Wrenches - Krank Engineering
TM 9-243Chapter 25 WRENCHESHOW TO CHOOSE AND USE THEMThe “Types and Uses” section provides you with a list ofsome of the types of wrenches. These pages shouldhelp you select the right wrench to do the job.The “Using” section tells you how to use the wrench toperform the desired function, The “Care” procedurestell you how to care for the items.INDEXItemPageTYPES AND USES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-2Open-end wrenches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-2Box wrenches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-3Combination wrenches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-4Socket wrenches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-5Socket wrench handles, extensionsand adapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-6Special purpose socket wrenches . . . . . 25-7Crowfoot wrench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-9Hex key wrench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-9Plug wrenches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-9Adjustable open-end wrench . . . . . . . . . 25-10Clamp pliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-10Monkey and auto wrenches . . . . . . . . . 25-10Pipe wrenches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-11Torque wrenches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-11Spanner wrenches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-12SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-13USING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-14CARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1825-1
TM 9-243TYPES AND USESA wrench is a tool specially designed to tighten or loosennuts, bolts, studs, and pipes. Wrenches are forged fromsteel alloy to prevent breakage. There are many different types of wrenches. Each type has its own use. Byusing the properwrench for the task to be done, you willnot break the wrench, damage the equipment, or causepersonal injury. The following section is intended to giveyou information on the different wrench types.OPEN-END WRENCHESThe engineer’s double open-end wrench has differentsize openings on each end. This type of an arrangementpermits a smaller number of wrenches to complete aset. The engineer’s double open-end wrench is alsoused to reach behind or below blind surfaces.All open-end wrenches have open jaws on one or bothends of the wrench. Most jaw openings are offset fromthe shank portion of the wrench by 15 degrees. Thewrench length is determined by the size of the jawopening. Some of the more common types of open-endwrenches and their uses are listed below.The construction wrench combines the open-end jawwith a long tapered shank providing a wrench/alignmentpunch combination. The construction wrench is used inthe building trades and on heavy objects which requirealignment before fastening.The engineer’s single open-end wrench has a longsmooth shank providing the user with a better grippingsurface. It is used to reach behind or below blindsurfaces.25-2
TM 9-243TYPES AND USES - ContinuedOPEN END WRENCHES (Cont)The S-Shape wrench has a 22-1/2 degree offset. It isused to reach around obstructing objects.BOX WRENCHESA box wrench surrounds the nut, bolt head, or stud on allsides. It is available with both 6-point and 12-pointopenings. The 12-point opening is more common, as itmay be used on both square and hexagonal bolt heads.Box wrench openings are offset from the shank by 15degrees. A box wrench should be used whenever possible, as it provides the best protection to both the userand the equipment. The major disadvantage of the boxwrench is that there must be enough clearance aboveand around the bolt head to place the wrench over thebolt head.The length of the box wrench depends upon the size ofthe opening. Some of the more common types of boxwrenches and their uses are shown below and onpage 25-4.Ignition wrenches have the same size jaw opening onboth ends. However, one end of this wrench is offset 15degrees and the other end is offset 60 degrees. Ignitionwrenches are smaller in size, as they are used toremove components of automotive ignition systems.The most common box wrench is the double offset boxwrench. It comes with a different size opening at eachend. The double offset wrench is used to remove normalnuts and bolts.25-3
TM 9-243TYPES AND USES - ContinuedBOX WRENCHES (Cont)wrench/alignment pin combination. It is usually used onheavy structural construction (bridge girders, buildingbeams, etc.).The half-moon wrench has different size openings ateach end and has a curved shank. The half-moonwrench is used when it is necessary to reach aroundobjects in tight spaces.Ratchet-box wrenches are either reversible or nonreversible. The ratchet-box wrench does not have to belifted up and repositioned each time the shank hasreached its maximum travel between two obstructions.The ratchet-box wrench provides an easy means ofremoving and/or installing nuts or bolts which are notunder strain. These wrenches should not be used totorque down or to free nuts or bolts.COMBINATION WRENCHESThe split-box wrench is a 12-point wrench with 2 pointscut away. The split-box wrench is used on pipe unions orcouplings where you want the protection of a boxwrench, but need to slide the wrench around a pipe.The structural-tapered handle wrench combines a boxwrench opening with a tapered shank to produce a box25-4The combination wrench combines the best features ofthe open-end and box wrench into a single wrench. Thesize opening on the wrench is the same on both ends,but one end has a box head and the other end has anopen-end head. The length of the wrench varies with thesize of the head. The most common opening is offsetfrom the shank by 15 degrees. They are used to removecommon-size nuts and bolts.
TM 9-243TYPES AND USES - ContinuedSOCKET WRENCHESThe socket wrench consists of a round metal sleeve witha square opening in one end for insertion of a handle,and a 6-point or 12-point wrench opening in the other.They are available in both common (short) and deep(long) lengths. The length of the socket does not determine its size. Socket wrenches usually come in sets.The square or drive end may vary in size from 1/4 to 1inch. In socket sets, the drive end determines the size;for example, a 1/4-inch drive set may contain nine sockets ranging in size from 3/16 inch through 1/2 inch. In3/8-inch drive, the smallest socket would be 3/8 inch.This overlap in size allows better control by the user andprevents breakage of either the socket or the equipmentfrom using the wrong size handle.A universal joint socket and spark plug socket areexamples of specially designed sockets. The universaljoint socket is used when it is necessary to reach aroundan object. The spark plug socket has a rubber insert.This insert protects the ceramic insulator when removing and/or installing the spark plug.All sockets must be used with some type of handle.Sockets are used to remove and/or install common-sizenuts or bolts.25-5
TM 9-243TYPES AND USES - ContinuedSOCKET WRENCH HANDLES,EXTENSIONS AND ADAPTERSRatchet handles may have either a straight-head or aflex-head. Both types have a selection lever on the top ofthe head to determine the direction of drive. The flexhead is used to go around objects. Both types are usedwith socket wrenches for rapid removal of nuts or bolts.The sliding T-Bar handle has a single head which maybe adjusted along a bar handle. It has two spring-loadedballs, one for keeping the bar in the head and the otherfor keeping the socket on the head. The sliding T-Bar isused for increased leverage or for working around otherobjects.25-6The speed handle has a brace-type shaft with a revolving grip on the top. It is used for rapid removal and/orinstallation of nuts or bolts, which are out in the open andhave little or no torque.A hinged handle has a hinged adapter on one end whichmay be rotated in 90 degree steps. The hinged handle isused when additional leverage or torque is needed toloosen nuts or bolts.
TM 9-243TYPES AND USES - ContinuedSOCKET WRENCH HANDLES,EXTENSIONS AND ADAPTERS (Cont)The spin-type screwdriver grip handle has a plastic orwood handle. It is used to remove and/or install smallnuts and bolts.The socket wrench adapter is used to change the drivesize between the socket and the handle. It usuallyincreases or decreases the fractional size by one (1/4inch to 3/8 inch). The socket wrench adapter is used toincrease or decrease the drive end of a particular handleallowing it to be used with two different socket sets.SPECIAL PURPOSE SOCKET WRENCHESExtensions are either rigid or flexible. They range from 2to 17 inches in length. Extensions may be used with anysocket handle combination to gain clearance above nutor bolt.The ratcheting adapter converts a non-ratchetinghandle into a ratchet drive. It is used for quick removal ofnuts or bolts.The four-way socket wrench has four nonremovablesockets attached to four arms. Each of the sockets is adifferent size. The four-way socket wrench is usuallyused to remove or install the wheel stud nuts of a vehicle. The handle construction provides extra leveragewhen loosening and tightening the stud nuts.25-7
TM 9-243TYPES AND USES - ContinuedSPECIAL PURPOSE SOCKETWRENCHES (Cont)Stud removers may be either the cam-operated type orthe wedge type. They are used to remove studs fromtheir seats for replacement. A single stud remover canbe adjusted to remove different size studs.The 90-degree offset handle socket wrench has a fixedsocket at the end of a bent handle. It is used for removing and/or installing a nut or bolt which may not bereached with a box or combination wrench.The cam-operated type uses a concentric cam to get agrip on the stud. The cam is tightened on the studthrough mechanical linkage between the drive shankand the cam.The T-handle socket wrench has a fixed T-handle abovea fixed socket wrench. The T-handle socket wrench hasmany uses. One of the more common uses is for shutting off or turning on water or gas lines. The T-handlepermits the operator to apply the turning force requiredto operate the valve.Wedge-type stud removers are made of a socket housing and two metal wedges. The socket is placed over thestud to be removed and the wedges are driven into thesocket to hold the stud. The socket housing is nowturned with a handle to remove the stud.The screwdriver-type socket wrench has a socket fixedon the bottom of a screwdriver handle. They are used toremove and/or install small nuts and bolts.25-8
TM 9-243TYPES AND USES - ContinuedCROWFOOT WRENCHPLUG WRENCHESThere are three basic types of plug wrenches, the bartype, the multiple plug wrench, and the socket-type.Plug wrenches are used to remove and/or install drainplugs.The crowfoot wrench is an open-end wrench headwhich is turned with a socket handle. It is used to removeand/or install nuts or bolts. It is also used where anobstruction would prevent the use of a regular socket.Bar-type plug wrenches may be either square or hexagonal and are about two inches long. A combinationwrench or socket must be used to turn the plug.HEX KEY WRENCH (SHORTER SECTION)The multiple plug wrench combines several plug endson a common handle.The hex key wrench is an L-shaped, six-sided wrench.Both ends of the "L" are the same size so you can turnthe wrench either to gain access to the screw head or toobtain a leverage advantage. The hex key wrench isused to remove and/or install hex head screws.Socket-type plug wrenches are usually combined insets with an assortment of handles. The set will containseveral sizes.25-9
TM 9-243TYPES AND USES - ContinuedADJUSTABLE OPEN-END WRENCHMONKEY AND AUTO WRENCHESThe adjustable open-end wrench has one fixed jaw anda movable or adjustable jaw. The adjustable jaw is setagainst the face of the nut by turning a knurled wormgear. Care must be exercised when using an adjustablewrench. Always use the fixed jaw for applying pressureto tighten or loosen nuts or bolts. Adjustable wrenchesare used to remove and/or install nuts, bolts, and studswhen the correct size wrench or socket is not available.CLAMP PLIERSThe clamp pliers are generally used more as a wrenchthan as a pair of pliers. It has a fixed jaw and handlewhich contains an adjustment screw for the movablejaw. The other handle is in two sections, one section toapply pressure and to lock the pliers, and the othersection, when pulled, to release the grip. Clamp pliersare used to hold or clamp nuts and bolts which havebeen rounded off by using the wrong size wrench.25-10The monkey and auto wrenches are similar and haveone fixed jaw and an adjustable jaw which moves alongthe handle by turning a knurled worm gear. Monkey andauto wrenches are used to install or remove odd sizenuts and bolts. An adjustable wrench must be used withcare. Always apply pressure against the fixed jaw.
TM 9-243TYPES AND USES - ContinuedPIPE WRENCHESThere are three basic types of pipe wrenches, thestillson wrench, the strap wrench, and the chain wrench.They are all used to connect or break pipe joints or toturn cylindrical parts.The stillson pipe wrench has a fixed jaw which is on theend of the handle and an adjustable jaw at the top of thewrench. Adjustment is made by turning a knurledadjusting screw which moves the jaw. Always pull thepipe fitting towards the fixed jaw. The serrated (grooved)jaws of the stillson wrench will mar soft pipe.Strap pipe wrenches have a leather or canvas strapwhich is attached to the handle. The strap is loopedaround the pipe and back through the handle to grip thepipe. The strap pipe wrench will not scratch the surfaceof the pipe.Chain pipe wrenches have a section of bicycle-typechain permanently attached to the handle. The uppersection of the head has teeth which mate with the links ofthe chain. The chain is wrapped around the pipe andpulled over the head section of the wrench to grip thepipe. Chain pipe wrenches will scratch the surface of thepipe.TORQUE WRENCHESTorque wrenches are designed to measure the specific degree of tightness of nuts or bolts. Torquewrenches are considered precision instruments andtherefore must be calibrated at regular intervals.Torque wrenches are used for final tightening of nutsor bolts. Torque wrenches are normally calibrated ina right-hand direction only. If a unit is required toperform torquing operations in a left-hand direction,they must request that the supporting calibration facility calibrate the torque wrench in both directions.A dial torque wrench has a head which contains thedrive element and a dial for reading the exact amount oftorque.Change 125-11
TM 9-243TYPES AND USES - ContinuedTORQUE WRENCHES (Cont)torque wrench. This type of torque wrench is used fortightening nuts and bolts requiring 200 or more footpounds of torque.NOTEA special feature of this type of torquewrench is that it is possible to loosen aswell as tighten nuts and bolts.SPANNER WRENCHESA scale torque wrench has a rod which runs parallel tothe handle and the drive element. This rod movesacross the scale to the right or left as torque is applied.POWER TORQUE WRENCHTwo basic types of spanner wrenches are the hook-typeand the pin-type. Hook-type spanner wrenches areeither fixed or adjustable and are normally used totighten fire hoses or similar couplings which have aprotruding lip. Pin-type spanner wrenches have pinsprotruding from the handle which fit into holes in thecoupling or plate to be tightened or loosened. Spannerwrenches are special purpose wrenches and are to beused only for their intended purpose.HOSE COUPLING PINFIXED HOOKADJUSTABLE HOOKUsing a powerful gear train, the power torque wrenchis completely mechanical in operation. The powertorque wrench is operated by a hand crank. Thetorque is calibrated in foot pounds, which is shownby a dial indicator on the top face of the power25-12Change 1Three kinds of hook-type wrenches include the hosecoupling pin, for tightening and loosening hose couplings, the fixed hook, for tightening or loosening couplings with protruding rims or edges, and the adjustablehook-type.The adjustable hook-type is similar to the fixed hooktype. However, it may be adjusted around objects andfastened before use.
TM 9-243TYPES AND USES - ContinuedSPANNER WRENCHES (Cont)There are two basic pin-type wrenches. The fixed-pinface has been designed to fit a particular pattern and isnonadjustable. The fixed-pin face is used to removeprotective cover plates. The adjustable pin face has twoarms joined at a common point. The other end of thearms contain pins which may be engaged in the holes ofa cover plate for removal.SAFETY1.Wrenches should fit the nuts or bolts they are toloosen or tighten.6.Do not exert a hard pull on a pipe wrench until it hasgripped the work firmly.2.Never turn adjustable wrenches so that the pullingforce is applied to the adjustable jaw.7.Remember to pull on the wrench, when possible, inorder to protect your knuckles in case the wrenchslips.3.Do not attempt to extend the handle in any way toincrease the leverage on a wrench. Increasedleverage may damage the wrench or the work.8.Return all wrenches to their proper places uponcompletion of each job. This eliminates the possibility of leaving them where they can injure someone.4.Apply penetrating oil to rusted nuts and/or bolts thatresist turning. Allow time for oil to penetrate beforeattempting to turn.9.5.Do not strike wrenches with hammers to tighten orloosen nuts or bolts.Always keep the wrench in good condition, cleanand free from oil or grease. Otherwise it may slip,resulting in possible serious injury to you or damageto the work.25-13
TM 9-243HOW TO USE A BOX WRENCH3 If there is insufficient room to swing the wrench in a1 Select the size of wrench that fits the nut or bolt.2 Place the wrench (1) on the nut or bolt (2). Swing thewrench clockwise to tighten and counterclockwiseto loosen for a right hand threaded nut or bolt.Reverse the above for a left hand threaded nut orbolt.full circle, lift it completely off the nut when it comesto the limit of the swing, and place it in a newposition, permitting another swing. A swing throughof a 15 degree arc is usually sufficient to continuously loosen or tighten a nut or bolt.4 After the nut is tight, give it a final tightening.USING A SOCKET WRENCH1 Select the size of socket (1) that fits the nut or bolt tobe turned and push it onto the handle (2) which isbest suited to the job.2 If there is room to swing, use the ratchet handle.(The handle may be made to ratchet in one directionfor tightening work and in the other direction forloosening work.)3 Swing the handle back and forth to turn the nut in the25-14desired direction. (The socket need not be raisedfrom the nut at the end of each swing.)4 When a tight nut is to be loosened or a nut is to beset up, the nut hinged handle (3) can be swung atright angles to the socket to provide the most leverage. At the point where the nut turns easily, thehandle can be swung to a vertical position andtwisted rapidly between the fingers in the samemanner as a screwdriver.
TM 9-243USING AN ADJUSTABLE OPEN-END WRENCH1 Place the wrench (1) on the nut (2) so that the forceused to turn it is applied to the stationary jaw side ofthe wrench.2 Tighten the knurled adjusting nut (3) until thewrench fits the nut as tightly as possible.CAUTIONIf the wrench does not fit tightly, it will slipand round the corner of the nut.3 Swing the wrench clockwise to tighten the nut.4 After the nut is tight, set it up (final tightening).USING AN ADJUSTABLE STRAP PIPE WRENCH1 Loop the strap (1) around the pipe (2) in the opposite direction to that in which the pipe is to berotated.2 Slip the end of the strap through the shackle (3) anddraw it up tightly.3 Pull the handle (4) to turn the pipe in the desireddirection until the desired tightness is obtained.NOTEThe jaw (5) at the end of the shackle willseat against the strap and, as the handleis pulled, the strap will tighten and turn thepipe.25-15
TM 9-243USING THE TORQUE WRENCH1Select proper size socket wr
A combination wrench or socket must be used to turn the plug. HEX KEY WRENCH (SHORTER SECTION) The multiple plug wrench combines several plug ends on a common handle. The hex key wrench is an L-shaped, six-sided wrench. Both
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B107.100, “Wrenches, combination (inch and metric series)” B107.8, “Wrenches, Adjustable” B107.17M, “Gages, Wrench openings, reference” DIN3111:1982-11 “Box wrenches, single end; test torques series A” DIN3113:1984-11 “Combination wrenches with equal openings; te
1. S.A.E. combination wrenches up to 1-¼” (18 pegs can hold up to 3 combination wrenches per peg) 2. Metric combination wrenches up to 32 mm (17 pegs, smaller sizes can be doubled up to accommodate all metric sizes, can hold up to 13.3 combination wrenches per peg) 3. Screwdrivers and
Für Studienleiterin Petra Schubert gibt es für diese Forderung mehrere Gründe: 1. In der Pflege gibt es immer wieder Kollegen, die sich kurzfristig krank melden, vielleicht auch etwas zu schnell krank melden Jedenfalls berichten manche Lei-tungskräfte, dass sich Krankmeldungen bei ihnen besonders an den Brückentagen stapeln.
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The purpose of a wrench is to turn and hold screws, nuts, bolts, and even pipes. There are two main categories of wrenches: nonadjustable and adjustable. Nonadjustable Wrenches There are four main types of nonadjustable wrenches: open-end, box-end, hex key, and combination. Figure 24 – Co
Combination Wrenches 208 SAE Combination Wrenches ITEM NO.Size Length Weight PCS G.W. CUFT CODE Inch mm g KGS @ 737008 12/4 100 20204 60. 00.3 00030 737010 52/16 101 30254 80. 05.3 00032 737012 3/8 140 45 240 12.0 0.30 000375 737014 70/16 155 60300 220. 05.5 00041 737016 11/2 157 90105 125. 05.5 00047 737018 9/
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