundcoordinatesystemto thereferencecoordinatesystemand is defined bycosp cosk cos cosin k sin m sinp cosk sin cusink cosm sinp coskcos p sink cos cocosk sin u sinq sink sin cocosk cosI sin p sink !sin psin cocospcos co cos pTherotationanglesp t!, I t! and k t ! aredefinedfor eachCCDarrayat theepocht. Dependingontypesof observations,coordinatesand parametersmay be treatedas knowns and unknownsdifferentlyin varioussituations.2.2.4 Navigation data as exterior orientation parameterslKONOS-I carriesnavigationequipmentof GPS receiversand star trackersthat can provide positionsX,, YZ,!and attitudes co,P, x! of the CCD arraysif appropriatecalibrationsare performed.Sincethe navigation data have lower data collection rate, they are not acquiredfor every image line. Thoselines with the navigationdataarecalledOrientationLines OLs!. ExteriororientationparametersofOLs are introduced at certain time intervals. Navigation data at OLs can be used as their nsbasedon simulatedorbit datashowedthat a 3 ororientationparameterchangesWu 1 986,Ebneret al. 1992!. Exterior orientation parametersof lines betweenOLs are computed by a polynomiali nt erp o lati on:Xz t! ap a,t a,t a3tY t! hp b,t b,t' b3t'Zg t! cp c t cpt c3t'
s t!dp d t d2t d,t'Ns t! e, e,t e2t' e,t'x; t! j, j,t j,t' f,t'!The parametert may be time beginning at a certainepochor image line numberfrom a certainorbitposition. All threeimageswill be referencedto the samet. The unknown coefficientsin Equation!can be determined either independently or in a bundle adjustment.2.2.5Observation equationsAt this time we assumethat the interior orientation parametersare available, for example, fromcalibration.Observationsinclude GCPs,checkpoints,unknowngroundpoints, and navigationdata.GCPsGCPs have known ground coordinatesand measuredimage coordinates.Unknowns include exteriororientationparameters,that means,coefficientsof the polynomialsof Equation !. After linearizationof Equation!, we havethe linearizedequationsv'", Pda, Pdb, Pdc, Pdd, Pde, P,df, PI7dal Plsdbi P 9dc[ pl 1oddh Piii de P gdfj P 9da, P»pdbs P»,dc, P»,dd, P,»de, Pdf, I'vGcp:Pz da P dbo Pz dc, Pddo Pg5de, Pdf, Pda, P»db, P»dc, P, pdd, P de, P,df, P,da2 P,db, Pzdc, P»,dd, P»,de, Piisdf, Pda, Podb, P dc, P dd, P,de, P,df, l c,whereTj] Xa Xs t!! Ijp Ya Ys t!! !janG Zs t!!r Xc Xs t!! r3, Yc Ys t!! r,3 Z Zs !!r XpXs t!! r YaYs t!! r23 Zc Zs !!r X X ' t!! r YY,' t!! r Z Z ' t!!10
The coefficientsPii to qq4are partial derivativesof Equation! with respect.to the polynomialparametersand are defined in Appendix I.Unknown round pints nnd c heck pintsForunknowngroundpointswewantto measurethe imagepointsandto ment.In casesof checkpoints,we esin orderto compareto thecakulatedandknowngroundcoordinates.Comparedto GCPs,the additionalunknownsarethe groundcoordinates.vM" y»da, ydb, ydc, ydd, y;,de, ydf, yda, ydb, ydc, y»,dd, y»,de, y»,df, y»,da, y»db, y»,dc, yidd, yide, y»df, y»,du, yodb, y,dc, y,dd, y,de, yddf, y;dX y,dY y,dZ 1'vMs yda, y»db, y»dc, y,ddd, y'de, ydf, y»da, ydb, ydc, y2, y',de, y,df, y,da, y,db, ydc, y;,dd, y,de, y, df, y' da, y»,db, y»,dc, y»,dd, y»,de, y',,df, y»,dX y»,dY y»,dZ I'wherer, i X Xs t!! r V Ys t!! r ZXMZR M--!'M RZs t!!rXX, t!! r» Y Ys t!! r» Z Z, t!!rXrXX, t!! r» Y Y, t!! r Z Z, t!!Xs t!! r» Y Y, t!! r» Z Zs t!!Similarly, the coefficientsy toy 7areexplainedin Appendix I,Navi ation data as PScanbetreatedasobservations:
t2XlVGPSx VG/slt3dz20X, t,!t2dztXs t2! XG.sIXGP,da,X,V,V GFSt JV N da,Xs tJv!1'5' tl! GFS!'5' '2! 1'Gpsdb,GPSYlGPSt,' t,'XGFsdb,db,4!GPSZlGPSZ GPS1tN1 tN3db3l'5' tN,!-4 5,tldcoZ, t,!ZGP,dcZs tz!ZGFStl231 t,dc22Z,v GPS3t IV t/vZs tN,!-ZG's,dc,Also, observations for rotation angles areFIV /IVSV lV /Nstltlt,23t20ldd0tjdd,tt25t 3 ! t3/NS02PSt2 ! 'P/NS dd,23IP V IJVSdd,tIV /N 23de,V /Jvsde,klV/Nsk "JNS0de,V /Ã5v/IsPS N ! /VS123tNde,23df,df,Ilf2l2l2COStl !02 5 t2!NJNS /NS0IV,5 IV! JN5ks tl! k/.5ks t,!k/Ns0!df,«,V!V!NSN 23N IY,df,ks tN,! k/Ns All theseheterogeneousdataof positionandattitudeshouldcombineintoequations8 and9 afterbeingtransformed into a common coordinate system.12
2.2x6 WeightsThe weight of the i-th observation is defined as22pi 00 I' Oiwhere 0,2is unit weight varianceand o-,' is varianceof the i-th observation.Assumethat we take thevarianceof imagecoordinatesas o ', it is about0,5 pixel. o' changeswith typesof observationsandimagingsystems.For IKONOS-I, 0-'correspondsto 6pm. If the varianceof exposurecenteris 9m andthat of rotation angles is 4 arc second!, the weights areImagecoordinateof GCP c '0 006'0 0062223222!Imagecoordinateof checkpoint: "Orbit coordinateof OL: " 'Rotationangleof OL: '" ',0 00120.001' mm' !3.0' m !2 sec'! 4.0e 6 !m/rn ! 117 mm2/ 1eg2!The weights shouldbe updatedby variancescomputedin eachiteration of the adjustment.2.2.7 Adjustment computationObservatione uationsSupposethat we haveNi OLs, N2 GCPs,and N3 unknown/checkpoints. One stereopair is considered.The observation equations areNavigation dataVGPS 1IV,A,x4x 34I,! 24 «3IV!!x'I3IV,xlpGPS13,V«3,V,3VVyear A2 gC3 " L23!V«I3IV «4 33!3 V «Ip 1%S23 x3IV,13
pGPS3W,x3h',pCO,P,K'23%,x!N,/v, 3', 4N] 4' !N !PI, 3%, 4Jv, 45 !pGCP34!V,x4VpM4The structures of the observation equations can be found in Appendix II.The solutions are estimated through an iterative process. In each iteration increments for all unknownsare obtained and used to update the approximations for the next iteration.2.2.8 Accuracy evaluationThe standarddeviationsof the unit weight and unknownsare typically usedto evaluatequality of theadjustmentand the accuracyof adjustedunknowns,The standarddeviation of the unit eight oo iscomputed by4!where V is residualvector and r is redundancyof the observationequation.The covariancematrix ofthe unknown/check points is computed byo cr,N 'x.5!where N xdenotes the partial matrix of inverse of the normal matrix related to the unknowncoordinates of checkpoints,In addition, the root-meansquare RMS! error of checkpointsis usually computedindependentlyas ameasureof external accuracy. It is calculated by
6!where h, is the difference of known and estimatedcoordinatesof checkpointsand n is number ofcheckpoints used.2.2.9 ItnplementationThe first versionof the bundle adjustmentprogramhasbeenimplementedin C programminglanguageon a SiliconGraphics02/UNIX system.Figure4 givesthe configurationand modulesof the system,3. DGPS Survey of the Test Range3.1 Control network design and landmark layoutThe High Altitude Test Rangeis locatedin MadisonCounty in Central Ohio. It consistsofapproximately21 groundtargetpointsplacedspecificallyfor photogramrnetricpurposes.Thenetworkis situatedin a flat areaapproximately16x1 1km, centeredat latitude 39'56'24" North, and longitude83 24' 42" West Li 1998!. The target points are spacedat least 1km apart and distributed in agenerallyeast-westdirection.All targetpointsare paintedwith concentriccircles,a one-meterflatwhite circle and a three-meterflat black circle as background,centeredon a monument.The networkis illustrated in Figure 5 and a target is shownin the inset. The network has also threecontrol pointsfrom higher-order NGS networks.16
Image coordinatesNavigation data GCPFlight parametersCamera ormation! CoordinatesystemdefinitionsfI IWeight assignm 3Dcoordinates Interiork exteriorofcheckpo inra[accuracieaof uknowneFigure 4. Implementationof the bundle adjustmentprogram17
Figure 5. Control network and ground targets at Madison County3.2 GPS field surveyWe used three dual-frequencyGPS receivers,one Trimble 4000SSEand two Trimble 4000SSI.TheGPSsurveyconsistedof 22 baselinesspanning21 control points and the 3 higher-ordercontrol points.23 checkpointsand 5 feature points were also surveyedfor the purposeof checking the attainableaccuracy from the satellite imagery. The field survey work is divided into 3 steps: Tie all the unknown points to the higher-orderNGS networksin the neighborhoodwith baselines,observedfor a period no less than one-hour with at least four satellites visible and sampledat 1secondepochs.The precisiondilution of position PDOP! is equalto or lessthan 6. 22 baselinesarecompletedin this step.18
Survey the known points using Fast Static mode with the second-order 8 station MAD-1 at MadisonCounty Airport as a reference.All points were observedat least 8 minutes using a ground typeantennaattachedto a pole with the height fixed at 1.80 meters.During this stagewe surveyed 14points a day. Survey 23 checkpoints and five features on the ground in kinematic mode, again using MAD-1 asthe reference station, Features like the Madison County airport, selected bridges and roadintersections were observed with at least four satellites visible, These observations required pointsone half day,We collected simultaneous observationsat another reference station, located at the office of aerialengineering,Ohio Departmentof Transportation,in Columbusas a backupin the event of lost data atany of the other reference stations.Figure 6. GPS field surveyAt the end of each session,the data was downloadedfrom the receiversto the computer.In total, thesurveywascompletedin 5 continuousdaysto determinecoordinatesof 21 high altitudetargetpoints,and 20 groundfeaturepoints seefigure 6!.19
3.3 GPS data processingOnce the survey was complete,on the sameday we processedthe baselinesin order to obtain thevectorsbetweenthe stations,using the GPS Surveysoftwarefrom Trimb/e, First the baselinesformingthe geodeticnetwork were processed.Resultsfrom this part were the GPS solution, mostly the fixedsolution "SSF", since none of the vectors was larger than 20 kilometer. Then the rest of the baselines,collectedin Fast Static and Kinematic mode, were processedand savedin a separateproject for otherpurposes.All baselines were successfully computed with satisfactory results no baselineswerecomputedwith the data collected from ODOT referencestation!. Afterward, the solution files wereexportedinto the least squaresadjustmentprogram"TRIMNET", also from Trimble, for further postprocessing.This leastsquaresadjustmentprovidedestimatesof the consistencyof the GPSsurvey,Allclosureswereless than20 cm.Next, a minimally ith the point "Bolton-0" asthe reference station. This first adjustment was carried out to detect the internal precision andconsistencyof the field observations,All baselineswereconsideredequally precise: 10mm plus 1 ppmin horizontal and 10 mm plus 2ppm in vertical. All computationswere carried out in the WGS-84datum. The adjustmentcontained22 baselines,with 70 observationequations,31 unknowns,and 39degreesof freedom. The standard deviation of unit weight was 0.736. Then we computed thecoordinatesfor those points surveyedin Fast Static and Kinematic mode. Point S-20 was excludedbecauseof one bad observationssession.All other vectors were acceptable,based on the samecriterion of RMS and percentageof rejection. %'ith the geographiccoordinatescomputedfrom theadjustment,geoid undulation N! at each point was computedusing the program "GEOID96" fromNGS/NOAA. This value was algebraically addedto the ellipsoidal height h! in order to obtain deviationfor the geoidundulationdeterminationwas around 0.08m.Finally the geographiccoordinatesin the WGS-84 datum were obtained,and transformedinto UTM,usingprogramsfrom NOAA.20
3.4 Accuracy EvaluationThe adjustmentresults indicate that point accuracycan attain standarddeviationsbetter than 0.02m,0.02m, and 0.10m in X, Y and Z respectively. This level of accuracyis comparablewith geodeticaccuracystandardfor Order C .0cm plus 10ppm!. Comparingthe coordinatesobtainedin this surveyagainstthe coordinatesreportedby ODOT for points surveyedin Fast Static mode, we can see thatthey are similar, with the exceptionof point H-7. The differencesare due to the fact that the previouscoordinate values for points in the test range were determined in a local system.Tables 2 and 3summarizethe final coordinatesfor points in the geodeticnetwork in geographicand UTM, zone 17respectively,Table 4 presentsthe UTM coordinatesfor those feature points measuredin kinematicmode.For more detailed information about the GPS survey, refer Gonzalez 998!.4. Simulation Study for Accuracy EstimationTo get an objective estimation of attainablegeometric accuracyfor coastlinemapping, a simulationstudy hasbeenconductedbasedon technicalspecificationsof imaging sensors,orbit parameters,andvarying numbersand distributions of GCPs.In addition, simulatedsatellite imagesare generatedusingthe above mentioned specifications and a set of georeferencedaerial images of the Madison TestRangeacquiredby AIMS Airborne IntegratedMapping System!developedby Centerfor Mapping ofthe Ohio State University,4.1 Data used for the simulation studyAdditionalIKONOS-Is ecificationsAdditional technicalspecificationslisted in Table 5 areusedin the simulationstudy.21
IDddmmSS.SSSSS395329.61351N 83MAD-139560.26571N 83H LT-0Ellip. HLongitudeLatitudePointm!SS.SSSSS1 5.22023W 239.280283.54038W 294.120N 833617.08141W 326.165N 832833.58297W 297.3292331.79701W 274.596N 8351.53036W 268.347N 8324,87177W 267.89383N 83215.21788W 266.92926.10118N 832049.11860W 265.13827.41007N 832023.19705W 263.8633912.48774N 8313.06961W 262.30213391.53448N 832753.60308W 289.445H143911.79728N 833029.33158W 307.967H102395347.34290N 83218.98974W 261.117H10339540.20682N 832428.20443W 275.605H10439543.57538N 832417,49158W 273.794H10539585.334722828.72085W 287,880H106395818.35841N
Ohio Sea Grant College Program The Ohio State University 1314 Kinnear Road Columbus, Ohio 43212-1194 614/292-8949 Fax: 614/292-4364 mN w.sg. ohio-state. educ This publication OHSU-TB-037! is a result of work that was supported, in part, by the Ohio Sea Grant College Program project R/NP-1! from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
A single leg wire rope sling of minimal size of steel wire rope 20 mm and minimum effective length 2 000 mm and galvanized, shall be designated as GALVANISED WIRE ROPE SLING, SINGLE LEG 20 X 2 000 - IPSS:1-07-037-14 . IPSS:1-07-037-14 3/7 . IPSS:1-07-037-14 4/7 . IPSS:1-07-037-14
Faculty Coordinator, OHSU Department of Dermatology Resident Research Rotation (2004- 2011) Member, OHSU Department of Dermatology Executive Committee (2004-2011) Founder and Director, OHSU Center of Excellence for Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (CEPPA) (2006-2011) Invited ad hoc member, OHSU
Faculty Coordinator, OHSU Department of Dermatology Resident Research Rotation (2004-2011) Member, OHSU Department of Dermatology Executive Committee (2004-2011) Founder and Director, OHSU Center of Excellence for Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (CEPPA) (2006-2011) Invited ad hoc member, OHSU
Feb 11, 2021 · How do I know if OHSU has declared inclement weather when “long-term” modified operations is currently in place? Visit the O2 home page for updates Call OHSU Alert Line (503) 494-9021 Check OHSU Now posts for alerts at 5 a.m., 9 a.m., 1 p.m., 5 p.m. and 9
Aug 06, 2021 · Benjamin Schneider, MD Assistant Dean, UME Student Affairs 503-346-4749 schneibe@ohsu.edu Robert Cloutier, MD, MCR Assistant Dean, UME Admissions cloutier@ohsu.edu Paul Gorman, MD Assistant Dean, Rural Medical Education 503-494-4025 gormanp@ohsu.edu Debbie Melton Director, UME 503-494-6643 meltond@ohsu.edu
Social withdrawal 100 80 60 40 20 0-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 Months Before/After Diagnosis OHSU. General Approach to Behavioral Complications of Dementia . -Kicking -Hitting -Name calling OHSU. Target Symptoms Aggressive -Physical -Verbal Nonaggressive -Physical -Verbal OHSU.
OHSU School of Nursing at Oregon Institute of Technology 3201 Campus Drive Third Floor - Dow II Klamath Falls, OR 97601 541 885-1665 La Grande Campus OHSU School of Nursing at Eastern Oregon University One University Blvd. La Grande, OR 97850 541 962-3803 Monmouth Campus OHSU School of Nursing at Western Oregon University 345 N. Monmouth Ave.
Advanced Higher Accounting Course code: C800 77 Course assessment code: X800 77 SCQF: level 7 (32 SCQF credit points) Valid from: session 2019–20 This document provides detailed information about the course and course assessment to ensure consistent and transparent assessment year on year. It describes the structure of the course and the course assessment in terms of the skills, knowledge .
