Fundamentals Of Environmental Studies
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore informationFundamentals of Environmental StudiesEnvironmental Studies is a compulsory paper for undergraduate students in almost all disciplines inIndia. The purpose of teaching this course is to sensitize students towards environmental issues. Thecourse introduces students to the fundamental principles of environmental science, ecology and alliedtopics including policy, law, pollution control, economics and natural resource management.This book provides detailed discussion on fundamental concepts and issues – including globalwarming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and nuclear holocaust – related to theenvironment. Focussing on the immediate need for public awareness, the book discusses variousnatural resources such as water, land, forests, food and mineral, and the problems associated with them.Using examples, it introduces and explains different types of ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles andlaws of thermodynamics. It also contains chapters on environmental pollution and waste managementthat visit important topics like air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, waste water treatmentand solid waste management in detail.Case studies, multiple choice questions, short questions and essay type questions are interspersedthroughout the book for assessment of learning achievements.Mahua Basu is Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Studies, St. Xavier’s College(Autonomous), Kolkata. She has been teaching courses in environmental studies, renewable and nonrenewable resources and solid waste management at the undergraduate level. She has contributed inpeer reviewed journals and her areas of interest include environmental impact assessment, toxicology,biodiversity and atmospheric pollution.S. Xavier is Head of the Department of Environmental Studies, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous),Kolkata. He has been teaching courses in environmental ethics, waste water treatment, environmentalmanagement, water pollution and water resource management for more than fifteen years. His researchinterests include epidemiology, remote sensing, alternative water resource and arsenic mitigationmeasures. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore information in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore informationFundamentals ofEnvironmental StudiesMahua BasuS. Xavier in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore information4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi - 110002, IndiaCambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit ofeducation, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9871107536173 Cambridge University Press 2016This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the writtenpermission of Cambridge University Press.First published 2016Printed in IndiaA catalogue record for this publication is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Basu, Mahua. Xavier, S. (Savarimuthu), 1970Title: Fundamentals of environmental studies / Mahua Basu, S. Xavier, SJ.Description: Delhi, India : Cambridge University Press is part of theUniversity of Cambridge, [2016] Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2015021990 ISBN 9781107536173 (pbk.)Subjects: LCSH: Environmental sciences. Natural resources. Human ecology. Nature--Effect of human beings on.Classification: LCC GE105 .B37 2016 DDC 304.2--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015021990ISBN 978-1-107-53617-3 PaperbackCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracyof URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,accurate or appropriate. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore informationDedicated toour Parents and all our Teachers in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore information in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore ultidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies1.1 Definition and Concept of Environment1.2 Types of Environment1.3 Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies1.4 Scope of Environmental Studies1.5 Components of Environment1.6 Importance1.7 Need for Public Awareness1.8 Institutions and People1.9 Raising Environmental Awareness in India2.Natural Resources – Energy2.1 Introduction2.2 Classification of Natural Resources2.3 Renewable and Non-renewable Resources2.4 Energy Resources: Present Trend and Future Energy Sources3.Natural Resources – Water, Land, Forest, Food and Mining3.1 Natural Resources and Associated Problems3.2 Water Resources3.3 Land Resources3.4 Forest Resources3.5 Food Resources3.6 Mineral Resources3.7 Role of an Individual in Conservation of Natural Resources3.8 Equitable Use of Resources for Sustainable Lifestyles in this web service Cambridge University 7858794100107107www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore informationviiiContents4.Ecosystems4.1 Definition and Concept of Ecology4.2 Concepts of an Ecosystem4.3 Components of Ecosystem4.4 Structures and Functions of an Ecosystem4.5 Energy Flow in Ecosystem4.6 Biogeochemical Cycles4.7 Ecological Succession4.8 General Classification of Ecosystems4.9 Species Interactions in Ecosystems4.10 Ecosystem iodiversity and Its Conservation5.1 Introduction and Concept5.2 Measuring Biodiversity over Spatial Scales5.3 Bio-geographic Classification of India5.4 Value of Biodiversity5.5 Biodiversity at Global, National and Local Levels5.6 Mega-diversity Hotspots5.7 Hotspots of Biodiversity5.8 Th reats to Biodiversity5.9 Red Data Book5.10 Endangered and Endemic Species of India5.11 Conservation of 61876.Environmental Pollution6.1 Introduction6.2 Air Pollution6.3 Water Pollution6.4 Odour Pollution6.5 Noise Pollution6.6 Radioactive Pollution6.7 Soil Pollution6.8 Marine Pollution6.9 Th ermal Pollution6.10 Role of Individuals in Pollution .Waste Management7.1 Definition270–314270 in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore informationContents7.27.37.47.57.67.77.8Wastewater Treatment (WWT)Solid Waste ManagementRecycling of PaperRecycling of GlassPlastic Management and RecyclingIndustrial Solid Waste ManagementBiomedical Waste Management2702873033033033073108.Disaster and Disaster Management8.1 Introduction and Definition8.2 Disaster Management8.3 Disaster Profile of India315–3433153173309.Social Issues and Environment9.1. Unsustainable to Sustainable Development9.2 Urban Problems Related to Energy9.3 Water Management9.4 Resettlement and Rehabilitation of People9.5 Environmental Ethics9.6 Global Environmental Issues9.7 Wasteland Reclamation9.8 Consumerism and Waste Products9.9 Environmental Legislation9.10 Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)9.11 Citizens Actions and Action Groups9.12 Public 140410. Human Population and the Environment10.1 Population and Community10.2 Family Welfare Programme10.3 Environmental and Human Health10.4 Human Rights10.5 Value Education10.6 Women and Child Welfare10.7 Role of Information Technology in Environment and Human HealthBibliography in this web service Cambridge University dge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore information in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore informationPrefaceEnvironmental studies is not just another term paper that students are expected to rush through.On the contrary, it is much more potent in its content and its proper understanding will not onlyhelp young learners live their lives in the most sustainable manner, but will also help them make adifference and contribute to the reversal of many of the ailments that afflict Mother Earth.Our environment, which has been shaped over millennia, is today threatened, primarilybecause of man’s greed and wantonness. Indiscriminate burning of fossil fuels and a mad haste fordevelopment over the last three centuries have played havoc with the fragile ecosystems, at placesirretrievably. Environmental studies is thus gaining in importance as it not only promises a holisticview of related issues, but is also capable of pointing out human follies and providing answers fora cleaner, greener and more prosperous future world order.The paper on which this book is printed, the wooden desk on which you are now studyingthe book, the electricity that is propelling the ceiling fan, the pen that you are using to take downnotes – everything around us has an impact on the world that we live in and therefore on ourenvironment. By understanding what starts the domino effect leading to ultimate consequencesfor the environment – through Environmental Studies – we can not only strive towards a moresustainable lifestyle locally, but can actually make some difference at the planetary level by cappingwastages and ensuring the optimal usage of resources.Each drop of positive action taken by every individual will add up – through families, societies,nations – to encompass entire mankind and will one day make up the ocean that will help usrestrain, even reverse the wheels of ecological destruction that we ourselves have set in motion.This is precisely why we have stressed and striven to ensure that the students understand thesubject, are able to relate the knowledge they gain to the way they live and finally to empowerthem to be the change they will profess.Any textbook can define, dictate and be didactic. Our effort on the contrary is not merelyrestricted to helping students achieve top grades. That is certainly an important function of thebook. However, the core concern and main stress is on engaging young minds and igniting them,so that the students imbibe the values imparted and transform into better human beings.Being clean, green and sustainable are not mere options. Today, we live in a world, where it isthe only option and even as we write this, time is running out on the environment pushing us alltowards the brink of destruction. The answer, humanity’s response, will depend to a great extenton how conscious and committed future generations are. Only when a million ignited minds attaincritical mass and walk the green talk will we be able to make a difference. If this book is able to createan impression on even one such young mind, we will consider having succeeded in our endeavour. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore information in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore informationAcknowledgmentsIt took more than two years to write this book. Prior to writing, it took another few years toassemble all the information that was required to plan and start writing the chapters. The subjectis so dynamic that by the time we collected information and started writing, the policies, planand data would often undergo revision. We have tried our level best to provide updated data,latest developments and case studies in an attempt to make the book apposite to the present day’scontext and of course ensure that it contains every topic in the UGC syllabus. Our additionalinputs shall definitely proffer the utility of this book for students of Honours and Post Graduatecourses.First and foremost we owe a lot to our parents for their constant encouragement and suggestionsthroughout the period of writing. We express our apology for not being able to give them adequatetime during the span of writing.We gratefully acknowledge the humble support and inspiration we received from our PrincipalRev. Fr Dr J. Felix Raj, S.J., the Vice Principals, Rev. Fr Dr Dominic Savio, S.J., Professor BertramDa Silva, Professor M. M. Rahman, Deans of all the departments in our endeavour.Our sincere gratitude to all our teachers who imparted knowledge to us since our childhoodand encouraged us in our endeavour. Special thanks to Professor Runu Bhattacharya as she wouldoften enrich us with her knowledge and wisdom.We extend our sincere thanks to Saikat Sen, who believed in us and was the first person tocome up with the idea of writing a textbook on Environmental Studies for the Undergraduatelevel. His support generated the self-confidence required to transform our knowledge into theform of a book. We are grateful to Sabarna Banerjee, Senior Sales Executive, Cambridge UniversityPress. We shall not forget his first telephonic conversation expressing his willingness to refer themanuscript to the editorial sections of Cambridge University Press.Such confidence was again provided by Rajesh Dey, Commissioning Editor, CambridgeUniversity Press, who after a glance at the initial chapters of the manuscript expressed interest inconsidering it for publication. We shall remember his guidance and expertise at each step in givinga final shape to this book. Our sincere thanks to Debjani Majumder, Vice President, CambridgeUniversity Press, who, in spite of her busy schedule, would often take out time in order to shareher experiences and expectations regarding this book whenever she would get a chance to visitCalcutta.Our thanks to Professor Bipra Kumar Das, Dr Ankur Ray, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous),Kolkata, Professor Ilora Sen of Shri Shikshayatan College, Kolkata and Late Sri Shyamal Kumar in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental StudiesMahua BasuFrontmatterMore informationxivAcknowledgmentsBose for their patience in reading the text and for their valuable suggestions for improvements inspecific topics. We are grateful to the reviewers who undertook the painstaking job of scrutinizingthe chapters and providing valuable comments for enrichment of their contents. Incorporation ofthese suggestions has taken the book a step ahead from being a text book to becoming a referencebook that will be useful both at undergraduate and post graduate levels.We earnestly thank Suvobrata Ganguly, Editor, Core Sector Communique, who helped inwriting a few topics in Chapters 1, 2 and 9. His multifaceted knowledge served as valuable inputto this book.Our sincere thanks to Professor Fr Dejus J.R., St Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata forhis contributions in the form of flow charts and illustrations in some chapters. His expertise inthis field has simplified the complicated figures into simple, student friendly illustrations. We areindeed very grateful for his support.We will be failing in our duties if we do not thank our students for whom this book hasbeen written. Our students, both past and present, form our inner strength and are importantmotivators. It was our students who made us realize the need for such a book and have, since westarted working on it, helped us all the way with their valuable inputs, suggestions and carefullythought out intellectual contributions. If they accept this book with the enthusiasm with whichthey helped us work on it, our purpose will be served.Our whole hearted thanks to Dr Arijit Basu and Dr Nibha Mishra, Assistant Professor,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BITS, Mesra, who guided us in writing the content ina proper format, and also provided valuable technical inputs and critical comments. Th ey werepresent right from its inception, up to the proof reading stage. Th eir constant moral support andguidance enabled us reach our final destination. Th e book would not have been possible withouttheir encouragement and support.Lastly, thanks to our priceless friends Saikat Mitra, Anindya Ray, Sudipta Lahiri, Anita Mamidiand Paramita Paul for their constant drive towards completion of this book. In this regard weshould not forget to mention Partha Pratim Boral who is not amongst us today, but is present verymuch in our spirit. His enthusiasm regarding the book release was unbelievable. As friends theywere eager to do everything that would help in completion of the book. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Fundamentals of Environmental Studies Environmental Studies is a compulsory paper for undergraduate students in almost all disciplines in India. The purpose of teaching this course is to sensitize students towards environmental issues. The course introduces students to the fundamental principles
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Environmental studies is therefore multidisciplinary and aims at unraveling the ways in which human beings and nature correlate, sustaining life and man’s unquenchable thirst for development with limited and nite resources. Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-53617-3 - Fundamentals of Environmental Studies Mahua Basu Excerpt
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