Challenges And Future Perspectives For Tourism Development .
Challenges and Future Perspectives forTourism Development in The Central Rift Valley, EthiopiaIn collaboration with the project ‘Ecosystems for water, foodand economic development in the Central Rift Valley‘and the Horn of Africa Regional Environmental Network (HoA-REN)Author:Student Number:Date:Program:Department:Examiners:A. Kauffmann811228-424-11019 August 2008Master Thesis Research for Leisure, Tourism and EnvironmentSocio-spatial Analysis, Wageningen University, The NetherlandsDr. R. van der Duim & Dr. P. Spliethoff
Challenges and Future Perspectives for Tourism Development in The Central Rift Valley, EthiopiaPrefaceAll information in this report is original. No other sources than mentioned and referredto in the text have been used for the creation of this report.The copyright of this report rests with the author. This report is written under thesupervision of the Wageningen University. As such, the Wageningen University isresponsible for the educational supervision. The author is responsible for the content.Keywords:Tourism development, tourism planning, actor-network, public sector stakeholder,private sector stakeholder, non-profit sector stakeholder, scenario buildingAdriaan KauffmannNijmegen, 19 August 2008A. Kauffmann, August 2008Master Thesis Leisure, Tourism and Environment, Wageningen University, The Netherlands1
Challenges and Future Perspectives for Tourism Development in The Central Rift Valley, EthiopiaTable of ContentsI. Foreword .4II. Summary .5Chapter 1. Introduction .81.1. Background. 81.2. Assumptions and propositions. 81.3. Objectives . 91.4. Research questions. 91.5. Research area. 101.6. Structure of this report . 10Chapter 2. Theorising the Tourism Industry and Scenario Building .122.1. Introduction . 122.2. Tourism and stakeholders perspectives . 122.3. The dualism of stakeholders and the tourism industry . 132.4. Development ideology . 142.5. Institutionalisation . 162.6. The Planning Process. 172.7. Future Perspectives & Scenario Building . 182.8. Methodology . 20Chapter 3. From Ethiopian History to Central Rift Valley Tourism Potentials .223.1. Introduction. . 223.2. Ethiopia in general. 223.3. The Ethiopian tourism industry . 253.4. The Position and Potentials of the Central Rift Valley Tourism Industry . 263.5. Sub-conclusion. 29Chapter 4. Challenges for Developing Tourism.314.1. Introduction . 314.2. The Tourism Industry Itself. 314.3. Social and Cultural Issues. 494.4. Institutional Structures of the Tourism Industry . 564.5. Concluding and Cross-relating . 63Chapter 5. Scenarios for CRV’s Tourism Development .665.1. Introduction . 665.2. The Scenario Narratives. 665.3. Scenario 1: The Macro-economic approach . 675.4. Scenario 2; Sustainable Tourism Network . 715.5. Scenario 3; Macro-micro economic approach . 745.6. Scenario 4; Comprehensive approach for alternative tourism development . 775.7. Debating the scenarios . 815.8. Sub-conclusions. 88Chapter 6. Conclusions .896.1. Introduction . 896.2. Potentials and challenges . 896.3. Scenario building . 916.4. Final Conclusion . 92III. References .94IV. Lessons learned.97A. Kauffmann, August 2008Master Thesis Leisure, Tourism and Environment, Wageningen University, The Netherlands2
Challenges and Future Perspectives for Tourism Development in The Central Rift Valley, EthiopiaAnnexIIIIIIList of Challenges in CRV’s Tourism IndustryList of Respondents & ParticipantsMap of Attractions in the CRVFigures2.1.2.2.2.3.3.1.4.1.5.1.Sector Stakeholders – Tourism Industry DualismThe Interplay of Ideology and InstitutionalisationScenario Building MatrixEn-route Destination PatternWater Consumption by Hotel GuestsScenario Matrix Including Narrative TitlesMaps1.1.3.1.4.1.Map of Research AreaMap of EthiopiaMap of Abijata Shala National ParkSchemes5.1.5.2.5.3.5.4.Back-casting the Macro-economic ApproachBack-casting the Sustainable Tourism Network EthiopiaBack-casting the Macro-micro-economic ApproachBack-casting the Comprehensive Approach for Alternative DevelopmentPictures3.1.3.2.3.3.4.1.Lake ChituLephis WaterfallAraki Household FactoriesShores of Lake Chitu – Hot SpringFront-page PicturesTop: ostrich putting head in the groundLeft: Map of Research AreaDown: Eco-tourism Sign Nearby Arsi NegeleBottom Right: Bee EaterTop Right: Papyrus Boats at Tullo Guddo Island in Lake ZiwayA. Kauffmann, August 2008Master Thesis Leisure, Tourism and Environment, Wageningen University, The Netherlands3
Challenges and Future Perspectives for Tourism Development in The Central Rift Valley, EthiopiaI. ForewordAfter graduating in 2006 in Development Studies on the Radboud UniversityNijmegen, I enrolled in another Master program called Leisure, Tourism andEnvironment of the Wageningen University, both in The Netherlands. Prior ideas ofenrolment were combining tourism development and international developmentcooperation. Nowadays I still have this strong idea and ambition. But, Ethiopiachanged my perceptions on international development cooperation. This research,especially the fieldwork, have learned me inexpressibly much about tourismdevelopment, but especially the role of international development cooperation. Thiswill become clear in this report, but personally and professionally I will take a lot ofexperiences and knowledge with me. I hope I can use this all in future assignmentsand jobs. And maybe, in the future when I have the position and capability to expressall experiences and knowledge I could make a scientific contribution to the world ofinternational cooperation, development studies and tourism studies.The scientific comments and support from examiner Dr. Rene van der Duimhas been extremely important. I would like to thank Dr. Rene van der Duim forpushing me to focus on particular topics of tourism development and writing thisreport. It kept me keen, especially during writing this report. From the beginning ofthis research Dr. Rene gave me confidence that I am capable of doing this research.It shaped my position and attitude concerning this research. I would like to thank Dr.Petra Spliethoff for inviting me to do this research. Special thanks because of herfrequent supervision, constructive commenting and especially for giving confidenceand directions during fieldwork and writing this report. Dr. Petra Spliethoff’sclarifications and support concerning scenario building and her knowledge aboutEthiopia has been very important. This research is made possible by HoA-REN andthe working group on tourism in the CRV. By this, special thanks to them all for theirsupport and cooperation.During fieldwork I was working with an experienced tour-guide, namely: AbelAbebe. Actually, we are both working on this research. As a team we discovered theCRV, interviewed stakeholders, explored potentials and discussed every feature ofthe tourism industry, international cooperation, Ethiopia and our backgrounds. AbelAbebe is an experienced man who has the ambition and capability to become aleading figure in the Ethiopian tourism industry.I would like to thank my girlfriend and life partner Hilde Boerstal. She supportsme during all my studies and assignments already for more than 5 years. Her day today support made the fieldwork and this report possible. I hope we can continueexploring life together.I hope you will enjoy reading this study. Questions and comments may raiseduring reading. I would be happy to correspond about your questions and comments.Adriaan KauffmannNijmegen, 19 August 2008@: kauffmann adriaan@hotmail.com or adriaan.kauffmann@wur.nlA. Kauffmann, August 2008Master Thesis Leisure, Tourism and Environment, Wageningen University, The Netherlands4
Challenges and Future Perspectives for Tourism Development in The Central Rift Valley, EthiopiaII. SummaryThis research studied the CRV tourism industry as part of the project 'Ecosystems forwater, food and economic development in the Central Rift Valley' (CRV) and the Hornof Africa Regional Environmental Network (HoA-REN). This study aims to answer thefollowing research question: What are the potentials, challenges and futureperspectives of tourism developments in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia? As partof the future perspective scenarios for tourism development are given. Scenarios areespecially meant to shape the vision of the working group on tourism in the CRV.Fieldwork is done in the CRV for three months from September 2007 to December2007. The research area covers the area between Addis Ababa and the far southwhere pastoralist communities live. The research area lies in a valley which containsfour lakes, namely: Ziway, Abijata, Shalla, Langano and Awassa. The propositionbehind this study is that tourism development may improve to the socio-economicand ecological situation in the CRV. This research used various methods forcollecting data. Interviews, observations, informal conversations, participatorymethods, secondary sources and group interviews. Secondary sources are reportsand media articles. Tourism does not have one owner. Many stakeholders areinfluencing or affected by CRV’s tourism industry. Organisations, foundations,authorities, governmental departments, tour operators, hotels and restaurants arecentral in this research as stakeholders of the CRV tourism industry. In addition,tourists, tour guides, Ethiopians and local communities cooperate during fieldwork.The respondents represents tourism stakeholders from the public, private and noprofit sector. The structure of this report as follows: firstly the tourism potential of theCRV is described. Secondly problems and challenges are described. Finally,scenarios and future perspectives of tourism development are illustrated, explainedand discussed.The CRV does have tourism potential, mostly natural attractions. Current CRVtourism attractions are landscape aesthetics, mammals, birds and natural attractionsas hot springs and lakes. Those are features of the CRV which are already visited ona regular basis. CRV does contain some potential historical, cultural and man-madeattractions. Most of them are under- or even undeveloped. Both international anddomestic tourists are regular visitors in the CRV. International tourists visit the CRVon their way to the traditional tourists destination north and south of the CRV, namelyAddis Ababa, the historic northern route and the pastoralist communities in the farsouth. CRV’s position in the Ethiopian tourism industry dependents on thesedestinations. The CRV is mostly used as a transit area. The CRV has experiencedsome developments which are in favour of its potential, such as infrastructuraldevelopments. In addition, stakeholders in the Ethiopian and CRV tourism industryare in favour of tourism development. Ethiopia is a relatively small tourism destinationworldwide, which gives the possibility to grow in terms of tourist arrivals. The CRVmight benefit from this, although the CRV will most likely remain a niche market.Tourism is defined as it includes many geographic, economic, environmental,social, cultural and political dimensions. CRV’s tourism industry does show all thesedimensions, of which some are critical and challenging the sustainability and eventhe continuity of it. Various challenges are identified in this study. Social and culturalchallenges are related to the host-tourist relationship, willingness to receive touristand a growing sex-tourism industry. The host-tourist relationship is problematic dueto misunderstandings and misperceptions. As a result, tourists are approached bylocal communities by begging, aggressive arguments and in some cases highlyA. Kauffmann, August 2008Master Thesis Leisure, Tourism and Environment, Wageningen University, The Netherlands5
Challenges and Future Perspectives for Tourism Development in The Central Rift Valley, Ethiopiaunwelcomed. This challenges the hospitable identity of Ethiopia, causing negativevisitor experiences. However, the willingness to receive tourists is positive, but in anycase related to direct benefits. Especially rural communities do expect a wide ranchof benefits which contributes to their own development and survival strategies. Agrowing sex-tourism industry, of which children are becoming part, causes seriousconcerns from a humanitarian perspective.Other major challenges are related to the poor image, marketing, humancapacities, and environmental concerns. These challenges do exceed the bordersand control of CRV’s tourism industry, but do have a significant impact on it.Ethiopia’s poor image abroad seems to function as an obstacle to attract moreinternational tourists leaving CRV’s tourism industry as an insignificant market inEthiopia’s tourism industry. Promotion and marketing strategies are lacking in theCRV. None of the stakeholders involved seems to be able to carry out a marketingstrategy, although it is essential to a tourist destination. Human capacities are lackingall over the CRV. Tourism expertise can be found in Addis Ababa or abroad, notbenefiting CRV’s tourism industry in terms of programming, planning or marketing forexample. Intention to improve tourism knowledge in the CRV are limited as well.Tourism knowledge is unconnected, while a network of tourism knowledge andexperience would benefit underdeveloped tourist destinations as the CRV.Environmental concerns are seriously challenging the CRV. Conservation is inpractice exploitation of designated natural areas. Natural areas do have significantmanagement problems caused by a lack of planning, human and financial capacities.Locals rely heavily on natural resources, causing over-exploitation. As a result, manynatural areas are subjected to degradation challenging the natural attractiveness andconsequently its tourism potential. Developing a natural attraction as a tourismproduct needs serious management.Special attention should be given to the relationship between water resourcesand tourism in the CRV. Already the CRV is affected by overcommitted waterresources by agriculture, industries and households. Water consumption by thesesectors together caused serious natural degradation in many natural areas.Introducing another water dependent industry as tourism would mean a significantnegative impact on the available water resources. Tourism demand a significantamount of water. Based on 10.000 tourists with an average stay of two nights,tourists would consume 8.800.000 litres per annum, including all aspects of tourismindustry’s consumption (see: Chapter 4). Challenges exceeds the tourism industry,since other industries as agriculture and horticulture do demand water as well. Waterconsumption is a critical challenges when tourism would grow. This study showedthat smallholders, which are relatively the biggest water consumers, are not likely togive up their agriculture since they perceive tourism as an additional incomegenerating strategy rather than alternative. An integrated program on waterresources is necessary in the CRV. Tourism could be part of this program, but itshould have consequences for water consumption of other sectors.Other major challenges are related to the institutional structures behind CRV’stourism industry. Rules, regulations, contracts, leaderships, partnerships andexpectations of stakeholder are in reality contradicting the whish to develop CRVsustainably. Rules and regulations are in place, but not implemented consequently.Conditions in contracts do show similarities to this. As such, the legislativeenvironment of CRV’s tourism industry is non-obligatory to its stakeholders, and nonsupportive as well. Leadership is centralised in Addis Ababa making it difficult toaddress local concerns and interests in tourism planning and decision makingA. Kauffmann, August 2008Master Thesis Leisure, Tourism and Environment, Wageningen University, The Netherlands6
Challenges and Future Perspectives for Tourism Development in The Central Rift Valley, Ethiopiaprocesses. Partnerships are needed in CRV’s tourism industry and initiated to someextend, but not succesfull due to conflicting agendas and concepts. Although everystakeholder is in favour of tourism development, expectations among them differstrongly. The public sector is centralised and fac
are in favour of tourism development. Ethiopia is a relatively small tourism destination worldwide, which gives the possibility to grow in terms of tourist arrivals. The CRV might benefit from this, although the CRV will most likely remain a niche market. Tourism is defined
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