Operational Manual For Mechanical Transplanting Of Rice
Operational Manual forMechanical Transplanting of Rice
Operational Manual forMechanical Transplanting of Rice2016
The Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) is a regional initiative to sustainablyincrease the productivity of cereal-based cropping systems, thus improving food securityand farmers' livelihoods in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. CSISA works with public and privatepartners to support the widespread adoption of resource-conserving and climate-resilientfarming technologies and practices. The initiative is led by the International Maize andWheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), implemented jointly with the International FoodPolicy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), and isfunded by USAID and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.www.csisa.orgemail: cimmyt-csisa@cgiar.orgPrepared with contributions from: Joseph F. Rickman, Frank Mussgnug, C.M.Khanda, Swetapadma D. Satpathy, Nabakishore Parida, Kapil Singla, VivekKumar, Narayan C. Banik, Wasim Iftikar, Amit Mishra, Sudhir Yadav, VirenderKumar, R.K. Malik, and Andrew J. McDonaldEditorial Assistance: Poornima R. Shankar, Preeti Bharti, Anuradha Dhar, andCynthia MathysAdapted from: R.K. Malik, B.R. Kamboj, M.L. Jat, H.S. Sidhu, Anil Bana, VickySingh, Y.S. Saharawat, A. Pundir, Rasool Dar Sahnawaz, T. Anuradha, N.Kumaran, and Raj Gupta. 2011. No-till and unpuddled mechanical transplanting ofrice. Operational manual, Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia, New Delhi, Indiap 13.2016 This publication is a product of the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and copyrighted by theInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)2016, and is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial ShareAlike 3.0 License(Unported).The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression ofany opinion whatsoever on the part of CIMMYT and IRRI concerning the legal status of any country, person,territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Wheretrade names are used, this does not constitute endorsement of, or discrimination against, any product byCIMMYT and IRRI. This publication was first printed in 2015, and reprinted in 2016.
Contents1Introduction12What is mechanical transplanting of rice?13What is mat-type nursery?24Preparation of mat-type nursery bed3(a)Preparation of dry nursery bed4(b)Preparation of wet nursery bed55Management of mat nursery66Mechanical transplanting guidelines9(a)Important do’s107Operation of machine transplanter13(a)jMachine controls138Checks for machine operation and maintenance169Checks for planting using the transplanter1710Troubleshooting for the mechanical transplanter18
IntroductionAcross South Asia, labour scarcity is amajor problem and there is a need toexplore establishment methods for rice thatrequire less labour but still allow the cropto be transplanted on time. The use of amechanical transplanter is one alternativeto address this issue.In Odisha, which is largely a rainfed ricegrowing environment, the timeliness oftransplanting can be further improved bythe replacement of puddling by a shallowtillage operation. In the absence ofirrigation facilities, this reduces the waterrequirements for land preparation, whichincreases the options for earlier cropestablishment through non-puddledManual transplanting of rice : a labour - intensiveoperationMechanical transplanting of rice : a suitable andprofitable alternative to manual transplantingmechanical transplanting. The timeliness ofplanting can be further enhanced throughthe use of a mat-type nursery system thatcan provide seedlings of the appropriate agewhenever the conditions for transplantingare right. By eliminating puddling, soilstructure for the next non-rice crop will beimproved.This booklet highlights the benefits ofmechanical transplanting of rice anddiscusses some of the operational andmanagement issues that need to beaddressed. It will help extension staff,service providers and innovative farmers touse mechanical transplanting with orwithout puddling with an easy, step-by-stepguide.What is mechanicaltransplanting of rice?Mechanical transplanting of rice is theprocess of transplanting young riceseedlings, which have been grown in a matnursery, using a self-propelled ricetransplanter.In conventional manual transplantingpractice, 8-12 labourers are required totransplant one acre. However, if a selfpropelled rice transplanter is used, threepeople can transplant up to four acres in aday.Mat-type nursery : needed for mechanicaltransplanting of rice1
Advantages of mechanical transplanting!!!!!!!!Transplanting of seedlings at the optimal age (14-18 days)Uniform spacing and optimum plant density (26-28 hills/m2 with 2-3 seedling perhill)Higher productivity (0.5-0.7 t/ha) compared to traditional methods where plantspacing and density may not always be consistentLess transplanting shock, early seedling vigour and uniform crop standLower stress, drudgery and health risks for farm labourersBetter employment opportunities for rural youth through the development ofcustom service businessAddresses the problem of labour scarcityIncreases farmers' net incomeWhat is mat-type nursery?A mat-type nursery is a nursery where riceseedlings are raised on a thin layer of soiland farm yard manure (FYM) or compostmixture placed on a polythene sheet. Thepolythene sheet prevents the seedling rootsfrom penetrating the underlying soil,creating a dense mat. This type of nursery isa pre-requisite for machine transplanting.The mat can be cut into desired shapes andsizes to fit into the trays of the transplanter.Seedlings are ready for planting within14-18 days after seeding (DAS).Seedlings raised in mats can obtain a height of18-20 cm in 15 days, which is ideal formechanical transplanting.Advantages of a mat-type nursery!!!!2Uses less area when compared to the conventional nursery (30 m2 vs. 400 m2/acre)Produces robust seedlings, 18-20 cm tall in about 15 daysMinimizes root damage as the seedlings are not uprooted and transplanting shock isreducedLabour requirement for nursery raising is significantly reduced
Preparation of mat-typenurseryPreparation of mat nursery should begin15-20 days prior to the anticipated time oftransplanting. The nursery can beestablished in either a wet or dry bed.Materials required!!!!!!!!Good quality seedsNursery bed for transplanting one2acre is 30 m (1.5 m wide x 20 m longto suit the plastic sheet size)Plastic sheet (1.5 m wide and 20 mlong) with even perforationsSoil cleaning sieveSoil mixture (4 parts of sieved soil 1part of FYM or compost / vermicompost)Gunny bag and water container forseed soakingWatering can for irrigation0.75 inch angle frame for a dry-bedand 0.5 inch frame for a wet-bednursery.Perforated plastic sheet : the holes should besmall enough to allow water, but not seedlingroots to pass through.Ice pickUse an iron frame to help maintain uniform sizeand thickness of the soil.Soil sieve to remove stones, twigs and otherunwanted material.Mix soil and FYM in the ratio 4:1 and use in thebed for the dry-type nursery.3
Preparation of a drynursery bedBed preparation: For one acre field, anursery bed 1.5m wide, 20m long and 1015cm thick should be prepared on alevelled field. Between beds there shouldbe a furrow of 50 cm. If possible, establishthe nursery near an irrigation facility orwater source as frequent irrigation willbe required to maintain a good nursery.Using the plastic sheet: Spread apolythene sheet of the required size oneach bed. Before spreading the sheet,perforate the sheet evenly to improvedrainage and aeration.Soil mixture: For a dry bed, take soil froma weed-free field and pass it through a2-mesh sieve. Prepare a mixture of sievedsoil and farm yard manure/compost in a4:1 ratio (soil:FYM).Spreading the soil mixture: Afterthorough mixing, spread the mixtureuniformly on the plastic sheet. This layershould not be more than 1.5-2.0 cm thick.To ensure an even depth, place a framethat is 1.5-2.0 cm high on the plastic sheetand fill with the soil mixture.abcdePrepare a dry bed (a) and level it. Spread the perforated polythene sheet over the bed and level (b). Placethe iron frame and fill with soil and FYM mixture (c) and level (d). Allow a gap of 50 cm for irrigation (e).Spread the pre-germinated seeds evenly. Cover it with a thin layer of soil and FYM, irrigate by sprinklingwater and cover the nursery with straw after seeding for 2-3 days, if needed.4
Preparation of a wetnursery bedBed preparation: The size of bed for awet-bed nursery is same as dry-bednursery. However, the bed preparation isdifferent. In the kharif season, when thereis a large amount of rainfall, a wet bednursery becomes inevitable. Beforepreparing the nursery, the field should beploughed, puddled and levelled. Afterpuddling, leave the field to settle for 24hours. Once the soil is settled, prepare araised bed 20 m long, 1.5 m wide and 10-15cm high. Leave the bed to settle for 36-48hours. Afterwards, settle the bed with aplank.Using the plastic sheet: Spread apolythene sheet of the required size oneach bed. Before spreading the sheet,perforate the sheet evenly to improvedrainage.Spreading the soil: For a wet bed, take soilfrom between the beds and spread it overthe polythene sheet in a 1.25 cm thicklayer, using a 1/2 inch thick iron frame.The soil should be clean and clod free.Once the soil is spread over the polythenesheet within the iron frame, level the soilusing a plank and remove extra soil.abcde(a) Prepare a raised bed (b) and level it. (c) Spread the perforated polythene sheet over the bed. (d) Placethe iron frame and fill with weed and clod-free soil. (e) Level the soil within the frame and spread the seedevenly. Cover the nursery with straw after seeding for 2-3 days.5
Management of mat-typenurseryThe steps to establish a mat-type nurseryare:Seed: To plant one acre with 26-28 hills/m2and 2-3 seedlings/hill, 15-18 kg of inbred or8-10 kg of hybrid seed is needed ( 80%germination). Bavistin or Vitavax at 2g/kg of seed may be used to control seedfungal diseases.Pre-germinating seed: Submerge the seedsin water for 10-12 hours. Empty anddamaged seeds that float on the surfaceshould be removed.Sowing: Spread the pre-germinated seedsevenly on the bed. After spreading the seeds,cover the bed with a thin layer (0.5 cm) ofthe already prepared soil mixture. Coverthe bed with a thin layer of straw or bananaleaves, which should be removed after 2-3days.Irrigation of nursery: Irrigate the beds bysprinkling water using a watering can forthe initial 3-4 days until the seeds emergeand then irrigate beds by flooding furrowsbetween the beds. keeping the bed moistUse of healthy seeds for good nurseryestablishment.When you soak the seeds in water, emptyseeds will usually float to the surface. Theseshould be removed.After soaking the seeds, drain and incubate for 8-12 hours in a gunny bag in a shaded area. Some water mayneed to be sprinkled on the outside of the gunny bag in very dry conditions.6
Use pre-germinated seeds at the right stage.Spread the pre-germinated seeds evenly on the bed.may require water to be sprinkled 5-8times/day for the first 3-4 days. Ensurewater retention on the top of the nurserybed by frequently irrigating the furrowsuntil the seedlings are ready for use. Keepthe height of levees/bunds higher thanthe bed height so that water can beretained on the top of the beds. Replacethe water with fresh water when waterduring day time becomes hot. Stopwatering 12 hours before transplantingand drain excess water to ensure the matis dry for cutting and transplanting.Transplant when the seedlings are 18-20cm tall, which is usually 14-18 days afterestablishment.Nutrient supplement: The nutritionalrequirement of the nursery is generallymet by the mixture of soil and FYM/Seeds can also be spread evenly using a seed spreader.Vermicompost. However, it is advisable toapply 100 gm DAP after one week ofsowing for one acre nursery bed. Whennutrient deficiencies occur (yellowing),apply a foliar application of 0.5% zincsulphate (21%) and 2.5% urea. Ifsymptoms re-appear, it should berepeated after 5-7 days. In case symptomsof iron deficiency are visible, foliarapplication of 0.5% solution of ferroussulphate is recommended.Cutting mats: When the nursery is readyfor transplanting, drain the water 12hours prior to transplanting. Mats shouldbe cut to the required size, using a sharpknife/sickle. If mats need to betransported they should be kept moist bysprinkling water to avoid wilting.7
abcdefghRemove the straw 2-3 days after seeding (a, b). Seedlings in a well-managed nursery should be even andhave a height of approximately 8 cm after 8 days (c) and 16 cm after 12 days (d) following establishment(depending on climatic conditions). To fit the specifications of the mechanical transplanter that is used,nursery mats can be cut into the desired size (e-h).8
Mechanical transplantingguidelinesPrepare the fields to a depth of 5-7 cmusing a harrow or cultivator. Puddled fieldsshould be levelled and the soil allowed tosettle for 12-24 hours. In non-puddledconditions the soil should be tilled one totwo times using a harrow or cultivator andthen planked. Prior to transplanting, applylight irrigation and drain off any excesswater. When planting, maintain a uniformdepth of 1-2 cm standing water. If weeddensity is high, a pre-plant application of anon-selective herbicide, such as glyphosate,should be done 24-48 hours beforeplanting.deabcfLoad the mats carefully onto the transplanter (a)and keep moist (b). Maintain a shallow water depth(1 cm) at the time of transplanting by drainingexcess water (c). Intra-row spacing and seedlingsper hill can be adjusted (d, e). Every return passshould be parallel to the previous row to maintaineven row distance (f).9
After calibrating the transplanter, thefollowing steps should be followed:! Feed nursery mats onto the seedlingplatform.! Leave the area equivalent to one pass ofmachine on all four sides of the fieldbefore starting transplanting to avoiddamage to the already-transplantedseedlings while turning the machine.! Start transplanting at the mark runningparallel to one of the bunds.! Take a U-turn at the end of the field.Each return pass should be parallel tothe last row, maintaining the desired rowspacing.! Keep feeding the seedling mats asneeded during the transplantingoperation.! Where there are gaps, fill them manually.! After seedling establishment, followmanagement practices for water, weed,nutrients and pest control asrecommended for conventionaltransplanted rice.clod sinks below the surface, the soil istoo wet. If the clod sits on top, its toohard. Ideally, the clod will penetrate toits own depth.3 Maintain 1-2 cm of standing water onthe field while transplanting and up to4-5 days after planting.3 Use the same recommendations forherbicide application as you would formanually transplanted crops.3 Lift the planting platform when drivingover the bunds.Important do’s3 Use good quality seeds and test forgermination.3 Treat the seeds with fungicide.3 Handle the polythene sheets carefullyso that they can be re-used.3 Irrigate using a watering can for thefirst 3-4 days.3 Treat nutrient deficiencies in thenursery as they appear.3 Ensure good water management in thenursery. Avoid stress and maintainstanding water on the beds.3 Transplant into a well prepared levelfield only. To test soil field conditions,drop a golf ball sized soil clod from 1 mheight onto the prepared surface. If the10Well established mechanical transplantedrice.
Self-propelled, 8-row mechanical transplanter that is commonly available across India.1Engine8Transplanting arm2Engine rack9Transplanting fingers3Transport wheel10Tail wheel4Speed change handle11Floating board5Positioner clutch handle12Hanger chain6Seedling processing handle13Chain case7Seedling platform14Tray to store mats11
Self-propelled walk-behind mechanical transplanter that is commonly available across India.121Seedling tray2Fuel tank inklet3Fuel tank4Engine5Floating platform6Planting wheel7Planting finger8Left marker9Fender rod10Seedling press11Seedling platform12Center row marker13Shift14Planting clutch15Main clutch
Operation of machine transplanterThe self propelled mechanical ricetransplanter has two sections : transportand planting. The transport system consistsof a diesel engine (614 hp), a gear box, alever for adjusting hill spacing or forwardspeed, a PTO shaft, a toothed steel wheelfor field operation and steering, a driver'sseat and two seats for helpers. The plantingsection has a floating board, nurseryplatform, transplanting fingers with screwsfor adjusting the number of plants per hill,depth setting lever, chains for heightadjustment of float board and pedal forfloat-lifting.rotated to set the desired depth. Anticlockwise rotation will increase plantingdepth and vice versa.Machine controls1. Planting depth controls:The optimum depth of planting of theseedlings is very important becauseshallower depth will result in the uprootingof seedlings even with mild flow of water orwind. A deeper depth will result insubmergence of the planted seedlings,thereby creating the risk of rotting. Thetwo different types of planting depthcontrol systems widely available in differentmachines are shown in figures a and b. Inthe first system, the planting depth can beset at the desired depth simply by slidingthe lever handle. The planting depth can beincreased by moving the lever towards theoperator and vice versa. In the secondsystem (figure b) the lever needs to bePlanting Depth Control : (a) Sliding lever(b) Rotatory lever2. Number of plants per hillcontrols:The optimum number of plants per hill isvery important to get higher productivity.There are two types of systems to controlthe number of plants per hill in different13
machines. The first type of system has alever (figure a) that reduces the number ofplants per hill when pulled towards theoperator and vice versa. The second type ofsystem has screws that, through clockwiserotation, increase the number of plants perhill and vice versa. In this system, beforesetting the screws, the nuts have to beloosened (shown in figure b), before therotating screw is set to the desired position.Caution must be taken that all of thescrews are set equally so that all of thefingers pick up equal number of seedlings.This can be achieved by positioning the nutand bolts belonging to different screws insimilar positions. A nut in a particularposition is shown in figure c.3. Hill-to-hill distance control: Theoptimum hill-to-hill distance is animportant parameter for achievingoptimum productivity There is a lever inmachine (figure d) which can be set to aparticular hill-to-hill distance, which ismarked on an attached plate.cd(d) Hill-to-hill distance controlprevious one. This can be achieved with thehelp of a marker that is attached to themachine. The machine should be operatedforward in the return pass in a manner sothat the marker is above the last row of theprevious path (figure e).5. Planting clutch:The planting clutch lever (figures f and g fortwo different types of machines) is used toengage or disengage the power to thefingers. The clutch must be in the engagedposition while transplanting. It must be ineControl to set no. of plants per hill : (c) Screw lever4. Straight planting marker:One of the major benefits of mechanicaltransplanting is establishing the crop instraight rows. For that purpose everyreturn pass should be parallel to the14(e) Planting markerthe disengaged position while feeding thenursery mats, operating the transplanter intransportation mode or whenever actualtransplanting is not done. This is veryimportant to avoid any breakage of fingers.
6. Main clutch:7. Accelerator:The mai
transplanting. The nursery can be established in either a wet or dry bed. ! Good quality seeds! Nursery bed for transplanting one acre is 30 m 2 (1.5 m wide x 20 m long to suit the plastic sheet size)! Plastic sheet (1.5 m wide and 20 m long) with even perforations! Soil cleaning sieve! So
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Transplanting Transplants are planted out in the field at 5 – 8 true leaf stage, usually 20-30 days after sowing. Transplanting should be done late in the afternoon and should be followed immediately by irrigation to reduce transplanting shock and increase field stand. Spacing Plant
2 Imidacloprid Admire Pro Soil ‐bedding tray, transplanting 3 Thiamethoxam Platinum Soil ‐transplanting 4 Imidacloprid Admire Pro Soil ‐transplanting 5 Thiamethoxam Actara Foliar Spray – June 24 6 Acetamiprid Assail Foliar Spray – June 24 7 Thiamethoxam FarMore Seed treatment
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