What We’re Learning About Neonicotinoid Insecticides,
What We’re Learning AboutNeonicotinoid Insecticides, and NewInsects and Insecticides for 2014Rick Foster and Kira NixonDepartment of EntomologyPurdue University
Neonicotinoids Bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors inthe central nervous system Similar mode of action to nicotine without themammalian toxicity Effective against sucking and chewing insects Highly systemic
SafetyInsecticideOral LD50Dermal LD50Admire* 5000 5000Platinum* 2000 5000Assail*330571Imidan147 ‐ 316 4640Lannate30 ‐ 34 2000Capture 5000 2000* NeonicotinoidLD50 lethal dose for 50% of the population;Expressed in milligrams/kilogram
Neonicotinoid ProfileLow oral and dermal human toxicityMost considered “unlikely” carcinogensLittle or no eye irritationLittle or no skin irritationLimited effects on wildlife or arthropod predatorsor parasites Some environmental persistence, especially inthe soil Actively systemic within the plant (or animal)
Neonicotinoids and Bees Most of the neonicotinoids are highly toxic tobees– LD50 22‐44 nanograms per bee– 1 nanogram is 1 billionth of a gram Systemic activity of neonicotinoids moves theinsecticide to the flowers where bees tend tofeed
Background:Neonicotinoids and Agronomic crops Most agronomic crops are treated: all corn (95 millionacres), 60-70% soybeans (40 million acres), canola,wheat, cotton. Total of 200 million acres/year Systemic in plant tissues to protect seed, seedling androot systems. Effectiveness varies widely across pests.
Corn planting background Modern planters use a vacuum system to move/plantseeds Treated seeds are sticky – require talc in planter toensure uniform planting Used talc is exhausted with air during and after planting
Planter cleaning demonstration
Results:Planter exhaust (used talc) Extremely high concentrations of seed coatings found in usedtalcSeed inUnused talcNDNDNDNDTreated seed 1735, 000ppb3,400,000ppb116, 000ppb66,000ppbTreated seed 268,000ppb10,000,000 ppb92,000ppb50,000ppbTreated seed 313,240,000 ppb4,900,000ppb263,000ppb503,000ppbTreated seed ted cornseedND47,000 ppbNDND* equivalent to approx. 700,000X the contact LD50 (20 ng)
Results Seed industry is moving rapidly towardreducing or eliminating the use of talc inplanting operations Chemical industry is sponsoring majorresearch projects at universities to look forways to reduce impacts on bees Other research is continuing
What About Vegetables? Galen Dively (U. Maryland) looked at variousapplication methods on pumpkins– Imidacloprid– Dinotefuran– Thiamethoxam
Neonicotinoid Residues inPumpkin Pollen and Nectar(ng/g)InsecticideApplication MethodPollenNectarImidaclopridBedding drench4.9 c0.4 cTransplant water (low)36.7 b5.7 bTransplant water (high)60.9 ab7.4 abTransplant water/drip80.2 a11.2 aTransplant water/drip57.5 ab9.2 aTwo foliar sprays88.3 a7.5 aTransplant water/drip68.0 a9.5 aTwo foliar sprays95.2 a8.2 aDinotefuranThiamethoxam
Conclusions Highest residues were found in samplesreceiving the high rate in split applications The closer the application to planting, thelower the residues Applications made close to flowering have thepotential for a significant affect on bees
Our Studies ‐ 2012 Study was begun before Dively’s work waspublished Original intent was to look at effectiveness ofFarMore technology (thiamethoxam seedtreatment) compared with other insecticides,including neonicotinoids on pumpkins Collected pollen from flowers and analyzedthem for presence of neonicotinoidinsecticides
Thiamethoxam Residuesin Pumpkin PollenTreatment: Seed/Soil/SprayPPB ThiamethoxamUntreated0.00Untreated Seed Platinum18.13Untreated Seed Actara4.43FarMore Seed2.24FarMore Seed Platinum12.97FarMore Seed Actara4.96Platinum applied in transplant water at planting.Actara applied as a foliar spray prior to flowering.
2013 STUDIES
Neonicotinoids and Indiana Melons– Control of striped cucumber beetle, aphids,leafhoppers etc.– Safer, more selective and effective than somealternatives– Imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid
Problem Most neonicotinoids are highly toxic to honeybees– Lethal effects– Sublethal effects Altered behavior, decreased learning ability andmemory, lack of coordination, inability to return home
Project Objectives:Determine the risks posed to honey bees byneonicotinoid insecticides applied to cantaloupe usingdifferent delivery methods.1. Determine residue concentrations of severalrecommended neonicotinoids in cantaloupe pollen.2. Couple field residue concentrations with known honeybee toxicological sensitivity.Ultimate Goal:Modify our neonicotinoid product and applicationmethod recommendations to growers to maximize insecticideefficacy while minimizing honey bee health risks.
Materials and Methods Meigs Farm– Throckmorton Purdue Agricultural Center,Lafayette, IN Cantaloupe – variety ‘Athena’ Growing Conditions: Plant April 17th in soilless potting mix in 72‐count plasticbedding trays Transplant into field May 13th Black plastic mulch Drip irrigation
Field DesignTreatmentChemicalTrade NameApplication Method1Control2Imidacloprid Admire Pro Soil ‐ bedding tray, transplanting3Thiamethoxam PlatinumSoil ‐ transplanting4Imidacloprid Admire ProSoil ‐ transplanting5ThiamethoxamActaraFoliar Spray – June 246AcetamipridAssailFoliar Spray – June 247Thiamethoxam FarMoreSeed treatment
Untreated Plants
Sample Collection Flowers collected from 6am‐9am, June 27th– 1 gallon ziplock bags– stored at 5 ̊C for 2 days
Average Imidacloprid Concentration (ppb)1201008012‐48 ppb decrease olfactorylearning & memory,reflex response,distance moved andincreased mortality6040201.8 /‐ 0.2187 /‐ 1896 /‐ 200ControlAdmire ProBedding/TransplantAdmire ProTransplant
Average Thiamethoxam Concentration (ppb)9080706067 ppbUnable to fly home50403020100.29 /‐ 0.0664 /‐ 1776 /‐ 90.67 /‐ 0.34ControlPlatinumActaraFarMore0
Average Acetamiprid Concentration (ppb)200180160140No sublethal effects until1000 ppb120100806040200.345 /‐ 0.16151 /‐ 310ControlAssail
Conclusions Foliar sprays of Assail should have no negativeimpacts on honey bees FarMore seed treatments should have nonegative impacts on honey bees The use of Platinum or Admire Pro may haveadverse effects on honey bees The use of Actara as a foliar spray may haveadverse effects on honey bees
Questions Still to Be Answered Will these results be similar in a second year? Will lower rates of Admire Pro, Platinum, orActara result in lower residues but still provideacceptable levels of control? How long will FarMore treated seeds providecontrol of striped cucumber beetles andprotection from bacterial wilt?
What’s New for 2014 Closer insecticide was added to therecommendations for control of aphids,whiteflies, and plant bugs on several crop groups Blackhawk insecticide was added to therecommendations for control of caterpillars andColorado potato beetles on several crop groups. The threat from the invasive brown marmoratedstink bug was specifically addressed for severalcrop groups.
Brown Marmorated Stink BugsFound in Indiana First discovery in Elkhart County inOctober, 2010 Confirmed in 14 counties Likely present in many otherlocations
Brown Marmorated Stinkbug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal)
Why should we care about brownmarmorated stink bugs? Serious pest of vegetables such as tomatoes,peppers, sweet corn, green beans,
2 Imidacloprid Admire Pro Soil ‐bedding tray, transplanting 3 Thiamethoxam Platinum Soil ‐transplanting 4 Imidacloprid Admire Pro Soil ‐transplanting 5 Thiamethoxam Actara Foliar Spray – June 24 6 Acetamiprid Assail Foliar Spray – June 24 7 Thiamethoxam FarMore Seed treatment
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