Chapter 34 The Biosphere: An Introduction To Introduction .
Biosphere: An introduction toChapter 34 TheEarth’s Diverse EnvironmentsIntroduction For most of life on Earth, the sun is the main sourceof energy. But around hydrothermal vents, life depends onchemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria. From the roof of the world to the deepest oceans,Earth’s diverse environments are bursting with life.PowerPoint Lectures forCampbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh EditionReece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 34.0 1Figure 34.0 2Chapter 34: Big IdeasThe BiosphereAquatic BiomesTerrestrial BiomesFigure 34.0 3THE BIOSPHERE 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.1
34.1 Ecologists study how organisms interact withtheir environment at several levels34.1 Ecologists study how organisms interact withtheir environment at several levels Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions oforganisms with their environments. Ecologists study environmental interactions at thelevels of the Organisms can potentially be affected by manydifferent variables, grouped into two major types.1. Biotic factors include all of the organisms in an area, theliving component of the environment.2. Abiotic factors are the environment’s nonlivingcomponent, the physical and chemical factors. An organism’s habitat includes the biotic and abioticfactors present in its surroundings.– organism,– population, a group of individuals of the same speciesliving in a particular geographic area,– community, an assemblage of all the populations oforganisms living close enough together for potentialinteraction, and– ecosystem, both the abiotic and biotic components of theenvironment. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 34.1AFigure 34.1BFigure 34.1CFigure 34.1D2
34.1 Ecologists study how organisms interact withtheir environment at several levels34.2 CONNECTION: The science of ecologyprovides insight into environmental problems Some ecologists take a wider perspective bystudying landscapes, arrays of ecosystems usuallyvisible from the air as distinctive patches. Human activities affect all parts of the biosphere. The biosphere– extends from the atmosphere several kilometers aboveEarth to the depths of the oceans and– Cities, farms, and highways change the landscape.– The widespread use of chemicals such as fertilizers andpesticides poses problems to people and otherorganisms.– is all of the Earth that is inhabited by life. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 34.2A 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.34.2 CONNECTION: The science of ecologyprovides insight into environmental problems Two events raised questions about the long-termeffects of widespread DDT use.1. The evolution of pesticide resistance in insects and2. Rachel Carson’s 1962 book Silent Spring, which played akey role in the awakening of environmental awareness. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 34.2B34.3 Physical and chemical factors influence life inthe biosphere The most important abiotic factors that determine thebiosphere’s structure and dynamics include– the energy source, usually solar energy,– temperature,– abundance and type of water,– nutrients,– other aquatic factors such as availability of oxygen, and– other terrestrial factors including wind and fire. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.3
Figure 34.3AFigure 34.3B34.4 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Organismsare adapted to abiotic and biotic factors bynatural selection34.4 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Organismsare adapted to abiotic and biotic factors bynatural selection One of the fundamental goals of ecology is toexplain the distribution of organisms. The pronghorn is a highly successful herbivorousrunning mammal of open country. The presence of a species in a particular place hastwo possible explanations.1. The species may have evolved from ancestors living inthat location, or– It is a descendent of ancestors that roamed the openplains and shrub deserts of North America more than amillion years ago.– It is found nowhere else and is only distantly related tothe many antelope species in Africa.2. it may have dispersed to that location and been able tosurvive once it arrived. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.34.4 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Organismsare adapted to abiotic and biotic factors bynatural selection34.4 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Organismsare adapted to abiotic and biotic factors bynatural selection A pronghorn’s habitat is arid, windswept, and subjectto extreme temperature fluctuations. Ecologists hypothesize that the selection pressureof the cheetah’s pursuit led to the pronghorn’sblazing speed, which far exceeds that of its mainpresent-day predator, the wolf. Their ability to survive and reproduce under theseconditions left offspring that carried their alleles intosubsequent generations. Until around 12,000 years ago, one of their majorpredators was probably the now extinct Americancheetah, similar to African cheetahs alive today. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Like many large herbivores that live in opengrasslands, the pronghorn also derives protectionfrom living in herds. Populations of organisms are adapted to localenvironmental conditions, which may limit thedistribution of organisms. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.4
Figure 34.434.5 Regional climate influences the distributionof terrestrial communities Climate often determines the distribution ofcommunities. The Earth’s global climate patterns are largelydetermined by– the input of solar energy and– the planet’s movement in space. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.34.5 Regional climate influences the distributionof terrestrial communitiesFigure 34.5ANorth Pole60 NLow angle ofincoming sunlight Solar radiation varies with latitude.30 NTropic ofCancer– Equatorial regions receive sunlight more directly.– Higher latitudes receive sunlight at more of a slant.Sunlight strikesmost directly Most climatic variations are due to the unevenheating of Earth’s surface.0 (equator)Tropic ofCapricorn30 SLow angle ofincoming sunlight60 SSouth PoleAtmosphere 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.34.5 Regional climate influences the distributionof terrestrial communities The Earth’s permanent tilt causes the seasons.Figure 34.5BJune solstice(NorthernHemisphere tiltstoward sun)March equinox(equator facessun directly)– In June, the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tippedtoward the sun.– In December, the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth istipped away from the sun.– The reverse is true about the Southern Hemisphere,generating opposite seasons during the same time ofyear.Constant tiltof 23.5 e tiltsaway from sun) 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.5
34.5 Regional climate influences the distributionof terrestrial communitiesFigure 34.5C The tropics are the region surrounding the equatorbetween latitudes 23.5 north and 23.5 south. Uneven heating of the Earth causes rain and winds.– The direct intense solar radiation in the tropics near theequator has an impact on the global patterns of rainfalland winds.Descendingdry airabsorbsmoistureAscendingmoist airreleases Trade windsTrade windsmoistureDescendingdry airabsorbsmoistureDoldrums0 – The tropics experience the greatest annual input andleast seasonal variation in solar radiation.TemperatezoneTropicsTemperatezone 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.34.5 Regional climate influences the distributionof terrestrial communities34.5 Regional climate influences the distributionof terrestrial communities As the air rises in the tropics, it The air then– cools and releases much of its water content,– produces the abundant precipitation typical of mosttropical regions, and– creates an area of calm or very light winds known as thedoldrums. High altitude air masses– lose their moisture over equatorial zones and then– cools and descends again at latitudes of about 30 northand south and– spreads back toward the equator creating the coolingtrade winds that dominate the tropics. As the air moves back toward the equator, it– warms and– picks up moisture.– spread away from the equator. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.34.5 Regional climate influences the distributionof terrestrial communities34.5 Regional climate influences the distributionof terrestrial communities The temperate zones are between the tropics and Prevailing wind patterns result from the combinedeffects of– the Arctic Circle in the north and– rising and falling air masses and– the Antarctic Circle in the south.– Earth’s rotation.– The temperate zones have seasonal variations andmore moderate temperatures than the tropics or thepolar zones.– In the tropics, Earth’s rapidly moving surface deflectsvertically circulating air, making the trade winds blow fromeast to west.– In temperate zones, the slower-moving surface producesthe westerlies, winds that blow from west to east. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.6
Figure 34.5D34.5 Regional climate influences the distributionof terrestrial communities Ocean currents, river-like flow patterns in theoceans, result from a combination of60 NWesterlies– prevailing winds,30 NTrade winds– the planet’s rotation,– unequal heating of surface waters, andDoldrums– the location and shapes of the continents.Trade windsWesterlies– Ocean currents have a profound effect on regionalclimates.30 S60 S 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 34.5E34.5 Regional climate influences the distributionof terrestrial communitiesGreenland Landforms can also affect local climate. Forexample, air temperature declines about 6 C withevery 1,000-m increase in elevation.EuropeNorthAmerica Near mountains, rainfall is affected byGulf Stream– location of mountains,AfricaATLANTICOCEANPACIFICOCEAN– prevailing winds, and– ocean current patterns.SouthAmerica 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 34.5F34.5 Regional climate influences the distributionof terrestrial communities Climate and other abiotic factors of the environmentcontrol the global distribution of ierraNevadaRain shadowDesert The influence of these abiotic factors results inbiomes, the major types of ecological associationsthat occupy broad geographic regions of land orwater. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.7
34.6 Sunlight and substrate are key factors in thedistribution of marine organisms Aquatic biomes are shaped by the availability ofAQUATIC BIOMES– light and– nutrients.Video: Shark Eating a SealVideo: Clownfish and AnemoneVideo: Coral ReefVideo: Hydrothermal VentVideo: Tubeworms 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 34.6AFigure 34.6A 1High tideLow tidePelagic realm (open water)Oarweed (to 2 m)Sea star(to 33 cm)High tideLow tideBrain coral(to 1.8 m)Pelagic realm (open water)Man-of-war(to 50 mlong)Oarweed (to 2 m)Sea star(to 33 cm)Brain coral(to 1.8 m)PhytoplanktonTurtle(60 180 cm)ZooplanktonIntertidalzoneBlue shark (to 2 m)200 mIntertidalzonePhoticzoneZooplankton200 mContinental shelfSponges (1 cm 1 m)Continental shelfSponges (1 cm 1 m)Sperm whale (10 20 m)Sea pen(to 45 cm)Octopus(to 10 m)Benthic realm(seafloor from continentalshelf to deep-sea bottom)PhytoplanktonPhoticzoneHatchet fish(2 60 cm)Sea spider(1 90 cm)“Twilight”“Twilight”1,000 mGulper eel(to 180 cm)Sea pen(to 45 cm)AphoticzoneRat-tail fish (to 80 cm)Brittle star(to 60 cm)Glass sponge(to 1.8 m)Sea cucumber(to 40 cm)Benthic realm(seafloor from continentalshelf to deep-sea bottom)No lightAngler fish(45 cm 2 m)Tripod fish(to 30 cm)Sea spider(1 90 cm)6,000 10,000 m1,000 mAphoticzoneNo lightBrittle star(to 60 cm)6,000 10,000 mFigure 34.6A 234.6 Sunlight and substrate are key factors in thedistribution of marine organismsPelagic realm (open water)Man-of-war(to 50 mlong)Turtle(60 180 cm)PhoticzoneZooplanktonBlue shark (to 2 m)200 m Within the oceans are the– pelagic realm, which includes all open water,– benthic realm, which consists of the seafloor,Sperm whale (10 20 m)Octopus(to 10 m)Hatchet fish(2 60 cm)Gulper eel(to 180 cm)“Twilight”Aphoticzone1,000 mRat-tail fish (to 80 cm)Sea cucumber(to 40 cm)– photic zone, where light penetration is sufficient forphotosynthesis and phytoplankton can occur.– Zooplankton are abundant in the pelagic photic zone.Angler fish(45 cm 2 m)Glass sponge(to 1.8 m)– aphotic zone, where there is insufficient light forphotosynthesis, andTripod fish(to 30 cm)No light– Coral reefs also occur in the photic zone.6,000 10,000 m 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.8
Figure 34.6BFigure 34.6C34.6 Sunlight and substrate are key factors in thedistribution of marine organismsFigure 34.6D The marine environment includes distinctive biomeswhere the ocean meets the land or fresh water.– Intertidal zones are where the ocean meets the land andthe shore is– pounded by waves during high tide and– exposed to the sun and drying winds during low tide.– Estuaries are productive areas where rivers meet theocean.– Wetlands are transitional between aquatic and terrestrialecosystems. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.34.7 Current, sunlight, and nutrients areimportant abiotic factors in freshwaterbiomes34.7 Current, sunlight, and nutrients areimportant abiotic factors in freshwaterbiomes Freshwater biomes Freshwater biomes fall into two broad groups:– cover less than 1% of the Earth,1. standing water biomes (lakes and ponds) and– contain less than 0.01% of its water,2. flowing water biomes (rivers and streams).– harbor 6% of all described species, and– include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and wetlands.Video: Flapping GeeseVideo: Swans Taking Flight 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.9
Figure 34.7AFigure 34.7BPhoticzoneBenthicrealmAphoticzoneFigure 34.7CTERRESTRIAL BIOMES 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.34.8 Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variationsin climate34.8 Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variationsin climate Terrestrial ecosystems are grouped into nine majortypes of biomes, distinguished primarily by theirpredominant vegetation. The current concern about global warming isgenerating intense interest in the effect of climate onvegetation patterns. The geographic distribution of plants and thusterrestrial biomes largely depends on climate. Thekey climate factors are Scientists are documenting– temperature and– latitudinal shifts in biome borders and snow and icecoverage and– changes in length of the growing season.– precipitation The same type of biome may occur in geographicallydistant places if the climate is similar. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.10
Figure 34.834.9 Tropical forests cluster near the equator Tropical forests30 N– occur in equatorial areas,Tropic ofCancerTropic ofCapricorn– experience warm temperatures and days that are 11–12hours long year-round, andEquator30 S– have variable rainfall.KeyTropical forestChaparralSavannaTemperate grasslandArctic tundraDesertTemperatebroadleaf forestPolar iceConiferous forestHigh mountains(coniferous forestand alpine tundra) 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.34.9 Tropical forests cluster near the equatorFigure 34.9 The tropical rain forest is among the most complexof all biomes.– Tropical rain forests harbor enormous numbers ofspecies.– Large-scale human destruction of tropical rain forestscontinues to endanger many species. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 34.9 134.10 Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees Savannas– are warm year-round,– have 30–50 cm annual rainfall,– experience dramatic seasonal variation,– are dominated by grasses and scattered trees, and– are mostly inhabited by large grazing mammals andinsects. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.11
Figure 34.1034.11 Deserts are defined by their drynessFigure 34.10 1Figure 34.11 Deserts are the driest of all terrestrial biomes.– They are characterized by low and unpredictable rainfall.– Desertification, the conversion of semiarid regions todesert, is a significant environmental problem. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 34.11 134.12 Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral The chaparral is a shrubland with– cool, rainy winters and– hot, dry summers.– Vegetation is adapted to periodic fires. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.12
Figure 34.1234.13 Temperate grasslands include the NorthAmerican prairieFigure 34.12 1Figure 34.13 Temperate grasslands– are mostly treeless, except along rivers or streams,– experience precipitation of about 25–75 cm per year, withperiodic droughts and cold winters, and– in North America have historically been grazed by largebison and pronghorn.– Farms have replaced most of North America’s temperategrasslands. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 34.13 134.14 Broadleaf trees dominate temperate forests Temperate broadleaf forests– grow where there is sufficient moisture to support thegrowth of large trees and– experience wide-ranging temperatures (–30 C to 30 C)and high annual precipitation (75–150 cm).– Nearly all of the original broadleaf forests in NorthAmerica have been drastically altered by agriculture andurban development. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.13
Figure 34.1434.15 Coniferous forests are often dominated by afew species of treesFigure 34.14 1Figure 34.15 Cone-bearing evergreen trees, such as spruce, pine,fir, and hemlock, dominate coniferous forests. The northern coniferous forest, or taiga, is thelargest terrestrial biome on Earth. The taiga ischaracterized by– long, cold winters and– short, wet summers. Temperate rain forests of coastal North Americaare also coniferous forests. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 34.15 134.16 Long, bitter-cold winters characterize thetundra The tundra covers expansive areas of the Arcticbetween the taiga and the permanently frozen polarice. The treeless arctic tundra– is characterized by permafrost, continuously frozensubsoil, and– experiences little precipitation. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.14
Figure 34.1634.17 Polar ice covers the land at high latitudesFigure 34.16 1Figure 34.17 Polar ice covers– land north of the tundra,– much of the Arctic Ocean, and– the continent of Antarctica. Temperatures are extremely cold year-round andprecipitation is very low. The terrestrial polar biome is closely intertwined withthe neighboring marine biome. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 34.17 134.18 The global water cycle connects aquatic andterrestrial biomes Ecological subdivisions such as biomes are linkedby– nutrient cycles and– the water cycle.– Water in the form of precipitation and evaporation movesbetween the land, oceans, and atmosphere.– Over the oceans, evaporation exceeds precipitation.– Over the land, precipitation exceeds evaporation. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.15
34.18 The global water cycle connects aquatic andterrestrial biomes Human activities affect the global water cycle.Figure 34.18SolarheatWater vaporover the sea– The destruction of tropical rain forests reduces theamount of water vapor in the air.– Pumping large amounts of groundwater to the surface forirrigation increases the rate of evaporation over land.Precipitationover the seaNet movementof water vaporby windEvaporationfrom the seaEvaporationandtranspirationWater vaporover the landPrecipitationover the landOceansFlow of waterfrom land to seaSurfacewater andgroundwater 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.You should now be able toYou should now be able to1. Define and distinguish between the different levelswithin ecosystems.6. Explain how global climate patterns are influencedby solar energy input as well as the movement ofEarth through space.2. Distinguish between the biotic and abioticcomponents of an ecosystem.3. Summarize the subject and impact of RachelCarson’s influential book Silent Spring.4. Describe the abiotic factors that influence life in thebiosphere.5. Describe the adaptations that enable pronghorns tosurvive in the open plains and shrub deserts ofNorth America. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.You should now be able to7. Explain how landforms affect local climate.8. Explain why the seasons
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Chapter 34 The Biosphere: An introduction to Earth’s Diverse Environments Introduction For most of life on Earth, the sun is the main source of energy. But around hydrothermal
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
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Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .
TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Contents Dedication Epigraph Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part Two Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18. Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26
