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Conflict and Conflict Resolution:Theory and Practice and theArmy in the 21st CenturyA MonographbyMAJ James E. RexfordUnited States ArmySchool of Advanced Military StudiesUnited States Army Command and General Staff CollegeFort Leavenworth, KansasAY 06-07Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited
Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEPublic reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated ID average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sourres, gathering and maintaining thedata nee led, and completing and reo. iewing this collection of information Send comments regarding this burden estimats or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducingthis burden 10 Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704·0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, SUITe 1204, Arlington, VA 22202·4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject ID any penalty for failing to comply WITh a collection of infonnation if it does not display a currentlyvalid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE AOORESS.3. DATES COVERED (From - To)1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM- YYYY)2. REPORT TYPE21-05-2007AMSP MonographJuly 2006May 20074. TITLE AND SUBTITLE5a. CONTRACT NUMBERConflict and Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice and theArmy in the 21st Century5b. GRANT NUMBER5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER5d. PROJECT NUMBER8. AUTHOR(S)MAJOR James E. Rexford (U.S. Army)5e. TASK NUMBERSf. WORK UNIT NUMBER8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORTNUMBER7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Advanced Military Studies Proqram250 Gibbon AvenueFort Leavenworth, KS 66027-21349. SPONSORING I MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)Command and General Staff College1 Reynolds AvenueFort Leavenworth, KS 66027CGSC11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORTNUMBER{S)12. DISTRIBUTION I AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES14. ABSTRACTThis study investigates the Army's current view of theory, conflict and conflict resolution as found in its doctrineand supporting publications. Using Paul Reynolds' A Primer in Theory Construction, this study conducts acomparison between the literature from the fields of Peace Studies and Conflict and Conflict Resolution with Armydoctrine and publications. Each of the three topics is examined from the two different fields to detennine which onehas the more thorough and developed understanding of these concepts. In the case of theory and conflict, Armydoctrine is very deficient compared to the fields of Peace Studies and Conflict and Conflict Resolution. In the areaof conflict resolution, the Army has made notable improvements in its doctrinal content on the subject. However,because of the deficiencies in the first two areas, doctrine has a narrow heuristic content and a deficient conceptualconcept of conflict resolution as compared to the other fields. The study recommends changes to doctrineconcerning the concepts of theory and conflict and the addition of a manual for conflict resolution.16. SUBJECT TERMSConflict, Conflict Management, Conflict Resolution, Theory, Conflict Theory, ConflictResolution Theory, Army Doctrine16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:17. UMITATIONOF ABSTRACTa.REPORTb.ABSTRACTc. THIS PAGEUNCLASSUNCLASSUNCLASS18. NUMBEROF PAGES19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSONKevin C.M. Benson, COL, US Army19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code)UNLIMITED72913-758-3302Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18
AbstractCONFLICT AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION: THEORY AND PRACTICE AND THEARMY IN THE 21ST CENTURY, by MAJ James E. Rexford, USA, 72 pages.The Army faces both significant external and some internal changes. These external changesin its operational environment, precipitated by the end of the Cold War, have created new threatsand conflicts for the Anny to contend with. This monograph proposes that the Army mustreevaluate its understanding of the role of theory, the definition of conflict, and the practices ofconflict resolution to effectively deal with these changes. The method of research used wascomparing and contrasting the theories, definitions, and practices as found in the literature of thefields of Theory, Peace Studies, and Conflict Resolution with those found in Army publications.This comparison of literature developed a clear understanding of what a theory is, how it isdeveloped, and its role in the development of a body of knowledge. The research applied thisfoundational understanding of theory to the body of knowledge concerning conflict and conflictresolution. This concept of what conflict is as defined by the fields of Peace Studies and ConflictResolution was compared to what is found in Army publications. The same was done concerningthe concept, theories, and practices of conflict resolution.The research concluded that the Army's concepts of theory, conflict, and conflict resolutionare deficient, especially when compared to those found in the fields of Theory, Peace Studies, andConflict Resolution. From this conclusion, three recommendations were made for the Army: (1)incorporate a fuller explanation of theory in Army capstone manuals and a greater use of currenttheorists throughout Army manuals, (2) expand the definition of conflict within Anny manuals,(3) develop a separate Anny manual for conflict resolution.iii
TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF FIGURES . ivINTRODUCTION . 1CASE FOR CONFLICT AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION . 5Case for Conflict--Political and Threat Dimensions . 6Case for Conflict--Unified Action Dimension . 9Case for Conflict--Intemal Considerations and Conclusion . 11THEORY AND ITS ROLE . 13Theory--Dr. Paul Reynolds, A Primer in Theory Construction . 13Theory--The Fields of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution . 19Theory--The Army . 22Theory--Conclusion . 27CONFLICT . 30Conflict--The Field of Conflict Resolution . 31Conflict--The Army . 40Conflict--Conclusion . 44CONFLICT RESOLUTION . 47Conflict Resolution--The Field of Conflict Resolution . 48Conflict Resolution--The Army . 51Conflict Resolution--Conclusion . 53CONCLUSION--RECOMMENDED CHANGES . 55Recommendations . 56BIBLIOGRAPHY. 59APPENDIX A--Three Forms of Theory . 62Set-of-Laws Form . 62Axiomatic Form . 64Causal Process Form . 65APPENDIX B--Joint Capabilities Integration and Development Systems Process- Experimentation Process . 68LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1.Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Kriesberg's Conflict Cyclee . 34Key Characteristics of Non-Conflict and Conflict Phenomena . 35Army Role in Theater Engagement . 42The Security Environment . 45Joint Experimentation . 68iv
INTRODUCTIONThe Anny needs to expand and encourage the study and teaching of theory andtheoretical concepts to support a better understanding of conflict and conflict resolution. TheNation and current events compelled the Anny to shift from the Cold War model focused on highintensity conflict to a post Cold War model of full-spectrum conflict. This shift expanded theAnny's threat from primarily a peer competitor to engaging an asymmetric enemy that sharedlittle similarity in organization, world view, or methodology. An examination of the majority ofcurrent doctrine reveals how the Anny continues to filter its view of all conflict through the lensof high-intensity conflict. When conflict is addressed, most doctrine deals primarily with annedconflict and finnly places conflict as an external issue to the Anny. This view of conflict runscounter to the views of most theorists and practitioners in the field of conflict and conflictresolution.Historically there are three causes for organizations to undergo significant change orinnovation: when expanding the organization's influence, when the organization fails, and whenpressured by external forces.! The first two are primarily products of the decisions made or notmade by the organization, while the last is usually comprised of forces beyond the control of theorganization. The Anny's history has many examples of external pressures compelling it tochange. The Anny at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries was compelled tochange from a predominantly frontier force to one with global reach because of the nation's driveto become a global power. This same period saw technological advances and the geopoliticalchanges of World War I exert tactical and doctrinal pressures on the Anny. The catastrophicfailures of World War I generated significant changes, both tactically and strategically, for allcombatants, but especially for the European militaries. Today, doctrine captures many of theseexternal forces in the concept of operational environment.IBarry R. Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany Between the World Wars (Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press, 1984),42.
The method used for the research of this monograph is comparing and contrasting theliterature from the field of conflict resolution and peace studies to Army doctrine and publicationsin order to show differences and deficiencies concerning the understanding of the concepts ofconflict and conflict resolution. The research also considered the importance theory plays in theseconcepts and how a lack of use and understanding of theory and its analytical method contributesto the Army's deficiencies in conflict and conflict resolution. The research focused on Armydoctrine because it is the source document for all Army curricula2 and the fundamental guide forall actions in support of national objectives. 3 Chapter One examined the current operationalenvironment (COE) to show how it generates conflict and the need for conflict resolution. Thechapter considered external forces that challenge the Army today. Several events shaped theCOE, the most significant of which was the demise of the Soviet Union. Additionally, majoractors on the world scene who affect the miHtary's ability to perform its duties are listed andcharacterized. These include both hostile and friendly organizations. A brief discussion of asignificant internal challenge the military faces is provided. These changes need to be accountedfor and the Army must consider adapting to stay relevant in the current operational environment.Theory and its development are foundational to understanding conflict and conflictresolution. Therefore, Chapter Two examined and explained some of the key principles andcharacteristics of theory and theory development as found in Paul Reynolds' A Primer in TheoryConstruction. Also presented are the opinions of some conflict resolution theorists andpractitioners and Army literature concerning the relationships between theory and policy(doctrine), policy and practice, and theory and practice. This chapter concluded by describing thesimilarities and differences between the academic and the military views of these theoreticalrelationships, having laid a foundational understanding of theory and its relationship to doctrine,practice and scientific knowledge.2Department of the Army, Field Manual 3-0, Operations (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001),1-14.JDepartment of the Army, Field Manual 1-02, Operational Terms and Graphics (Washington, DC: Government PrintingOffice, 2004), 1-65.2
Chapter Three provided an examination of conflict based on the study of theory presentedin the previous chapter. Specific definitions for several key terms such as "war," "peace,""dispute," and "competition" are provided. Some of the root causes of conflict, as found in thefield of conflict resolution, are discussed. It described how this concept is a key element to bothfields and directly impacts the perspective and methods a practitioner from either the fields ofPeace Studies and Conflict Resolution or the Army would take. After comparing the two points ofview and considering where there is a shortfall in defining these key terms and concepts, thechapter concluded by examining the relevance of conflict, as defined, to the Army.Having defined the central concept, the research presented possible solutions tomanaging, settling, or resolving conflict. Chapter Four examined characteristics of some of thecurrent conflict resolution methods. It focused on the technique of analytical problem-solvingapproach that deals with violent conflict as being the most difficult to resolve and germane toArmy operations. It examined how the Army pursues conflict resolution and some of its currentmethodologies as outlined in the manuals. Finally, the chapter examined the similarities anddifferences between how the field of Conflict Resolution and the Army understand and practiceconflict resolution. Also discussed is how these differences in understanding and methodologyimpact the Army.The conclusion brought all of these elements together to offer a better understanding ofhow the literature in the field of Conflict Resolution and the Army present very different views oftheory which in tum affects the understanding of conflict and conflict resolution. It showed thatthe Army's approach to developing its doctrine significantly differs from how policy and practiceis developed in the field of conflict resolution. Addressed in this chapter is the Army's narrowview of conflict due to its lack of theoretical underpinning. This narrow view of conflict and lackof theoretical background also diminishes the Army's developing understanding of conflictresolution. These impact its ability to stay agile and relevant in the current operationalenvironment. The conclusion presented how the Army can gain a more complete and useful3
picture of the phenomenon it is called to deter, manage, resolve and settle by employing atheoretical approach to understanding the full spectrum of conflict and conflict resolution. Itpresented possibilities for expanding these views, with corresponding recommendations forchanges to doctrine and practice.4
CHAPTER ONECASE FOR CONFLICT AND CONFLICT RESOLUTIONOver the past twenty years, the world has experienced significant changes across theentire spectrum of human endeavor. Dramatic upheavals and shifts in political, economic,scientific, environmental, technological, and informational areas have created a new and verydifferent world. Many organizations are facing significant challenges in most of these areasbecause the rate of change is occurring so rapidly--shifts in a few years, or months, versus a fewgenerations. These challenges include the need to identify emerging trends and predict theiroutcomes and effect on the organizational operational environments. Once a trend is identified,the organization must then adapt to remain relevant. The United States Anny is one suchorganization.Understanding the current operational environment (COE) is essential to mission success.The COE is an area the Army has very little control over, but needs to understand. The COEencompasses and defines the reasons the Army exists and contains factors that identify and mostinfluence the Army's mission. Understanding it is essential to making the best decisions for howthe Army should change to maintain current dominance in land combat operations and ensuresuccess in the remaining elements of full spectrum operations. According to Field Manual 3-0(FM 3-0), Operations the operational environment has six dimensions: (I) threat, (2) political, (3)unified action, (4) land combat operations, (5) information and (6) technology. 4 This chapterexamined the dimensions of threat, political, and unified action to consider how changes withineach affected the Army's need to expand its understanding of conflict and conflict resolution.4Depa
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