Influence Of Design Elements In Mobile Applications On User Experience .
Available online at www.sciencedirect.comAvailable online at rocediaComputerScience 00 (2017) 000–000Availableonlineat www.sciencedirect.comProcedia Computer Science 00 (2017) ediawww.elsevier.com/locate/procediaProcedia Computer Science 113 (2017) 352–359The 7th International Conference on Current and Future Trends of Information andThe 7th InternationalConferenceon CurrentFuture TrendsInformation andCommunicationTechnologiesin andHealthcare(ICTH of2017)Communication Technologies in Healthcare (ICTH 2017)Influence of Design Elements in Mobile Applications on UserInfluence of Design Elements in Mobile Applications on UserExperience of Elderly PeopleExperience of Elderly PeopleKhan Kalimullah **, Donthula SushmithaKhan Kalimullah , Donthula SushmithaBlekinge Tekniska Högskola, Karlskrona and 371 79, SwedenBlekinge Tekniska Högskola, Karlskrona and 371 79, SwedenAbstractAbstractTechnology in the field of health care has taken a step forward for making health maintenance easy on a daily basis. With a gradualTechnologyin thefieldpopulation,of health caretaken syon a dailybasis. Witha gradualincrease in theelderlyit ghtechnologicalinnovations.increasein the elderlyit is importanttotoprovidewithtechnologyfacilities madethrough technologicalinnovations.But it is observedthat population,the elderly showreluctancethe usethemof newsuch accessibleas mobile applications.In this paper,an effortButit is observedthatthisthe barrierelderlywithshowthereluctanceto theelderlyuse ofusernewexperiencestechnology andsuchuseras mobileapplications.InmHealththis paper,an effortis madeto overcomestudy of bothinterfacedesign of anapplicationismadeto overcomebarrierbetweenwith thethem.study of both elderly user experiences and user interface design of an mHealth applicationandan analysisof thethisrelationand an analysis of the relation between them. 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 2017 The Authors.Published byB.V. Program Chairs.Peer-reviewunder responsibilityofElsevierthe ConferencePeer-reviewunderresponsibility oftheConference ProgramChairs.Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.Keywords: User experience; User interface design elements; Health care; Usability.Keywords: User experience; User interface design elements; Health care; Usability.1. INTRODUCTION1. INTRODUCTIONUsage of mobile technologies has become a trend and also a mandatory tool for today’s life. They are mostly used byUsageof mobiletechnologiesbecome a trendand alsoVariousa mandatorytool for aretoday’slife.They are inmostlybypopulationsof developedand ducedinthesemobiledevices under different categories like entertainment, health, lifestyle etc. which make them useful for a multitude ofdeviceslike applicationsentertainment,health,lifestyleetc. whichmake themasusefulfor a multitudeofdifferentundertasks.differentIn recentcategoriesyears, mobilehavebecomerelativelymore importantit is observedthat hatusageof these applications is being suggested by the health care centers. Mobile phones, tablets, PDAs and iPad etc are theofthese thatapplicationsbeingsuggestedhealth services.care centers.tablets,PDAs andiPadservicesetc are canthedevicesform theismainplatformfor bythethemHealthTheMobilemobile cationsprovidinghealthservicescanbe used to monitor patient’s health, providing information on different areas of medicine and promote health andbeusedforto dingon ccessof any informationtype of applicationdependson ofhowwell it isbeingused bythe user1 used by the ofapplicationdependsonhowwellitisbeingi.e. the usability and how well it is suited to the user’s requirements based on their experience . User experience12,3i.e.the usabilityand howit issuited toandthe usabilityuser’s requirementsbasedorontechnologytheir experience. User. Hence,it is experiencevisible thatencompasseselementssuchwellas theusefulnessof an is visiblethatthe concepts of usability and user experience are similar and partly overlapping. Therefore, to developa leapplication with a higher degree of quality and functionality and to measure the effect of the service provided by theapplication with a higher degree of quality and functionality and to measure the effect of the service provided by the*Corresponding author. Tel.: 966597630034CorrespondingTel.: 966597630034E-mailaddress: author.Kalimullah.khan@gmail.comE-mail address: Kalimullah.khan@gmail.com*1877-0509 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.1877-0509 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.1877-0509 under2017 responsibilityTheAuthors. Publishedby ElsevierB.V.Peer-reviewof ibilityof theConferenceProgramChairs.Peer-reviewunder responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.10.1016/j.procs.2017.08.344
2KhanKalimullahet al. / Procedia(2017)000–000352–359 Khan Kalimulah;DonthulaSushmitha/Procedia ComputerComputer ScienceScience 11300 (2017)353applications on the users, user experience is measured. This paper deals with the study of user interface designelements (text size, font, color etc.) of a mobile application that affects the user experience of the elderly population.The information gathered with the use of prototype version is analyzed and compared to the existing information madeavailable after the use of Glucosio application. This comparison directs the author to conclude the effects of userinterface design elements on the user experience of elderly people in using an mHealth application.2. MOBILE HEALTH (M-HEALTH)Mobile health has evolved in the form of more or less stand-alone applications for support of healthy life-style andself-management of chronic diseases4. The rapid expansion of mobile information and communications (ICT)technologies within health service delivery and public health system has created a range of new opportunities to delivernew forms of interactive health services to patients, clinicians and caregivers5. One of the leading technologies withwhich the interactions are made easy are the mHealth applications for healthy lifestyle and self-management ofprotracted diseases. Many such applications have been released in the market in relation to diabetes. Diabetes is oneof such diseases which must be monitored regularly for balancing the blood glucose levels in the body. Today’s mobileapplications focus on being trendy with fast responding abilities. This increases the usability of the application by theyouth of the society who are the majority population. But it is known that diabetes is common in the elderlypopulation6. Therefore, the design of these applications should be favourable for this category of the population aswell.2.1 ToolsRelatedtoM- ‐healthIn the present situation, the tools to measure user experience in mHealth applications are through a survey or QoEprobe. According to Martínez-Pérez.et.al7., a survey is one of the tools to measure users Quality of experience (QoE)7.The survey tool uses the Likert scale in a survey questionnaire that involves different types of aspects related to contentquality, availability, performance, appearance etc. of the selected mobile application. The tool proposed by FarnazFortrousi for user experience is known as QoE probe. It is an application used in Android and iOS devices, integratedwith selected mobile application through an API8. The purpose of this tool is to capture user experience by collectingfeedback from the user. It helps us to monitor requirements in run-time 8 and also collects usage logs and QoE fromthe users in the form of feedback.2.2 UserInterfaceDesignElementsMobile applications for older adults need to be meaningful, engaging, easy to use, usable and motivate the adoptionof technology9. The elderly’s preferences in the design of user interface are often neglected, thus making it difficultfor them to the mobile applications. It is demonstrated that “a mobile device or application, if carefully designed, canbe used effectively by older people10.” The base for the studies on elderly people is that “elderly people want to stayand live in their homes as independently and as long as possible11.” Various design guidelines and design principleswere discussed in the previous studies describing how the user interface design of the mobile application can bepresented, for elderly people convenience. To frame a user interface, different aspects of the interface need to beconsidered. These aspects are termed as the user interface design elements. Mobile design guidelines, UU principles,mobile health guidelines, inclusive design guidelines1, World wide web consortium guidelines in mobile context 12,are referred to conclude the user interface design elements suitable for elderly users.3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe research methodology includes problem description and research design.3.1 ProblemDescriptionCurrently, a large number of mobile applications are framed to assist the self management of people who have bothtype 1 and type 2 diabetes. People aged 50 or older suffer disproportionately from diabetes mellitus, particularly type2 diabetes8,13. From the Diabetes App Market report, very few patients of this target group utilize diabetes apps tosupport their treatment13. The proper design of the user interface helps to reduce the reluctance in adopting theapplication usage. This study of user experience directs the application designers to understand the usability as wellas the satisfaction levels of the users while using the application. One of the big hurdles for deploying ambient assistedliving systems in the real world is technology acceptance by the older adults14. The hurdle is also applicable for
Khan Kalimullah et al. / Procedia Computer Science 113 (2017) 352–359Khan Kalimullah; Donthula Sushmitha/ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2017) 000–0003543mHealth. The current study is motivated as a way to address and overcomes these problems (hurdles) in such a waythat it is easier for elderly people to use these technologies independently and confidently without any assistance.3.2 ResearchDesignThe research design chosen is the quasi-experiment design. “Quasi experimental designs are generally used toestablish the causality in situations where researchers are not able to randomly assign the subjects to groups for variousreasons15.”In this paper, to study the UX the population is the elderly people aging 50 years or above, suffering from type 2diabetes. The sampling technique selected is the convenience sampling of the non-probabilistic sampling14. The totalsample size is 6 participants; 3 in each group wherein one group is the control group i.e. the user experience isevaluated with the original Glucosio application and the other group is the experimental group whe eans and standard deviations of each attribute of UX. The overall meansand standard deviations for each attribute are calculated. The graphical representation of the means of the individualUX attributes of the experimental group are represented in Fig. 6.Figure .6. Means of UX attributes for Experimental GroupAs a conclusion to the experiment, the results obtained with the control group and experimental group are comparedin order to analyze the user experience when a change in the user interface design elements is made. Further, theparticipants of the experimental group have provided their suggestions for the betterment of the prototype.5.1 ComparisonoftheresultsThe UX of both the control group participants and the experimental group participants are compared graphically.Figure.7. Mean of UX attributes for Experimental GroupFrom Fig. 7. it is observed that all the attributes of the UX have shown an improvement in the experimental groupwhen compared with the control group. This might be due to the excitement elders felt when they were able to performthe tasks by their own. The reason for the improvement in almost all the attributes of UX may be due to two of theparticipants of the experimental group who are completely unaware of the mobile technology and were extremelyexcited to experience the use of application during the task performance, the changes made within the application.The elderly people were more interested in using the application that contains only one button to view their readings,rather than navigating among different menu options. Considering this as the key point, the prototype was designedresulting in greater UX. The Glucosio application included assistance directing to certain functionalities as a short-cutoption. But most of the elderly did not even choose to use it. Most of the elderly were interested in using the mobileapplications only after they were assisted by another person on how to easily use the application. This point isimplemented by introducing a video within the Glucosio which shows the functionalities of the application and itsusage. It is made sure that all the representations are clear. This shows that the improvements made in the user interfacedesign elements of an mHealth application result in an improvement in the user experience of the elderly users. Further
Khan Kalimullahet al. / ProcediaComputerScience11300(2017)352–359Khan Kalimullah;Donthula 87checks for the usability metric are made to compare if there is any improvement in usability.Figure.8. Box Plot comparing UX of Control Group andExperimental GroupThe UX is defined as the combined study of the attributes, the overall UX is measured by adding all the scores of theattributes. Box plots are built as shown in Fig. 8. and compared between the control and experimental groupsconsidering the obtained UX scores of each participant. The box plot of the experimental group has larger interquartilerange-IQR (spread)19 than that of control box plot which means that the UX of the control group participants isobserved to be almost same while is a difference in the overall UX of the participants of the Experimental group. Fromthese comparisons it can be concluded that a little focus on the user interface can lead to the increase in the elderly’susage of the application.6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKThe primary focus of this research is to increase the use of mHealth technology by elderly population of the society.To implement such a thought, an understanding of the elderly people opinion about the growing technology isnecessary. A hypothesis is framed to study the influence of user interface design elements on the user experience ofthe elderly people. This is tested by conducting a quasi-experiment wherein a sample for the experiment is selectedwith the criteria that people (sample) should be 50 years old or above. The participants from the control group wereexposed to the Glucosio application integrated with QoE probe to study user experience and experimental group wasexposed to the prototype of Glucosio to measure UX. It is observed that much of the difference in the user experiencemay not be observed with a change in any one of the user interface design elements of mHealth application, but whenthe changes are made (user interface design) as per the convenience of the elders a considerable increase in the UX ofthe elderly people can be seen after they use the application.This study doesn’t focus on certain design elements such as audio preferences, notifications etc. as these elementswere not part of the original Glucosio application. So, a similar study can be conducted with another mHealthapplication that is most popularly used by the elderly. This might result in conclusion with greater scope and suchapplication should be implemented after iterative prototype testing.References1.2.3.4.5.6.7.Bevan N. What is The Difference Between The Purpose of Usability and User Experience Evaluation Methods? Interact 2009.2009;(August):1-4.Pain F, Lively S. Human Science and User Experience. Bell Labs Tech J. 2013;17(4):1-4. doi:10.1002/bltj.21570.García-Gómez JM, de la Torre-Díez I, Vicente J, Robles M, López-Coronado M, Rodrigues JJ. Analysis of mobile health applicationsfor a broad spectrum of consumers: A user experience approach. Health Informatics J. sen S, Georgsson M, Hofflander M, Nilsson L, Lundberg J. Health in hand: Putting mHealth design in context. In: 2014 IEEE 2ndInternational Workshop on Usability and Accessibility Focused Requirements Engineering (UsARE). IEEE; i A, Olanrewaju K. Mobile -Health Application Software Design and Development. IJCSIS) Int J Comput Sci Inf Secur.2014;12(7).Meneilly GS, Tessier D. Diabetes in Elderly Adults. Journals Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(1):M5-M13.doi:10.1093/gerona/56.1.M5.Lee YS. Older adults’ user experiences with mobile phones: identification of user clusters and user requirements. September 2007.
88.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.Khan Kalimullah et al. / Procedia Computer Science 113 (2017) 352–359 Khan Kalimulah; Donthula Sushmitha/ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2017) ble/etd-09172007-135013/. Accessed July 20, 2017.Liu C, Zhu Q, Holroyd KA, Seng EK. Status and trends of mobile-health applications for iOS devices: A developer’s perspective. J SystSoftw. 2011;84(11):2022-2033. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2011.06.049.Kascak L, Rébola CB, Braunstein R, Sanford JA. Icon design for user interface of remote patient monitoring mobile devices. In:Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Design of Communication - SIGDOC ’13. New York, New York, USA: ACMPress; 2013:77. doi:10.1145/2507065.2507104.Goodman J, Brewster S, Gray P. OLDER PEOPLE, MOBILE DEVICES AND NAVIGATION. http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/utopia.Accessed July 20, 2017.Plaza I, Martín L, Martin S, Medrano C. Mobile applications in an aging society: Status and trends. J Syst Softw. 5.www.diabetes-heute.de. hemen/. Accessed July 20, d344d8ddba18a3c8e18c7d7a467053b6dedd.pdf. Accessed July 20, 2017.Rashidi P, Mihailidis A. A Survey on Ambient-Assisted Living Tools for Older Adults. IEEE J Biomed Heal Informatics. 2013;17(3):579590. doi:10.1109/JBHI.2012.2234129.Martínez-Mesa J, González-Chica DA, Duquia RP, et al. Sampling: how to select participants in my research study? An Bras Dermatol.2016;91(3):326-330. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20165254.Khan K. Investigating motivational and usability issues of mHealth wellness apps for peoples to ensure satisfaction : Exploratory Study.2016.Luborsky MR, Rubinstein RL. Sampling in Qualitative Research. Res Aging. 1995;17(1):89-113. doi:10.1177/0164027595171005.Shkedi A (The HU of J. Multiple Case Narrative: A qualitative approach to studying multiple populations. John Benjamins PublishingCompany, Amsterdam/Philadelphia.Nuzzo RL. The Box Plots Alternative for Visualizing Quantitative Data. PM&R. 2016;8(3):268-272. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.02.001.
i.e. the usability and how well it is suited to the user's requirements based on their experience1. User experience encompasses elements such as the usefulness and usability of an application or technology 2,3. Hence, i t is visible that the concepts of usability and user experience are similar and partly overlapping. Therefore, to develop a .
24 FOUNDATIONS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF GRAPHIC DESIGN 25 Let us first discuss the elements of graphic design followed by principles of composition. There are three major categories of these elements. “Basic elements “Relational elements “Intentional elements Basic elements of composition are abstract concepts. They do
Elements of design are the tools or parts of a total design. There are six basic elements in design. Principles of design are the methods used to organize or arrange the elements of a design. Repetition works with pattern to make the design seem active. Repetition of elements creates unity. Rhythm is created when one or more elements is used
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10 The general influence of Horace Bushnell on Olmsted and the influence of his sermon, "Unconscious Influence"11 is also well documented.12 However, further examina tion of Bushnell's writings revealed more evidence of the direct influence of Bushnell on Olmsted, including Olmsted's practice of landscape design and theories of city .
Transition to Circles of Influence Circles of Influence Draw Circles of Influence on a board or chart paper for everyone to see (see handout) Label each circle appropriately (using Circles of Influence handout) SHARE facilitator circles of influence with group, walking through each piec
tiveness of the six influence strategies and the conditions under which certain influence strategies are more likely to be used. The concepts of power and influence have been the focus of scholarly attention for several decades (cf. French and Raven 1959; Spekman 1979). In contrast, research on influence strategies that people use to translate
