Safety Issues For Lithium-Ion Batteries - UL
Safety Issues forLithium-Ion Batteries
Safety Issues for Lithium-Ion BatteriesSafety Issues for Lithium-Ion BatteriesLithium-ion batteries are widely used as a power source in portable electrical andelectronic products. While the rate of failures associated with their use is small, severalwell-publicized incidents related to lithium-ion batteries in actual use have raisedconcerns about their overall safety. Test standards are in place that mandate a numberof individual tests designed to assess specific safety risks associated with the use oflithium-ion batteries. However, UL and other standards development organizationsare continuing to revise and update existing lithium battery standards to reflect newknowledge regarding lithium-ion battery failures in the field. UL and other researchorganizations are contributing to battery safety research with a focus on internal shortcircuit failures in lithium-ion batteries. The research is directed toward improving safetystandards for lithium-ion batteries.OverviewOver the past 20 years, rechargeable (also known as secondary) lithium-ion batterytechnologies have evolved, providing increasingly greater energy density, greaterenergy per volume, longer cycle life and improved reliability. Commercial lithium-ionbatteries now power a wide range of electrical and electronic devices, including thefollowing categories: Consumer electrical and electronic devices — Lithium-ion batteries powerconsumer electrical and electronic devices from mobile phones and digitalcameras, to laptop computers. Medical devices — Lithium-ion batteries are also used in medical diagnosticequipment, including patient monitors, handheld surgical tools, and portablediagnostic equipment. Industrial equipment — Industrial equipment offers a wide range of applicationsfor lithium-ion batteries, including cordless power tools, telecommunicationssystems, wireless security systems, and outdoor portable electronic equipment. Automotive applications — A new generation of electric vehicles is beingpowered by large format lithium-ion battery packs, including battery-electricvehicles, hybrid-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles andlight-electric vehicles.2
Safety Issues for Lithium-Ion BatteriesThe worldwide market for lithiumTranslating this knowledge into effective 10 billion (USD) in annual sales by 2014,battery research activities, and isbatteries is projected to reach nearlywith the market for lithium-ion batteriesrepresenting almost 86% of those sales( 8.6 billion). However, as the use of1safety standards is a key focus of ULintended to support the continual safeuse and handling of lithium-ion batteries.UL is involved in standards developmentworldwide and has technical staffparticipating in leadership and expertroles on several national committees andmaintenance teams associated with batteryand fuel cell technologies.Ms. Laurie Florence is the convener (chair)of IEC SC21A—Working Group 5. She is amember of the SC21A US TAG and SC21AWGs 2, 3, 4 and 5. Florence is also a memberof the IEC TC35 USTAG, TC35 MT15, IECTC31 HWG37, and the ANSI NEMA C18committees. She participated in the IEEE1625 and IEEE 1725 revisions, as well as theCTIA battery ad hoc committee. Florenceis also on the informal group working onrevising UN Electric Vehicle Safety – GlobalTechnical Regulation (EVS-GTR).lithium-ion batteries is growing globally,and with the large number of batteriesLithium-Ion Battery Design andSelection Considerationspowering a wide range of products inA lithium-ion battery is an energya variety of usage environments, therestorage device in which lithium ionshave been several reported incidentsmove through an electrolyte from theraising safety concerns. While the overallnegative electrode (the “anode”) to therate of failures associated with thepositive electrode (the “cathode”) duringuse of lithium-ion batteries is very lowbattery discharge, and from the positivewhen compared with the total numberelectrode to the negative electrode duringof batteries in use worldwide, severalcharging. The electrochemically activepublicized examples involving consumermaterials in lithium-ion batteries areelectronics like laptop computers andtypically a lithium metal oxide for theelectronic toys have led to a numbercathode, and a lithiated carbon for theof product safety recalls byanode. The electrolytes are typically amanufacturers, the U.S. Consumernonacqueous liquid, but can also be gel orProduct Safety Commission and others.polymer. A thin (on the order of microns)Some of these cases have been linkedmicro-porous film separator providesto overheating of lithium-ion batteries,electrical isolation between the cathodeMr. Harry P. Jones is the convener (chair) ofIEC TC105—Working Group 8.leading to possible fire or explosion. Inand anode, while still allowing for ionicFlorence and Mr. Alex Liang (UL Taiwan)are on ETF 13 for batteries.addition, the concern of regulators withconductivity. Variations on the basicthe safe transport of lithium-ionlithium chemistry also exist to addressbatteries following the crash of twovarious performance and safety issues.UL Taiwan was the first CBTL for IEC 62133,followed by UL Suzhou, UL Japan at ISE andUL Northbrook offices.cargo planes that were carrying largeThe widespread commercial use ofUL Japan is approved to provide the PSEmark in Japan for lithium-ion batteries aspart of the DENAN program.Since then, an assortment of lithium-ionUL is a CTIA CATL for the batterycertification program.quantities of lithium-ion batterieshas resulted in revised lithium batterytransport regulations.lithium-ion batteries began in the 1990s.designs has been developed to meetThough global independent standardsthe wide array of product demands.Electrotechnical Commission and UL,is usually driven by a number offor electrical and safety testing intendedrequirements for power and energy,lithium-ion batteries, knowledge aboutthe product powered by the batteryas this complex technology continues toconsiderations in choosing a suitableorganizations, such as the InternationalThe choice of battery in an applicationhave developed a number of standardsconsiderations, including the applicationto address a range of possible abuses ofthe anticipated environment in whichpotential failure modes is still growingwill be used, and battery cost. Otherevolve to meet marketplace demands.battery may include:3Florence is also a member of ISO TC 22/SC21 US TAG and a member of the WG 3committee for electric vehicle batteries,as well as the SAE TEVVBC1 battery safetycommittee (developing SAE J2929 safetystandard for lithium ion EV batteries) andTEVHYB4 (SAE J2464 RESS abuse manual).Florence participates on the ANSI EVSPcommittee, which has developed an electricvehicle standardization road map.
Safety Issues for Lithium-Ion Batteries Anticipated work cycle of a product(continual or intermittent) Battery life required bythe application Battery’s physical characteristics(i.e., size, shape, weight, etc.) Maintenance and end-of-lifeconsiderationsLithium-ion batteries are generallymore expensive than alternative batterychemistries, but they offer significantadvantages, such as high energy/densitylevels and low weight-to-volume ratios.Causes of Safety Risk Associatedwith Lithium-Ion BatteriesBattery manufacturers andmanufacturers of battery-poweredproducts design their products to deliverspecified performance characteristics ina safe manner under anticipated usageconditions. As such, performance orsafety failures can be caused by poorexecution of a design, or an unanticipateduse or abuse of the product.analysis and fault tree analysis. ULemploys these tools to generate rootcause analyses that lead to thedefinition of safety tests for productsafety standards.2Applicable Product SafetyStandards and Testing ProtocolsTo address some of the safety risks IEEE 1725: Rechargeable Batteriesfor Cellular Telephonesuse lithium-ion batteries.Product safety standards are typicallydeveloped through a consensusprocess, which relies on participationby representatives from regulatorybodies, manufacturers and industrygroups, consumer advocacyorganizations, insurance companiesand other key safety stakeholders.The technical committees developingrequirements for product safetystandards rely less on prescriptivemulti-cell batteries such as thosethat may cause a defective product todesigned to mitigate or prevent someThe following standards and testingtests that simulate reasonable situationsused in electric vehicles have beenreact negatively.materials within the battery at hightemperatures, and the occurrence ofprotocols are currently used to assessthe safety of primary and secondarylithium batteries:Underwriters Laboratoriesinternal short circuits that may lead to UL 1642: Lithium BatteriesAs part of the product development UL 1973: Batteries for Use in LightElectric Rail (LER) Applications andStationary Applicationsthermal runaway.process, manufacturers should conducta risk assessment that might involvetools such as failure modes and effects4Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineerson how to more safety construct andto provide manufacturers with guidancebatteries and active safeguards forincluding the thermal stability of active UL 2580: Batteries for Use inElectric Vehiclestesting protocols have been developedbatteries, a number of standards andPassive safeguards for single-cellin performance and safety still exist, UL 2595: General Requirements forBattery Powered Appliances IEEE 1625: Rechargeable Batteriesfor Multi-Cell Mobile ComputingDevicesassociated with the use of lithium-ionrequirements and more on performancefailures. However, major challenges UL 2271: Batteries for Use in LightElectric Vehicle Applications UL 2054: Household andCommercial BatteriesNational ElectricalManufacturers Association C18.2M: Part 2, PortableRechargeable Cells and Batteries—Safety StandardSociety of Automotive Engineers J2464: Electric and Hybrid ElectricVehicle Rechargeable EnergyStorage Systems (RESS), Safety andAbuse Testing J2929: Electric and Hybrid VehiclePropulsion Battery SystemSafety Standard—Lithium-basedRechargeable CellsInternational ElectrotechnicalCommission IEC 62133: Secondary Cells andBatteries Containing Alkaline orOther Non-Acid Electrolytes –Safety Requirements for PortableSealed Secondary Cells, and forBatteries Made from Them, for Usein Portable Applications IEC 62281: Safety of Primary andSecondary Lithium Cells andBatteries During Transportation
Safety Issues for Lithium-Ion Batteries IEC 62619: (Proposed) Secondary Cells and Batteries Containing Alkaline or OtherNon-Acid Electrolytes – Safety Requirements for Secondary Lithium Cells andBatteries for Use in Industrial ApplicationsInternational Organization for Standardization ISO 12405-3: (Proposed) Electrically Propelled Road Vehicles – TestSpecification for Lithium-Ion Battery Packs and Systems – Part 3: SafetyPerformance RequirementsUnited Nations (UN) Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests andCriteria, Part III, Section 38.3Japanese Standards Association JIS C8714: Safety Tests for Portable Lithium-Ion Secondary Cells and Batteries forUse In Portable Electronic ApplicationsCommon Product Safety Tests for Lithium-Ion BatteriesThe above standards and testing protocols incorporate a number of product safetytests designed to assess a battery’s ability to withstand certain types of abuse. Table1provides an overview of the various abuse tests, and illustrates the extent to whichsafety standards and testing protocols for lithium-ion batteries have been harmonized.It is important to note that similarly named test procedures in various documents mightnot be executed in a strictly identical manner. For example, there may be variationsbetween documents regarding the number of samples required for a specific test, or thestate of sample charge prior to testing.The most common product safety tests for lithium-ion batteries are typically intendedto assess specific risk from electrical, mechanical and environmental conditions.With minor exceptions, all of the above mentioned standards and testing protocolsincorporate these common abuse tests. The following sections describe individualcommon tests in greater detail.5
Safety Issues for Lithium-Ion BatteriesULTest Criteria/StandardExternal short circuitAbnormal charge / OverchargeForced discharge / OverdischargeCrushImpact (cell)ShockVibrationHeating (cell)Temperature cyclingLow pressure (altitude) (cell)Projectile / External fireDropIECUL 1642UL 1973**UL 2054*UL 2271**UL 2580**UL 2595IEC 62133CDV62C19ISO12405-3 Insulation or isolation resistanceInternal short circuit test orpropagation test Table 1: Summary of abuse tests found in international safety standards and testing protocols for lithium-ion batteries3 * Cells required to comply with UL 1642 tests** Cells required to comply with either UL 1642 test program or application specific program outlined in standard6 Continuous low rate chargingMolded casing heating testISO
Safety Issues for Lithium-Ion BatteriesTest Criteria/StandardExternal short circuitAbnormal charge / OverchargeForced discharge / OverdischargeCrushImpact (cell)ShockVibrationHeating (cell)Temperature cyclingLow pressure (altitude)ANSISAEUNC18.2M, Pt2J 2929IEC 62281IEEE 1625***IEEE 1725***JIS C8714JIS C8715 Projectile / External fireDropMolded casing heating testInsulation or isolation resistance IEEE Internal short circuit test orpropagation test*** Cells required to comply with UL 1642 tests and packs required to meet UN38.3 transport test criteria for lithium ion batteriesTable 1: Summary of abuse tests found in international safety standards and testing protocols for lithium-ion batteries37JIS
Safety Issues for Lithium-Ion BatteriesElectrical Tests External Short Circuit Test — Theexternal short circuit test createsa direct connection between theanode and cathode terminals ofa cell to determine its ability towithstand a maximum currentflow condition without causingan explosion or fire Abnormal Charging or OverchargingTest — The abnormal chargingtest applies an over-chargingcurrent rate and charging time todetermine whether a sample canwithstand the condition withoutcausing an explosion or fire. Theovercharge test attempts tocharge a battery to greater than100% state of charge throughvarious methods Forced Discharge or OverdischargeTest — The forced discharge testdetermines a battery’s behaviorwhen a discharged cell is connectedin series with a specified numberof charged cells of the same type.The goal is to create an imbalancedseries connected pack, which isthen short-circuited. To pass thistest, no sample cell may explodeor catch fire. The overdischargeattempts to continue dischargingbeyond the specified of thedischarge limitMechanical Tests Crush Test — The crush testdetermines a cell’s ability towithstand a specified crushingforce (typically 13 kN) applied bytwo flat plates (typically althoughsome crush methods such as SAE8J2929 include a steel rod crushfor cells and ribbed platen forbatteries). To pass this test, asample may not explode or ignite.There are additional criteria forhigh voltage or large batteriessuch as those used in electricvehicle applications Impact Test (cell) — The impacttest determines a cell’s abilityto withstand a specified impactapplied to a cylindrical steel rodplaced across the cell under test.To pass this test, a samplemay not explode or ignite Shock Test — The shock test isconducting by securing a cell orbattery under test to a testingmachine that has been calibratedto apply a specified average andpeak acceleration for the specifiedduration of the test. To pass thistest, a sample may not explode,ignite, leak or vent Vibration Test — The vibrationtest applies a simple harmonicmotion at a specified amplitude,with variable frequency and timeto each sample. To pass this test, asample may not explode, ignite,leak or vent Drop Test — The drop test subjectseach cell and/or battery sampleto a specified number of free fallsto a hard surface. The sample isexamined after a time followingeach drop. To pass this test, asample may not explode or ignite.There are additional criteria forhigh voltage or large batteriessuch as those used in electricvehicle applicationsEnvironmental Tests Heating Test — The heatingtest evaluates a cell’s ability towithstand a specified applicationof an elevated temperature fora period of time. To pass this test,a sample may not explode or ignite Temperature Cycling Test —The temperature cycling testsubjects each sample to specifiedtemperature excursions aboveand below room temperaturefor a specified number of cycles.To pass this test, a sample maynot explode, ignite, vent or leak.There are additional criteria forhigh voltage or large batteries suchas those used in electric vehicleapplications Low Pressure (altitude) Test —The low-pressure test evaluates asample for its ability to withstandexposure to less than standardatmospheric pressure (such asmight be experienced in an aircraftcabin that experiences suddenloss of pressure). To pass this test,a sample may not explode, ignite,vent or leakAdditional Specialized TestsIn addition to the common abuse testsdiscussed above, certain product safetystandards and testing protocols forlithium-ion batteries require additionalspecialized testing. These specializedtests address exposure to an externalor internal fire and material/insulationintegrity evaluations. Projectile (fire) or Internal Fire Test— The projectile test subjects acell sample to a flame from a test
Safety Issues for Lithium-Ion Batteriesburner, while positioned within aapplied in a reverse polaritywire mesh and structural support.time. To pass this test, the cell mayspecified enclosure composed ofIf the application of the flameresults in the explosion or ignitionof the cell, no part of the cellsample can penetrate or protrudethrough the wire mesh test cage.The internal fire test attemptsto create a cell thermal runawaycondition with internal fire ina single cell within the pack todetermine if it is containedwithin the pack Mold Stress Test — The moldedcasing-heating test exposesplastic-encased batteries toa specified elevated temperatureand for a specified time. Thebattery is then examined once ithas cooled to room temperature.To pass this test, the internal cellsnot explode or ignite Penetration Test — The penetrationtest is required under UL Subject2271, UL Subject 2580 and SAE J2464.The test uses a pointed metal rod topenetrate a cell and simultaneouslymeasures rod acceleration, celldeformation, cell temperature, cellterminal voltage and resistancebattery terminal and the accessiblemetal parts of the battery pack.To pass this test, the measuredresistance must exceed thespecified minimum value Reverse Charge Test — The reversecharge test is required under IEC62133, UL Subject 2271 and ULSubject 2580. This test determinesa discharged cell sample’s responseto a specified charging currenta pathway between the cathode andanode that allows for efficient butunintended charge flow. This highlylocalized charge flow results in jouleheating due to internal resistance,with subsequent heating of the activematerials within the lithium-ion battery.The increased heat may destabilizebuild-up within the cell may lead to thelithium-ion battery safety shows a strongfocus on internal short circuits. Some fieldfailures resulting in fires or explosionsand leading to product damage orpersonnel injury have been linked to Insulation Resistance Test — Themeasurement between eachhave many causes, it is basicallyA review of the research in the area ofHowever, as shown in Table 1, mosta sample to a resistanceAlthough an internal short circuit maythe active materials
Safety Issues for Lithium-Ion Batteries Lithium-ion batteries are widely used as a power source in portable electrical and electronic products. While the rate of failures associated with their use is small, several well-publicized incidents related to lithium-ion batteries in ac
1. Are all lithium-ion batteries created equal? — NO 2. Are all chemistries the same? — NO 3. Are all batteries using the same lithium-ion chemistry the same? — NO 4. Do all lithium-ion batteries have similar cycle life, like Flooded Lead Acid (FLA)? — NO 5. Can I use any lithium-ion battery in my equipment? — NO 6.
Safety Issues for Lithium-Ion Batteries Lithium-ion batteries are widely used as a power source in portable electrical and electronic products. While the rate of failures associated with their use is small, several well-publicized incidents related to lithium-ion batteries in actual use have raised concerns about their overall safety.
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polyatomic ions: a. amm onium ion b. sulfate ion c. sulfite ion d. carbonate ion e. nitrate ion f. permanganate ion g. hypochlorite ion h. phosphate ion i. cyanide ion j. hydroxide ion 9.2 Naming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds A. _ Ionic Compounds 1. What are Binary Ionic Compounds? 2.
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State of the art in reuse and recycling of lithium-ion batteries - a research review Preface Less than 5 per cent of the lithium-ion batteries in the world are recycled. The few processes that are available are highly inefficient and the costs to recycle lithium is three times as high as mining virgin lithium. With the rapid growth in e-
Extinguishing Agents for Lithium-ion Batteries 05 -23 13 2 Background Growth in Lithium Battery Use -The number of lithium-ion batteries made in the world grew from about 800 million in 2002 to about 4.4 billion in 2012. Fire Risk -Many lithium ion cells have been known to overheat and create a potentially dangerous situation.
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