A Guide To The Guidelines - NCJFCJ
A Guide to theGuidelinesSERIESPractical Tips for Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts to ImplementContributing authors:Elizabeth ChristensenMartha Elin-Blomquist, Ph.D.Jessica PearceWendy SchillerSarah Trescher
IntroductionMTechnical Assistance Build capacity Assess needs Initiate strategic planning Implement appropriate improvements Evaluate program performance and help sustainprogramsay is National Drug Court Month! The NationalCouncil of Juvenile and Family Court Judges(NCJFCJ) celebrates the success of adult drug courts,juvenile drug treatment courts, family dependencytreatment courts, tribal healing to wellness courts, DWIcourts, and veterans’ treatment courts across the U.S.Juvenile drug treatment courts (JDTCs) in particular servea critical role in helping youth address, and ultimatelyovercome, concurrent substance use and delinquentbehaviors. Comprehensive interventions for juvenilesubstance use are important because early substance useis a risk factor for justice system involvement and lifelongaddiction issues. The NCJFCJ is proud to be the resourcefor training and technical assistance for JDTCs nationwide,providing support to these vital programs as theyundertake the work to help youth transform their lives.Linking Courts to the Evidence-Based TreatmentCommunity The Adolescent-Based Treatment Database(Database) reatment-interventions-andassessment-instruments), compiled by the NCJFCJ,supplies information on validated treatmentinterventions and assessment instruments A one-stop-shop for JDTCs researching adolescentfocused treatment and assessment instruments The Database serves as a valuable tool by detailingintervention basics, providing special considerationsregarding specific treatment interventions, andproviding engagement strategies for providers, alliedagencies, youth, and families The Database provides a Comparison Matrix to helpreaders quickly identify brief, individual, group,and family interventions that may work in theirjurisdictionThe first juvenile drug treatment courts started in 1995,following the implementation of the adult drug courtmodel. In 2003, a joint project of the National DrugCourt Institute (NDCI), the NCJFCJ, and practitionersin the juvenile drug treatment court field developedthe Strategies in Practice, which served as suggestedpractice for JDTCs to implement and operate a JDTC aswell as to supply a structure for evaluation and research.The recommendations developed in the Strategies inPractice, based largely on practitioner perspective andpractice, served as an important historical perspectivein the development of the new Juvenile Drug TreatmentCourt Guidelines (Guidelines) (https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/250368.pdf) released this year. The Guidelines arebased in research and evidence-based practices, and iffollowed, increase the probability that JDTCs will be ableto implement successfully recommended practices foryouth and their families.National Drug Court Month has been celebrated for morethan 20 years throughout treatment court communitiesacross the country. National Drug Court Month isorganized by the National Association of Drug CourtProfessionals (NADCP) each year.JDTC professionals and teams are encouraged todownload the National Drug Court Month kit, whichincludes instructions and samples for courts to contacttheir state’s Senators and Representatives and invite themto attend graduation ceremonies. Additionally, treatmentcourt communities can spread the word through NADCP’smedia kit to share the importance of future funding fortreatment courts across the nation.The NCJFCJ provides training to professionals workingin the juvenile drug treatment court field focusing onstrengthening the ability to offer quality, evidence-basedadolescent services within a team framework:Training Introduce concepts and awareness of a topic or issue Improve practice on a national, regional, and locallevel Improve individual effectiveness and build on aparticipant’s existing knowledge and encourage/implement change Change team practice and move the team fromcurrent practice to recommended practice Assist the self-guided learner with moving from theintroduction of concepts through to a change inpractice at his or her own paceFor more information about National Drug CourtMonth, please click on the following links: NADCP’s National Drug Court Month ResourceCenter (http://www.nadcp.org/NDCM) NADCP’s National Drug Court Month Field 17 Final.pdf)A Guide to the Guidelines Series: Practical Tips for Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts to Implement1
1Connecting the Juvenile Drug TreatmentCourt Philosophy to PracticeMartha Elin-Blomquist, Ph.D., Site Manager, National Council of Juvenile and Family Court JudgesOBJECTIVE 1: Focus the JDTC philosophy and practice on effectively addressing substance use andcriminogenic needs to decrease future offending and substance use and increase positive outcomes.Distinguishing features of an effective juveniledrug treatment court (JDTC) or an effective JDTCphilosophy consist of being informed by adolescentdevelopment, using individualized case planning gearedtoward mobilizing and supporting youth’s goals andmotivation for behavior change, and engaging familymembers in supporting change. They are essential todecreasing future offending and substance use andincreasing positive outcomes. In addition, grounding aJDTC’s philosophy for addressing substance use in a harmreduction framework, rather than abstinence-only, is alsokey to being effective and research-informed.new interests and hobbies explored, life skills practiced,and job applications completed in a month are examplesof measurable behavior change. All relate to the aspectsof healthy adolescent development (educational success,improved family functioning, healthy relationships,employment stability, and personal wellbeing), whichthe Juvenile Drug Treatment Court Guidelines ) supportachieving as outcomes. Click here rt-guidelines.html) to viewthe JDTC map and outcomes.SHORT-TERM ACTIONIncorporating harm reduction into your JDTC’sphilosophy offers many benefits. It is consistent withthe developmental lens that team members should usefor understanding substance use, motivating behaviorchange, and helping participants acquire skills and theability to engage in healthy decision making. Harmreduction appreciates that a youth’s relationship withsubstances and the patterns of use are individual. Itemphasizes working with a youth’s goals and aspirationsas the basis for change, rather than imposing the goals andmandates of adult figures. Harm reduction does not insiston the perfection associated with abstinence. It recognizesthat adolescents develop through incremental change(with progress not always occurring in a linear fashion).Have your JDTC team review the philosophy, values,mission, and goals that underlie your current program.Critically discuss how they align with the Guidelines’emphasis on being informed by adolescent development,focus on family involvement (click here for a resource onfamily engagement), and take a harm reduction approachto substance use (click here for tips on motivationaltechniques). Identify the values and philosophy that teammembers can commit to that will bring your practices intocloser alignment with the Guidelines on these matters.LONG-TERM ACTIONTo tie program goals to specific youth behavior, havethe JDTC team select two or three aspects of healthyadolescent development from the five noted in theGuidelines outcomes to focus on. Generate a list ofconcrete behaviors and activities to serve as indicatorsof each. Create a plan for collecting data to track,measure, and report on JDTC participant progress withthese behaviors.Harm reduction also invites family engagement. It givesfamily members a place at the table for determininggoals, services, the yardsticks by which progress towardchange may be measured, and expectations aboutresponses to change that will be motivating and helpful.In addition, from an outcomes perspective, harmreduction gives JDTC teams a larger view of what shouldbe counted. Such things as the number of days in school,school credits recovered, meals eaten together as a family,A Guide to the Guidelines Series: Practical Tips for Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts to Implement2
2Ensuring Equity and Access in theJuvenile Drug Treatment CourtJessica Pearce, Site Manager, National Council of Juvenile and Family Court JudgesOBJECTIVE 2 : Ensure equitable treatment for all youth by adhering to eligibility criteria and conductingan initial screening.You’ve probably seen the image circulating onsocial media to describe the difference betweenequality and equity. It depicts three people watching (orattempting to watch) a baseball game over a woodenfence. In the first panel, everyone is treated equally (i.e.,the same) – each person has one crate, but there is noequity because the crates are of different heights andthe shortest person is not able to see over the fence. Inthe second panel, equity is achieved by ensuring thateach person has the support needed to be successful – inthis case by redistributing the crates. To see the memeand read about its evolution go to dental-memeddc4e139e0e4.geographic distance from services, etc. All programsshould take a look at their acceptance data on a biannualbasis and discuss the youth who were not accepted. Whatcommon factors did the youth share? If a number ofyouth are excluded because of a violent offense in theirprior history, your team should discuss why you have thisas exclusionary criteria and consider the ramificationsof that decision. If there are a number of youth who areexcluded from your program because of where they livein relationship to services, your team should considerwhat you can do to ameliorate that challenge.3) Use objective admission criteria. In juvenile justicethere are a number of tools that can provide your JDTCwith objective information to help you make admissioncriteria, including risk/need screening and assessmenttools and substance use assessment tools. Your teamshould have an assumption inclusion – if a youth matchesthe profile (research recommends 14-17 years old,moderate-high risk, and substance use disorder) then theyouth should be presumed to be included.Your juvenile drug treatment court (JDTC) is like one ofthose crates – your services can help ensure that youthwho are experiencing concurrent substance use anddelinquency have an opportunity to make changes intheir lives and be successful.SHORT-TERM ACTIONLONG-TERM ACTION1) Create an equity policy. Your equity policy shouldbe reflective of the values of inclusion and focus onensuring equity for youth of color, girls, LGBTQI youth,et al. The Annie E. Casey Foundation has created 7 Stepsto Advance and Embed Race Equity and Inclusion WithinYour Organization (http://www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/AECF EmbracingEquity7Steps-2014.pdf), which can serveas a roadmap for your team.Long-term actions to address equity in your JDTC willlikely involve your entire juvenile justice system in reformefforts. While your team can set admission criteria for yourprogram, you cannot always affect earlier decision pointslike arrest or charging. Members of your JDTC shouldconsider joining task forces that are working to addressequity and sharing the lessons you learned in creatingequity within your own program.2) Review your data. While it can sometimes feel like athankless task, regularly reviewing program data can helpyou ensure equal access for all youth in your community.Looking at your data can help you identify commoncharacteristics that lead to youth being excluded fromyour program such as a prior history with the juvenilejustice (especially violent offenses), family challenges,A Guide to the Guidelines Series: Practical Tips for Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts to Implement3
3Working Together as a Team to BuildFamily EngagementJessica Pearce, Site Manager, National Council of Juvenile and Family Court JudgesOBJECTIVE 3 : Provide a JDTC process that engages the full JDTC team and follows procedures fairly.In the research upon which the Juvenile Drug TreatmentCourt Guidelines (Guidelines) (https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/250368.pdf) are based, one thing is clear – familyis key. While family engagement is a running theme,Guideline 3.1 outlines the importance of family in avariety of contexts: “JDTCs should work collaborativelywith parents and guardians throughout the court processto encourage active participation in (a) regular courthearings, (b) supervision and discipline of their children inthe home and community, and (c) treatment programs.”caregivers to attend each court hearing but this can bea real barrier to engagement, particularly for workingparents. Discuss if this requirement is necessary andwhat accommodations you might be willing to makefor parents/guardians/caregivers who cannot attendevery session. Once you’ve made your determinationsabout participation and accommodations, include thisinformation in your policy and make sure parents areaware of it. Create checklists for parents/guardians/caregivers so they are aware of your requirements andinformational needs for each phase of the program.You should think about family in three domains – information and enforcement of rules, support of theyouth in his or her efforts to make changes, and servicesprovided to each family. Team members should worktogether to determine what the team wants and needsfrom families in each of these areas. Define family broadlyto include not only biological family, but also family asdefined by the youth. Consider “Jared” – a youth in yourJDTC. He is currently living with his Aunt Julie becauseof challenges with his parents and he identifies Meagan,his girlfriend, as his biggest source of support. Considerworking with Aunt Julie for information and enforcementof rules and with Megan for providing support to Jared(perhaps allowing her to attend court sessions andcourt activities). And finally, because of the challengeswith his parents, consider offering family therapy. Thisindividualized approach allows team members to engagewith the people who are important in your client’s life.2) Regularly survey your families. Too often familiesdon’t feel like they have a voice in the JDTC process. Asurvey can help you give them a voice and can help youdetermine their understanding of program requirements,perceptions of the program, and needs they might have.3) Incentivize parent/guardian/caregiver participation.Consider providing incentives to parents/guardians/caregivers to do what you need them to do. For example,if they need to complete an assessment in order for theyouth to be admitted to the program, offer an incentivewhen the assessment is done.LONG-TERM ACTIONDevelop family-based treatment and services. Familytherapy, like Functional Family Therapy, can be the mosteffective treatment for youth and families participating inyour JDTC. If your program does not currently have familytherapy available, consider making it a long-term goalto provide family therapy. In addition, use informationfrom your surveys to identify family needs and developcommunity partnerships to meet those needs.SHORT-TERM ACTION1) Review your JDTC’s current family requirements.Many JDTCs have family requirements that includeparental participation at court hearings, enforcementof curfew, reporting on youth behavior, etc. In yourreview, determine 1) is this requirement necessary and2) is it specific. Many courts require parents/guardians/A Guide to the Guidelines Series: Practical Tips for Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts to Implement4
4Addressing the Needs of Youth withComprehensive Case PlanningWendy Schiller, Site Manager, National Council of Juvenile and Family Court JudgesOBJECTIVE 4 : Conduct comprehensive needs assessments that inform individualized case management.First, this isn’t new! For more than a decade, thejuvenile justice system as a whole has been movingtowards addressing a youth’s specific needs, derivedfrom validated assessments (risk/need and/or substanceabuse), through comprehensive case planning. Juveniledrug treatment courts (JDTCs) should be especiallyadept at this, but as it turns out, JDTCs often fall back onpre-determined requirements (e.g., phase structures),rather than goal attainment and achievement. There areseveral things a JDTC can do to align itself with ObjectiveFour under the Juvenile Drug Treatment Court Guidelines(Guidelines) (https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/250368.pdf), butmore importantly, to develop effective individualized caseplans for the youth.by changing phase level requirements to be focused oncase planning goals – i.e., adding case plan developmentto phase checklists and case plan assessments to phaseadvancement, rather than focusing on compliance issueswhich can be dealt with in other ways (e.g., school,treatment, court attendance, and drug testing).LONG-TERM ACTIONIf JDTC teams find themselves in an environment thatdoes not support comprehensive case planning, theteam will need to add this function on their own. Whichcan be done! Simply identify the need and then addcomprehensive case planning by: Focusing on priorities identified in the youth’sassessment; Drafting SMART goals ls.htm) and clear objectivestatements to address specific needs, with actualinterventions; Defining levels of progress (e.g., Likert scales or agrading scale) to ascertain progress on specific goals;and Setting informal reassessment dates to reviewprogress on goals, objectives, and activities.SHORT-TERM ACTIONAs a team, meet with the department of justicesupervisors or with other probation/case managersupervisors in your jurisdiction and find out what risk/need instruments are currently used in your jurisdiction.It is important for everyone on the team to participatein this conversation because the information in the risk/need instrument will drive the case plan. In fact, manyof the validated instruments available on the markethave case planning capabilities. If yours does, you shouldtake advantage of them. Then, the team should beginimplementing case planning strategies within the JDTCs.This may mean that case managers or probation officerswill need additional training and technical assistance toincorporate case planning concepts fully. Of course, thecase managers and probation officers will likely need totrain the JDTC team fully on these concepts as well.The main recommendation for JDTC teams is to moveaway from focusing too heavily on compliance (i.e.,school, treatment, and court attendance, or not violatingcourt orders) and being proactive in assisting youth inachieving attainable goals. This means that SMART goalsshould not revolve around compliance issues, rather,goals should be specific (an actual intervention that alignswith the goal developed), measurable (can the teamdetermine objective progress?), attainable (are the youthand family able to affect this goal?), relevant (connect witha value or priority that the youth has), and time bound (isthere a reasonable and proximal end date for the goal?).JDTC teams need to connect case planning strategiesto their current (or enhanced) phase structures to fullyimplement comprehensive case planning strategies.For example, JDTC teams incorporate these conceptsA Guide to the Guidelines Series: Practical Tips for Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts to Implement5
5Reinforcing Behaviors that Juvenile DrugTreatment Court Teams Want to See in YouthWendy Schiller, Site Manager, National Council of Juvenile and Family Court JudgesOBJECTIVE 5 : Implement contingency management, case management, and community supervisionstrategies effec
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Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
