Construction Industry Digest
ConstructionIndustry DigestOSHA 2202-09R 2015
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970“To assure safe and healthful workingconditions for working men and women; byauthorizing enforcement of thestandards developed under the Act; byassisting and encouraging the States in theirefforts to assure safe and healthful workingconditions; by providing for research,information, education, and training in thefield of occupational safety and health.”This informational booklet is intended toprovide an overview of frequently usedOSHA standards in the Constructionindustry. This publication does not itself alteror determine compliance responsibilities,which are set forth in OSHA standardsthemselves and the Occupational Safety andHealth Act.Employers and employees in the 28 statesand territories that operate their own OSHAapproved workplace safety and health plansshould check with their state safety andhealth agency. Their state may be enforcingstandards and other procedures that, while “atleast as effective as” federal standards, are notalways identical to the federal requirements.For more information on states with OSHAapproved state plans, please visit: www.osha.gov/dcsp/osp.Material contained in this publication is in thepublic domain and may be reproduced, fullyor partially, without permission. Source creditis requested but not required.This information will be made availableto sensory-impaired individuals uponrequest. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999;teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877-889-5627.
ConstructionIndustry DigestU.S. Department of LaborOccupational Safety and Health AdministrationOSHA 2202-09R2015U.S. Department of Labor
ContentsForeword7General8OSHA Worksite Investigations8Frequently Used Standards inConstruction9Access to Medical and Exposure Records9Aerial Lifts9Air Tools10Asbestos10Belt Sanding Machines12Chains (See Wire Ropes, Chains, andRopes)12Chemicals (See Gases, Vapors, Fumes,Dusts, and Mists; Asbestos; Lead; Silica;and Hazard Communication)12Compressed Air, Use of12Compressed Gas Cylinders12Concrete and Masonry Construction13Confined Spaces14Cranes and Derricks15Demolition16Disposal Chutes16Diving17Drinking Water18Electrical Installations18Electrical Work Practices19Excavating and Trenching20Exits22Explosives and Blasting22Eye and Face Protection23Fall Protection24Fall Protection, Falling Objects26Fall Protection, Wall Openings26CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST3
Fire Protection26Flaggers27Flammable and Combustible Liquids28Forklifts (See Powered Industrial Trucks)29Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists29General Duty Clause30Grinding30Hand Tools31Hazard Communication31Hazardous Waste Operations33Head Protection33Hearing Protection34Heating Devices, Temporary35Highway Work Zones (See Flaggers;Signs, Signals, and Barricades)35Hoists, Material and Personnel35Hooks (See Wire Ropes, Chains, adders38Lasers39Lead40Lift Slab41Liquefied Petroleum Gas42Medical Services and First Aid42Motor Vehicles and MechanizedEquipment43Noise (See Hearing Protection)43Personal Protective Equipment43Powder-Actuated Tools44Power Transmission and Distribution44Powered Industrial Trucks (Forklifts)45OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION4
Power Transmission, Mechanical45Process Safety Management of HighlyHazardous Chemicals46Radiation, Ionizing46Railings47Recordkeeping: Recording and ReportingRequirements47Reinforced Steel48Respiratory Protection48Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS)49Safety Nets49Saws50BandPortable CircularRadialSwing or Sliding Cut-OffTableScaffolds, General Requirements505050515152BricklayingErectors and DismantlersFall Arrest SystemsGuardrailsMobilePlankingSupportedSuspension (Swing)Signs, Signals, and Barricades(See Flaggers)5353545455555656Silica58Stairs58Steel Erection60Storage62Tire Cages62Toeboards62Toilets62Training and Inspections63CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST558
Underground Construction63Washing Facilities64Water, Working Over or Near64Welding, Cutting, and Heating65Wire Ropes, Chains, and Ropes66Woodworking Machinery67Workplace Complaints:Workers’ Rights67OSHA Assistance, Servicesand Programs68NIOSH Health HazardEvaluation Program73How to Contact OSHA73OSHA Regional Offices74OSHA-Approved State Plans76OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION6
ForewordThe Construction Industry Digest containssummaries of the most frequently used standardsin the construction industry. The standards arepresented alphabetically followed by the referenceto the appropriate regulation. With few exceptions,standards in this digest are from Title 29 of theCode of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 1926.Remember, this booklet is only a digest of basicapplicable standards and should not beconsidered as a complete substitute for anyprovisions of the Occupational Safety and HealthAct of 1970 (OSH Act), or for any standards issuedunder the OSH Act. The requirements discussed inthis publication are summarized and abbreviated.The actual source standards are referenced atthe end of each topic discussed; consult the CFRfor a more complete explanation of the specificstandards listed.CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST7
GeneralEmployers have the responsibility to provide asafe workplace. Employers MUST provide theiremployees with a workplace that does not haveserious hazards and follow all relevant OSHAsafety and health standards.Employers must comply with specific standards.All employers in the construction industry mustalso have injury and illness prevention programs.Contractors and employers who do constructionwork must comply with standards in 29 CFR1926. Subpart C, General Safety and HealthProvisions, as well as other specific sections ofthese standards, include the responsibilities foreach contractor/employer to initiate and maintaininjury and illness prevention programs, providefor a competent person to conduct frequent andregular inspections, and instruct each employeeto recognize and avoid unsafe conditions andknow what regulations are applicable to the workenvironment. Employees must be providedtraining in a language and vocabulary they canunderstand.OSHA Worksite InvestigationsOSHA conducts on-site inspections of worksitesto enforce the OSHA law that protects workersand their rights. Inspections are initiated withoutadvance notice, conducted using on-site ortelephone and facsimile investigations, andperformed by highly trained compliance officers.Worksite inspections are conducted based on thefollowing priorities: Imminent danger; A fatality or hospitalizations; Worker complaints and referrals; Targeted inspections – particular hazards, highinjury rates; and Follow-up inspections.OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION8
Inspections are conducted without employersknowing when or where they will occur. Theemployer is not informed in advance that therewill be an inspection, regardless of whether it isin response to a complaint or is a programmedinspection.Frequently Used Standards inConstructionAccess to Medical and Exposure RecordsEach employer shall permit employees, theirdesignated representatives, and OSHA directaccess to employer-maintained exposure andmedical records. The standard limits access onlyto those employees who are, have been (includingformer employees), or will be exposed to toxicsubstances or harmful physical agents. 1910.1020made applicable to construction by 1926.33Each employer must preserve and maintainaccurate medical and exposure records for eachemployee. Exposure records and data analysesbased on them are to be kept for 30 years. Medicalrecords are to be kept for at least the durationof employment plus 30 years. Background datafor exposure records such as laboratory reportsand work sheets need to be kept for only 1 year.1910.1020(b)(3), .1020(d)(1)(i), and .1020(d)(1)(ii)Records of employees who have worked forless than 1 year need not be retained afteremployment if they are provided to the employeeupon the termination of employment. Firstaid records of one-time treatment need not beretained for any specified period. 1910.1020(d)(1)(i)(B) and (C)Aerial LiftsAerial lifts, powered or manual, include, but arenot limited to, the following types of vehiclemounted aerial devices used to elevate personnelto jobsites above ground: extensible boomplatforms, aerial ladders, articulating boomplatforms, and vertical towers. 1926.453(a)(1)CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST9
When operating aerial lifts, employers mustensure that employees are Trained, Authorized, Setting brakes, Positioning outriggers on pads or a solid surface, Not exceeding boom and basket load limits, Attached to the boom or basket with a restraintdevice or personal fall arrest system, Standing firmly on the floor of the basket, Not climbing on the edge of the basket or usingladders, planks, or other devices for a workposition. 1926.453(b) and 1926.454In addition, manufacturers (or the equivalent, suchas a nationally recognized testing laboratory) mustcertify in writing that all modifications to aerial liftsconform to applicable OSHA and ANSI A92.2‑1969provisions, and are at least as safe as theequipment was before modification. 1926.453(a)(2)Air ToolsPneumatic power tools shall be secured to thehose in a positive manner to prevent accidentaldisconnection. 1926.302(b)(1)Safety clips or retainers shall be securely installedand maintained on pneumatic impact tools toprevent attachments from being accidentallyexpelled. 1926.302(b)(2)The manufacturer’s safe operating pressure for allfittings shall not be exceeded. 1926.302(b)(5)All hoses exceeding 1/2-inch (1.3-centimeters)inside diameter shall have a safety device at thesource of supply or branch line to reduce pressurein case of hose failure. 1926.302(b)(7)AsbestosEach employer who has a workplace or workoperation where exposure monitoring is requiredmust perform monitoring to determine accuratelythe airborne concentrations of asbestos to whichemployees may be exposed. 1926.1101(f)(1)(i)OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION10
Employers also must ensure that no employee isexposed to an airborne concentration of asbestosin excess of 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air (f/cc) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA).1926.1101(c)(1)In addition, employers must ensure that noemployee is exposed to an airborne concentrationof asbestos in excess of 1 f/cc as averaged over asampling period of 30 minutes. 1926.1101(c)(2)Respirators must be used during (1) all Class Iasbestos jobs; (2) all Class II work where anasbestos-containing material is not removedsubstantially intact; (3) all Class II and III worknot using wet methods, except on sloped roofs;(4) all Class II and III work without a negativeexposure assessment; (5) all Class III jobs wherethermal system insulation or surfacing asbestoscontaining or presumed asbestos-containingmaterial is cut, abraded, or broken; (6) all ClassIV work within a regulated area where respiratorsare required; (7) all work where employeesare exposed above the PEL or STEL; and (8) inemergencies. 1926.1101(h)(1)(i) through (viii)The employer must provide and require the use ofprotective clothing – such as coveralls or similarwhole-body clothing, head coverings, gloves, andfoot coverings – for: Any employee exposed to airborne asbestosexceeding the PEL or STEL, Work without a negative exposure assessment, or Any employee performing Class I work involvingthe removal of over 25 linear or 10 square feet(10 square meters) of thermal system insulationor surfacing asbestos containing or presumedasbestos-containing materials. 1926.1101(i)(1)The employer must provide a medical surveillanceprogram for all employees who – for a combinedtotal of 30 or more days per year – engage inClass I, II, or III work or are exposed at or abovethe PEL or STEL; or who wear negative-pressurerespirators. 1926.1101(m)(1)(i)CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST11
Belt Sanding MachinesBelt sanding machines shall be provided withguards at each nip point where the sanding beltruns onto a pulley. 1926.304(f), incorporated fromANSI 01.1-1961, Section 4.9.4The unused run of the sanding belt shall beguarded against accidental contact. 1926.304(f),incorporated from ANSI 01.1-1961, Section 4.9.4Chains (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Ropes)Chemicals (See Gases, Vapors, Fumes,Dusts, and Mists; Asbestos; Lead; Silica;and Hazard Communication)Compressed Air, Use ofCompressed air used for cleaning purposes shallbe reduced to less than 30 pounds per squareinch (psi) and then only with effective chipguarding and personal protective equipment. Thisrequirement does not apply to concrete form,mill scale, and similar cleaning operations.1926.302(b)(4)Compressed Gas CylindersValve protection caps shall be in place andsecured when compressed gas cylinders aretransported, moved, or stored. 1926.350(a)(1)Cylinder valves shall be closed when work isfinished and when cylinders are empty or aremoved. 1926.350(a)(8)Compressed gas cylinders shall be secured in anupright position at all times, except if necessaryfor short periods of time when cylinders areactually being hoisted or carried. 1926.350(a)(9)Cylinders shall be kept far enough away from theactual welding or cutting operations so thatsparks, hot slag, or flame will not reach them.OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION12
When this is impractical, fire-resistant shieldsshall be provided. Cylinders shall be placed wherethey cannot become part of an electrical circuit.1926.350(b)(1) through (2)Oxygen and fuel gas pressure regulators,including their related gauges, shall be in properworking order while in use. 1926.350(h)Concrete and Masonry ConstructionNo construction loads shall be placed on aconcrete structure or portion of a concretestructure unless the employer determines, basedon information received from a person who isqualified in structural design, that the structure orportion of the structure is capable of supportingthe loads. 1926.701(a)No employee shall be permitted to work underconcrete buckets while buckets are being elevatedor lowered into position. 1926.701(e)(1)To the extent practical, elevated concrete bucketsshall be routed so that no employee or the fewestnumber of employees is exposed to the hazardsassociated with falling concrete buckets.1926.701(e)(2)Formwork shall be designed, fabricated, erected,supported, braced, and maintained so that it iscapable of supporting – without failure – all verticaland lateral loads that may reasonably be anticipatedto be applied to the formwork. 1926.703(a)(1)Forms and shores (except those used for slabs ongrade and slip forms) shall not be removed untilthe employer determines that the concrete hasgained sufficient strength to support its weight andsuperimposed loads. Such determination shall bebased on compliance with one of the following: The plans and specifications stipulate conditionsfor removal of forms and shores, and suchconditions have been followed, or The concrete has been properly tested with anappropriate American Society for TestingMaterials (ASTM) standard test method designedCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST13
to indicate the concrete compressive strength,and the test results indicate that the concrete hasgained sufficient strength to support its weightand superimposed loads. (ASTM, 100 BarrHarbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428;(610) 832-9585). 1926.703(e)(1)(i) through (ii)A limited access zone shall be establishedwhenever a masonry wall is being constructed.The limited access zone shall conform to thefollowing: Established prior to the start of construction ofthe wall, Equal to the height of the wall to be constructedplus 4 feet (1.2 meters), and shall run the entirelength of the wall, Established on the side of the wall that will beunscaffolded, Restricted to entry by employees activelyengaged in constructing the wall. No otheremployees shall be permitted to enter the zone, Remain in place until the wall is adequatelysupported to prevent overturning and to preventcollapse; where the height of a wall is more than8 feet (2.4 meters), the limited access zone shallremain in place until the requirements ofparagraph (b) of this section have been met.1926.706(a)(1) through (5)All masonry walls more than 8 feet (2.4384meters) in height shall be adequately bracedto prevent overturning and to prevent collapseunless the wall is adequately supported so thatit will not overturn or collapse. The bracing shallremain in place until permanent supportingelements of the structure are in place. 1926.706(b)Confined SpacesAll employees required to enter into confined orenclosed spaces must be instructed as to thenature of the hazards involved, the necessaryprecautions to be taken, and in the use ofrequired protective and emergency equipment.OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION14
The employer shall comply with any specificregulations that apply to work in dangerous orpotentially dangerous areas. Confined or enclosedspaces include, but are not limited to, storagetanks, process vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation orexhaust ducts, sewers, underground utility vaults,tunnels, pipelines, and open top spaces more than4 feet deep (1.2 meters) such as pits, tubs, vaults,and vessels. 1926.21(b)(6)(i) through (ii)Cranes and DerricksBefore assembly or use of a crane, groundconditions must be firm, drained, and graded sothat the equipment manufacturer’s specificationsfor adequate support and degree of level are met.1926.1402(b)A competent person must begin a visual inspectionprior to each shift during which the equipment willbe used, which must be completed before or duringthe shift. The inspection must consist of observationfor apparent deficiencies. 1926.1412(d)(1)A qualified person must conduct a comprehensiveinspection at least every 12 months. 1926.1412(f)(1)The employer must comply with all manufacturerprocedures applicable to the operational functionsof equipment, including its use with attachments.1926.1417(a)Hand signal charts must be either posted on theequipment or conspicuously posted in the vicinityof the hoisting operations. 1926.1422A personal fall arrest system is permitted to beanchored to the crane/derrick’s hook (or other partof the load line) where a qualified person hasdetermined the set-up and rated capacity of thecrane/derrick (including the hook, load line, andrigging) meets or exceeds the requirements in§1926.502(d)(15) and no load is suspended fromthe load line when the personal fall arrest systemis anchored to the crane/derrick’s hook (or otherpart of the load line). The equipment operatormust be at the work site and know the equipmentis being used for this purpose. 1926.1423(j)CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST15
Where available, hoisting routes that minimize theexposure of employees to hoisted loads must beused, to the extent consistent with public safety.1926.1425(a)The employer must ensure that, prior to operatingany equipment covered under Subpart CC, theperson operating the equipment is qualified orcertified to operate the equipment. Exceptions:operation of derricks, sideboom cranes, andequipment with a rated hoisting/lifting capacity of2,000 pounds or less. 1926.1427(a)(1) through (3)On equipment with a rated hoisting/lifting capacityof 2,000 pounds or less the employer must traineach operator, prior to operating the equipment,on the safe operation of the type of equipment theoperator will be using. 1926.1441(e)DemolitionPrior to permitting employees to start demolitionoperations, a competent person shall make anengineering survey of the structure to determinethe condition of the framing, floors, and walls, andpossibility of unplanned collapse of any portionof the structure. A similar survey of any adjacentstructure where employees may be exposed shallbe completed. The employer shall have in writingevidence that such a survey has been performed.1926.850(a)During balling or claiming operations, employersshall not permit any workers in any a
Jan 24, 2008 · CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST 7 Foreword The Construction Industry Digest contains summaries of the most frequently used standards in the construction industry. The standards are presented alphabetically followed by the reference to the appropriate regulation. With few exceptions, standards in
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