Formulation Of Fish Feed With Optimum Protein-bound Lysine For African .
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 148 (2016) 361 – 369 4th International Conference on Process Engineering and Advanced Materials Formulation of Fish Feed with Optimum Protein-bound Lysine for African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Fingerlings Siti Nurhafa Imra Naqtahnain Hamida, Muhammad Faiq Abdullaha,*, Zarina Zakariab, Siti Jamilah Hanim Mohd Yusofa, Rozaini Abdullahb b a School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis Malaysia Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Aras 1, Blok S2, Kampus UniCITI Alam, Sungai Chuchuh, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis Malaysia Abstract Earthworm powder is a potential source of lysine, a first limiting amino acid which is essential in fish diet. The incorporation of other feed ingredients with acceptable composition of lysine can help to enhance lysine content in fish feeds. The focus of this study is to optimize lysine content in fish feeds with difference percentages of each selected feeds ingredients. The optimization study was conducted using central composite design (CCD) as statistical tool. The optimum lysine content was obtained at 25.00 %, 20.88 %, 10.00 % and 20.00 % of earthworm powder, soybean waste, leucaena leucocephala leaves and fish meal, respectively. The lysine content in formulated fish feeds was significantly affected by the composition of earthworm powder and fish meal in fish feed formulation. Earthworm powder and fish meal have contributed the largest portion of lysine in fish feed due to high lysine content which were 4.48 % w/w and 3.60 % w/w, respectively. The optimized fish feed shows high lysine content of 23.39 % w/w which doubles the lysine content in commercial fish feed (11.21 % w/w). The composition of fish feed obtained from this study can be used as guidelines for formulation of high lysine fish feeds for African catfish fingerlings. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 2016 2016The TheAuthors. Authors. Published by Elsevier ). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPEAM 2016. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPEAM 2016 Keywords: lysine; optimization; fish feed; African catfish * Corresponding author. E-mail address: faiq@unimap.edu.my 1877-7058 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPEAM 2016 doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.468
362 Siti Nurhafa Imra Naqtahnain Hamid et al. / Procedia Engineering 148 (2016) 361 – 369 1. Introduction Cage fish farming in aquaculture industry is one of the entry point projects (EPPs) under new key economic areas (NKEAs) developed by Malaysia’s government and it is included in economic transformation program. Under this program, freshwater species including catfish, tilapia, shrimp, prawn and carp have become the most cultured species in Malaysia [1]. The support from government in cage fish farming industry can supplement the depletion from marine fisheries [2]. The global demand for freshwater fish has increased significantly by 30 % from year 2003 to 2007 [3]. It is anticipated that an extra 37 million tons of fish is required worldwide by 2020, to fulfill the demand of high expanding population incorporating with changing dietary habits due to high income levels [4]. Catfish or provincially known as ‘keli’ are potential and beneficial business aquaculture species in Malaysia and Southeast Asia due to its beneficial source of amino acid and also as the cheapest source of animal protein [3, 5]. Besides that, catfish are popular freshwater fish in Malaysia due to their high nutritional value and delicious taste [3]. The production of catfish is growing rapidly due to globalizing trade and economically favorable for larger scale farming [6]. Most Malaysian are still heavily relies on fish and fish based products as the main protein source of animal protein constituting about one fifth of all animal protein consumed in human diets [7]. Increases in human populations have trigger production of freshwater fish for human consumption hence creates demand for high quality fish feeds. Feeds expense is the major variable operating cost during production of catfish [3, 8]; accordingly, considerable activity has been utilized to focus on quantity and nature of feed stuffs to accomplish optimum performance of catfish. In order to sustain the development of African catfish fingerling, proper formulation of feeds is important. This motivates researcher to discover alternative fish feed ingredient with high nutritional value typically essential amino acid for growth and maintenance of catfish fingerlings. Lysine is one of the limiting amino acids and it is essential in fish diet to have better growth performance and feed utilization [9]. Fish feed that contain high protein is not necessarily good enough to increase growth rate of the fish. But, it is important to ensure the amino acids content is in perfect amounts in the selected protein source to increase the growth rate as well as to maintain the growth of the fish. Lysine is the major component of the feed mixture essential for promoting growth, and also prevents fin rotting and mortality [10]. The major function of lysine in catfish is for protein tissue deposition [11]. Moreover, it is not only related to catfish growth, but also can increase fillet yield [12]. In addition, dietary lysine supplementation is also beneficial in enhancement of immune responses and gastrointestinal development of catfish fingerlings [10]. Proper formulation of fish feeds with sufficient quantity of lysine needed by catfish fingerlings will result in maximum growth. Rawles [13] has stated that the if lysine requirement in fish diet is met, the other amino acids are present in amounts that meet or exceed their requirements. Fish meal is a commonly used ingredient in fish feeds production and it is generally provides adequate nutrition for fish’s growth. However, sole utilization of fish meal lead to increase in the price together with increase in the demands. On the other hand, earthworm powder has attracted significant attention from researchers to be used as alternative fish feed ingredient. This alternative ingredient not only contains high protein but it also contributes to essential amino acid which needed for fish’s growth especially lysine [14]. Leucaena leucocephala leaves also show high potential to be incorporated in fish feed due to their high protein content especially lysine [15]. Leucaena leucocephala leaves are fast growing plant, cheap and locally available. Currently, this leaves are mainly used as fodder to feed horses, sheep and cattle. Soybean wastes are an agricultural wastes and abundantly available. Usage of agricultural wastes as part of fish feeds will eliminate disposal problem and reduce polluting effect [16]. Currently, there is limited information regarding the effect of combining different weight percent of ingredients towards total lysine content in fish feeds. In this study, the different weight percent of earthworm powder, soybean wastes, leucaena leucocephala leaves and fish meal were combined to produce fish feed for African catfish fingerlings and the optimum lysine content from the combination was investigated. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) via Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to optimize lysine content in formulated fish feed.
363 Siti Nurhafa Imra Naqtahnain Hamid et al. / Procedia Engineering 148 (2016) 361 – 369 2. Materials and Methods The earthworm powder are obtained from a commercial earthworm farm, Solo Agrofarm Indonesia. Soybean wastes and leucaena leucocephala leaves are obtained from individual person in Arau, Perlis Malaysia. Fish meal and tapioca flour were purchased from local source in Arau, Perlis Malaysia. Rice bran was obtained from Kilang Beras Bernas Sdn Bhd, Perlis, Malaysia. Vitamin and mineral premix was purchased from Y.S.P. Industries Sdn Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia. Calcium dihydrogen phosphate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Selangor, Malaysia. 2.1 Crude Protein Analysis Earthworm powder, fish meal, leucaena leucocephala leaves, soybean waste and rice bran were analyzed for their crude protein by Kjehdahl nitrogen assay using standard method. 1.0 g of weighed samples are digested in boiling concentrated sulfuric acid in order to convert protein nitrogen to ammonia. The ammonia is boiled off and collect by distillation. The amount of ammonia collected are measured by titration. The nitrogen found are multiplied by 6.25, a nitrogen conversion factor to gives the content of crude protein. 2.2 Amino Acid Analysis Earthworm powder, fish meal, leucaena leucocephala leaves, soybean waste and rice bran were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with fluorescence detector (Waters 2475) for their amino acid composition after performing acid hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis was conducted by hydrolyzed each sample in 6 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) for 24 hours at 110⁰C. The operating condition during HPLC were set accordingly: flow rate 1 mL/min, column temperature 36⁰C, injection volume 5 µL. 2.3 Preparation of Formulated Fish Feeds Earthworm powder and fish meal were readily prepared. Soybean wastes were dried in an oven at 60⁰C for 72 hours. Leucaena leucocephala leaves were dried in an oven at 60⁰C for 24 hours and undergone pretreatment by soaking in distilled water for 72 hours to remove or degrading mimosine level [17] before drying again for another 24 hours. Rice bran was dried in an oven for 24 hours at 60⁰C. All dried ingredients were ground and sieved to obtain 500 mm particles size. In 100 g basis, 15 g, 25 g, 5 g and 20 g of earthworm powder, soybean wastes, leucaena leucocephala leaves and fish meal respectively were mixed and the other 35 g comes from rice bran, tapioca flour, vitamin and mineral premix and calcium dihydrogen phosphate. All ingredients were slowly mixed with hot water (80 C) to accomplished agglutination. The dough was pelletized and dried at 60 C for an hour in an oven. The dried fish feeds were stored in airtight container at 5 C for further analysis. The effect of different weight percentage of raw materials to the lysine content was investigated in optimization study. 2.4 Optimization Study Optimization study was conducted by using Design Expert Software Version 7.1 (State-Ease Inc, Minneapolis, USA) through CCD to determine the optimum lysine content (%) in suggested parameter composition. Four parameters were studied namely the weight percentage of earthworm powder, soybean wastes, leucaena leucocephala leaves and fish meal to give total 30 formulations to be tested (Table 1). The optimum mixture (%) of selected parameter in fish feed formulation was conducted through CCD according to the regression model shown in Equation (1): y k k k 2 E 0 E i xi E ii xi E ij xi x j H i 1 i 1 1di d j (1)
364 Siti Nurhafa Imra Naqtahnain Hamid et al. / Procedia Engineering 148 (2016) 361 – 369 where y is the response, βi is constant coefficient and xi is independent variable. Table 1: Parameter level for CCD Parameters Earthworm powder (x1) Soybean wastes (x2) Leucaena leucocephala leaves (x3) Fish meal (x4) Unit Low level (-) High level ( ) References %w/w %w/w %w/w %w/w 15 15 5 0 25 25 10 20 [3] [3, 18] [19] [20, 21] 2.5 Determination of Lysine Lysine was analyzed by using Phenomenex EZ Faast Amino Acid Analysis Kit coupled with Gas Chromatography (GC) (Shimadzu GC-2010) after performing acid hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis was conducted by hydrolyzed each sample in 6 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) for 24 hours at 110⁰C. 30 formulated fish feed were analyzed for their lysine content accordingly. 3. Results and Discussions 3.1 Crude Protein Analysis Table 2 shows the crude protein in each of feed ingredients. Earthworm powder has the highest protein content compared to the other feed ingredients. Previous study shows the crude protein in earthworm is in the range 60.46 % to 77.12 % [22-24]. Rice bran has the lowest crude protein content which is 13.86 % making it as filler rather than protein source. Study by Faria [25], indicate the protein content in rice bran is in the range 16.61 % to 19.38 %. Ingredient which consist less than 20 % protein are considered as energy feedstuffs rather than protein feedstuffs [26]. Hence, only earthworm powder, fish meal, leucaena leucocephala leaves and soybean wastes were selected as the main protein sources during formulation of fish feeds. Table 2: Crude protein in feed ingredients Feed Ingredients Earthworm powder Soybean wastes Fish meal Leucaena leucocephala leaves Rice bran Crude Protein (%) 60.34 33.25 46.00 26.41 13.86 3.2 Amino Acid Profile Amino acids are vital and have to be presented in catfish fingerlings diet for maximal growth. Table 3 shows the amino acids profile for each feed ingredients used in fish feed formulation. The amino acids profile shows 16 types of amino acids present among 22 amino acids in nature which has been analyzed through HPLC. Lysine as limiting amino acids needs to be supplied in catfish fingerlings diet to achieve maximal growth. However, properly formulated fish feed from common feedstuffs will provide sufficient quantity of lysine without additional commercial lysine. In this study, the composition of lysine is high in earthworm powder compared to the other ingredients. These indicate the potential of earthworm powder to replace the fish meal which is commercially used as major protein source in fish feeds. Most of plant protein ingredients including soybean wastes, leucaena leucocephala leaves and rice bran have low lysine level with soybean wastes contain the lowest. However, the incorporation of the aforementioned plant-protein source in fish feed is important for sustainable aquaculture [27]. Lysine concentration in plant ingredients is low because aspartic pathway is the main route for lysine biosynthesis in plant and lysine is degraded via saccharopine pathway instead of being accumulated [28].
365 Siti Nurhafa Imra Naqtahnain Hamid et al. / Procedia Engineering 148 (2016) 361 – 369 Table 3: Amino acid profile of each fish feed ingredients No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Amino Acid Aspartime Serine Glutamin acid Glycine Histidine Arginine Threonine Alanine Proline Thyrosine Valine Methionine Lysine Isoleucine Leucine Phenylalanine Earthworm powder 6.66 3.83 10.01 8.54 4.76 5.63 0.74 2.68 1.78 3.49 3.53 1.97 4.48 2.47 6.14 4.91 Weight Percentages (% w/w) Soybean waste Fish meal Leucaena leucocephala leaves 2.36 4.55 2.54 3.88 3.14 2.54 4.22 8.25 3.50 10.25 6.78 4.17 4.49 4.19 2.81 6.88 4.99 2.84 3.14 3.12 2.39 1.00 1.97 1.41 0.63 1.93 1.32 4.22 2.02 1.88 2.31 2.56 2.10 0.45 1.50 0.78 0.73 3.60 2.01 2.43 1.74 1.23 4.42 4.42 3.48 7.68 3.07 2.80 Rice bran 1.66 1.05 2.72 0.89 1.30 1.61 0.89 0.86 0.68 0.60 1.01 0.35 1.09 0.50 1.44 0.93 3.3 Optimization Study The effect of different weight percentage of earthworm powder, soybean wastes and leucaena leucocephala leaves inclusion in fish feed were studied using RSM via CCD. The experimental data was performed with a total of 30 sets of experiment or formulation. Among 30 formulations, 6 formulations were the repetition of central point (Run 5, 7, 19, 21, 26 and 29). The range chosen is representing in Table 1. A model equation was obtained for percentage of lysine content in formulated fish feed as shown in Equation (2): y 6.12 1.65 x1 0.75 x2 0.87 x3 1.65 x4 0.20 x1x2 1.65 x1x3 0.098 x1x4 1.08 x2 x3 1.75 x2 x4 2 2 2 2 2.46 x3 x4 1.28 x1 3.96 x2 3.74 x3 4.6 x4 (2) The percentage of lysine content (y) and other variables are represent in coded values which are, weight percentages of earthworm powder (x1), soybean wastes (x2), Leucaena leucocephala leaves (x3) and fish meal (x4). The formulation of fish feed based on CCD and the resulted percentage of lysine content was shown in Table 4. Percentage of lysine content in formulation is the response variable and it is subjected to regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine regression coefficients and statistical significance of model terms as well as to fit mathematical models with experimental results data, hence to obtain optimum region for response variable. The significance of the equation parameters for each response variable is determined by F ration at probability (P) of 0.05. The adequacy of models was determined using model analysis, lack-of-fit test and coefficient of determination (R2) analysis [29]. The fitness of the model can be expressed through coefficient of determination, R2 [30]. To obtained fit model, the R2 should exceed 0.80 [29]. In this experiment, RSM is used to develop a prediction model to obtain optimum lysine content by varying the composition of the fish feed. The R 2 obtained is 0.94 implies that 94.00 % of variations could be explained by the fitted model thus, confirming the fitness of the model. The adequacy of the model is statistically analyzed by ANOVA. The highest lysine content is achieved at run 18 with maximum composition of each feed ingredients which are 25.00 %, 25.00 %, 10.00 % and 20.00 % of earthworm powder, soybean waste, leucaena leucocephala leaves and fish meal respectively. The highest lysine content is achieved due to greater amount of earthworm powder and fish meal inserted into those formulations. Composition of earthworm and fish meal contributes greatly to composition of lysine in fish feeds. This interprets by ANOVA which gives significant value for earthworm powder and fish meal. Soybean waste and leucaena leucocephala leaves may be reduced in formulation due to insignificant result obtained from experiment. Although soybean waste and leucaena leucocephala leaves are not the major contributor
366 Siti Nurhafa Imra Naqtahnain Hamid et al. / Procedia Engineering 148 (2016) 361 – 369 in lysine content, incorporation of agricultural waste may improve lysine content in fish feed formulation. The commercial fish feed obtained from local fish feed supplier gives 11.21 % w/w of lysine (data was not presented in results). The optimum lysine content from formulated fish pellet is comparable with commercial fish feed due to improved lysine content. Table 4: Formulation of fish pellet based on CCD Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 x1 15.00 15.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 25.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 15.00 25.00 20.00 25.00 20.00 25.00 25.00 20.00 25.00 20.00 25.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 Factor (%w/w) x2 25.00 15.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 15.00 25.00 25.00 15.00 15.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 20.00 25.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 15.00 25.00 15.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 15.00 20.00 15.00 x3 5.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 10.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 7.50 10.00 7.50 10.00 7.50 7.50 7.50 5.00 10.00 7.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 5.00 7.50 5.00 x4 20.00 0.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 20.00 0.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 20.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 Response (%w/w) y 9.26 7.91 10.48 11.83 4.92 10.95 4.71 13.08 17.12 7.50 8.88 8.39 9.78 8.09 1.67 0.90 4.15 21.40 4.57 8.12 4.65 3.30 2.50 5.25 9.00 5.08 12.46 7.04 5.01 11.41
Siti Nurhafa Imra Naqtahnain Hamid et al. / Procedia Engineering 148 (2016) 361 – 369 Figure 1 shows the interaction effect between earthworm powder and fish meal, where both of soybean wastes and leucaena leucocephala leaves are set at their middle level (20.00 % and 7.50 % respectively). The optimization process through CCD shows the main effect and the interaction effect between ingredients which contributed to the highest lysine content in fish feed formulation. The significant effect were achieved through interaction between earthworm powder and leucaena leucocephala leaves, soybean waste and leucaena leucocephala leaves, soybean waste and fish meal and leucaena leucocephala leaves with fish meal. The high content of lysine in formulated fish feed was found with high percentage of earthworm powder and fish meal, respectively thus proving that lysine content was much dependent on the earthworm powder and fish meal content. The lysine content was greater ranging from 17.12 to 21.40 % w/w of lysine. The decline of lysine content could be due to the combined effect of earthworm powder with soybean waste and fish meal. The high contribution of lysine content in fish feed formulation by earthworm and fish meal individually making them as high grade animal protein source [31]. A study conducted by Sogbesan and Madu [32] has suggested 25.00 % of earthworm meal is included in diet of Heterobranchus longifilis can obtained the highest mean weight gain, relative growth rate and productive protein value as well as to achieve profitable and sustainable aquaculture practices. Further increasing the weight percentages of earthworm powder or fish meal will result in production of non-economical fish feeds. The validation test was conducted to test the suggested formulation by Design Expert Software. Selected formulation suggested by Design Expert Software were 25.00 %, 20.88 %, 10.00 % and 20.00 % of earthworm powder, soybean waste, leucaena leucocephala leaves and fish meal, respectively was used to achieved maximum lysine composition. The 23.39 % w/w of lysine was obtained based on suggested formulation of fish feed from Design Expert Software. Figure 1: Interaction effect between earthworm powder and fish meal 4. Conclusion Fish feed with optimum lysine can be achieved by integration of earthworm powder, soybean waste, leucaena leucocephala leaves and fish meal at weight percentages of 25.00 %, 20.88 %, 10.00 % and 20.00 %, respectively. It was demonstrated that the earthworm powder and fish meal play significant roles in formulation of fish feed due to their high lysine content compared to other ingredient studied. This work provides positive evidence that earthworm powder incorporated with fish meal, soybean wastes, leucaena leucocephala leaves and rice bran could be an alternative to satisfy the diet requirement of African catfish fingerlings. The composition of fish feed obtained from this study can be used as guidelines for formulation of high lysine fish feeds for African catfish fingerlings in the future work. 367
368 Siti Nurhafa Imra Naqtahnain Hamid et al. / Procedia Engineering 148 (2016) 361 – 369 Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for financial support by Short-Term Grant (grant number: 9001-00453) from Universiti Malaysia Perlis and Research Acculturation Grant Scheme (grant number: 9018-00001) from Ministry of High Education, Malaysia. References [1] Iliyasu, A., Z.A. Mohamed, and M. Hashim, Productivity growth, technical change and efficiency change of the Malaysian cage fish farming: an application of Malmquist Productivity Index approach. Aquaculture International, 2015. 23(4): p. 1013-1024. [2] Mustapha, N.H.N., A.A. Aziz, and N.M.H. Hashim, Technical efficiency in aquaculture industry using data envelopment analysis (DEA) window: Evidences from malaysia. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 2013. 8(2): p. 137-149. [3] Zakaria, Z., N.H. Mohd Salleh, A.R. Mohamed, N.G.A. Anas, and S.N.A. 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3.2 Amino Acid Profile Amino acids are vital and have to be presented in catfish fingerlings diet for maximal growth. Table 3 shows the amino acids profile for each feed ingredients used in fish feed formulation. The amino acids profile shows 16 types of amino acids present among 22 amino acids in nature which has been analyzed through HPLC.
When I found One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish I was sure I’d found the best learn-to-count book and that it would explain how to count without a grown-up to get you started.7 Here’s how it begins: One fish, two fish, red fish, blue fish. Black fish, blue fish old fish, new fish. This one has a litt
r. Seuss's One fish, two fish, red fish, blue fish is a clas-sic children's story, a simple rhyming book for beginning readers. We need a similar rhyme to help people grasp the problems afflicting Alberta's native fish species. It might read like this: Two fish, one fish, dead fish, no fish, No grayling or goldeye, something's amiss .
Fish noun Fish noun Examples Freshwater fish live in rivers and lakes. Freshwater fish live in rivers and lakes. Saltwater fish live in oceans and seas. Saltwater fish live in oceans and seas. The fish is swimming in the water. The fish is swimming in the water. The fish is looking at the bait. The fish is looking at the bait. freshwater fish .
Screen shot of feed formulation software . 2.2. Winfeed 2.8 Software . WIN FEED (www.winfeed.com) is the cheapest least cost feed formulation software developed in the year 2012. It is equally useful for ruminants and non-ruminants such as poultry, cattle, sheep, horses, dogs, cats, fish and aqua culture etc. WinFeed works in two modes, Linear .
Feed Formulation Feed formulation is the process of quantifying the amounts of feed ingredients that need to be combined to form a single uniform mixture (diet) that supplies all of the nutrient required by animal or allow to meet certain
WinFeed - Feed Formulation Software Program Win Feed Dikembangkan Laboratory of Nutrition, University of Cambridge, UK Program formulasi ransum sederhana yang dapat dipergunakan untuk menyusun ransum ungags atau ruminansia Metode formulasi ransum: Linear Feed Formulation Stochastic Feed Formulation www.wi
Page 1 of 37 2012 HOME ECONOMICS SEC MARKING SCHEME PAPER I 1a. Two other types of fish (2 x 0.5 marks) oily fish, shell fish. b.i. Type of fish which has tough fibres (0.5 mark) oily fish b.ii. Type of fish which is easily digested (0.5 mark) white fish c. Nutritive value of fish
Fish Dichotomous Key Step 1 If fish shape is long and skinny then go to step 2 If fish shape is not long and skinny, then go to step 3 Step 5 If fish has spots, then go to step 6 If fish does not have spots, then go to step 7 Step 2 If fish has pointed fins, it is a trumpet fish If fish has smooth fins, it is a spotted moray eel Step 6
