SURFACE & VOLUME RESISTANCE/RESISTIVITY TEST
SURFACE & VOLUMERESISTANCE/RESISTIVITY TESTFIXTUREModel 853Operating Instructions10/10
1.0 INTRODUCTIONEN 1149-1 and 1149-2 are a European Standards that are part of test methods andrequirements for electrostatic properties of protective clothing. The method of EN1149-1 is most appropriate for materials for which the electrostatic dissipativebehavior is based on surface conductivity. It determines resistance over shortdistances and may not be appropriate for evaluating full garments.The method of EN 1149-2 is most appropriate for complete garments for which theelectrostatic dissipative behavior is based on the bulk conductivity of the material.These specifications specify test methods for materials intended for use in themanufacturing of electrostatic dissipative protective clothing (or gloves) to avoidincendiary discharge. These test methods are not applicable for materials used in themanufacture of protection clothing or gloves against line (mains) voltages.There are also many applications where the resistance or resistivity properties of staticdissipative and insulating type materials are required. Other similar test methods suchas ANSI/ASTM D 257 that is a standard test method for the measurement of "D.C.RESISTANCE OR CONDUCTANCE OF INSULATING MATERIALS". That coversdirect current measurements for determining the DC surface and volume resistivity ofelectrical insulating materials. ANSI/ESD STM11.11 and STM11.12 are standards fordetermining the surface and volume resistance characterization of planer, staticdissipative material respectively.Resistance/resistivity measurements are used for predicting the ability of insulatingtype materials to dissipate a buildup of electrostatic charge. Materials that are coated,chemically treated or contain an internal antistatic agent have static dissipativecharacteristics that are a function of surface resistance/resistivity. On the other hand,materials that are loaded with a conductive material, such as carbon, are both surfaceand volume conductive. In most cases a material that is volume conductive is alsosurface conductive but there are certain composites or laminates where this rule doesnot hold true.During the development of new static dissipating materials or coatings, it is necessaryto know the material resistance/resistivity in order to predict the static dissipativecharacteristics. Likewise, it is also necessary to measure this parameter during theevaluation and qualification of existing materials where the expectedresistance/resistivity values are known.In the static control field a number of military, industry and individual companystandards exist that specify the surface and/or volume resistivity as a materialspecification requirement. Among these standards are Mil Std 883, EIA-541, andnumerous company specifications such as those originally issued by Bellcore, HewlettPackard, IBM, Seagate, etc.ANSI/ASTM D 257 describes several measurement techniques and measuringelectrode types for determining resistivity. The ETS Model 853 SurfaceResistance/Resistivity Test Fixture is a circular measuring electrode that is basedaround the concentric ring electrode design specified in the standard. This electrode1
configuration, shown in Figure 1.0-1, restricts the measurement path (surfaceresistivity) to just the area between the two concentric ring electrodes, thus eliminatingmeasurement errors attributed to stray current paths such as those experienced withparallel bar electrodes. The standard Model 853 is designed such that the measuredsurface resistance is converted to surface resistivity by multiplying the measuredresistance by a factor of 20. The unit illustrated in Figure 1-1 is specifically designed tomeasure the surface resistivity of electrostatic dissipative protective clothing asspecified in EN 1149-1 and is also used to measure the volume resistance asspecified in EN 1149-2.Figure 1.0-1:Model 853 Surface Resistance/Resistivity Test fixture2.0 EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTIONThe Model 853 Surface & Volume Resistance/Resistivity Test Fixture is designed inaccordance to the test fixture specified in EN 1149-1 and 2. The concentric ring designincorporates a geometrical configuration that provides an x20 multiplication factor toconvert the surface resistance measurement to surface resistivity. The design of theModel 853 Probe electrode configuration is derived from the applicable formulas setforth in EN 1149-1. For the concentric ring design the surface resistivity, ρs, is afunction of the ratio between the inner and outer ring diameters as shown in thefollowing formula:ρs π(D1 D2) Rm Ohms/sq.(D2 - D1)D1 Outside Diameter of inner ringD2 Inner Diameter of outer ringRm Measured resistance in Ohms2
By properly choosing D1 and D2, the factor (D1 D2)/(D2 - D1) can be made to equalany reasonable number. In the case of the Model 853, π(D1 D2)/ (D2 - D1) equals 20,resulting in a surface resistivity measurement ofρs 20Rm Ohms/squareThe numeric value of ρs is actually in Ohms. The designation Ohms/square clarifiesthe number as a surface resistivity measurement.The Model 853 can also be configured to measure volume resistance by connectingthe Source voltage to the ground plane that is used as a guard ring when measuringsurface resistance. Volume resistivity is a function of the area of the inner electrodeand the thickness of the test specimen. Volume resistivity, ρv, must always becalculated because the thickness of the test specimen is one of the measurementvariables. The ANSI/ASTM D 257 formula for ρv isρv A Rm Ohms-cmtA Area of measuring electrode in cm2 (20cm2)t Thickness of test specimen in cmRm Measured resistance in OhmsThe Model 853 electrodes are made from compliant material of nickel impregnatedsilicon rubber with a nominal hardness of 60 durometer that provides goodprobe/surface contact. For most materials, the need to apply additional pressure is notnecessary. The resistance of the electrode contact material is less than 10 Ohmsenabling the probe to also measure very low resistance material.The Model 853 Surface & Volume Resistance/Resistivity Test Fixture is compatiblewith any resistance meter having standard 4mm banana jacks and is capable ofmeasuring over the desired measurement range of the material under test.2.1Model 853 ComponentsThe following components shown in Figure 2.0-1 are supplied with the Model853 Surface and Volume Resistance/Resistivity Test Fixture;1.2.3.4.5.6.7.Test Fixture, Inner and Outer ElectrodesGround PlaneAcrylic Insulated Surface48” (1.22m) Shielded SENSE cable60” (1.5m) SOURCE cable (Red)60” (1.5m) GROUND cable (Green)BNC to banana jack adapter for resistance meters with banana plugleads8. Operating Manual3
635142Figure 2.0-1: Model 853 Components3.0 OPERATION3.1InstrumentationThe Model 853 Surface & Volume Resistance/Resistivity Test Fixture can beused with any Ohmmeter or resistance measuring apparatus that is capable ofmeasuring within the desired resistance range as shown in Figure 3.0-1. TheTest Fixture has a shielded SENSE cable and 2 standard banana plug cablesfor connection to the measuring instrument. The inner electrode (SENSE) isconnected using a shielded cable with BNC termination on the Probe side andStandard Banana plugs on the meter end. The outer electrode (SOURCE) isconnected to the meter via a standard banana plug.Figure 3.0-1a: Measuring a sample using ETS Model 871When using the ETS Model 863/487 Resistance Meter or any other meterhaving dedicated banana plug leads a BNC to Banana converter is requiredto connect the SENSE lead as shown in Figure 3.0-1b.4
Figure 3.0-1b: Measuring a sample using ETS Model 863/487NOTEDepending on the meter being used the input connectors may be color coded,usually red and black. The shielded cable supplied with the Model 853 has aRed banana plug that connects to the SENSE (center) electrode and a blackbanana plug for the shield (ground). Some meters have a Red banana jack forthe SOURCE (Test Voltage), a Black banana jack for the SENSE and a Greenbanana jack for Ground such as the ETS Model 871 and 873. Other metersmay have either a green, black or all-metal banana jack or connection forground.Whatever meter is used the SOURCE (Voltage) is applied to the outerelectrode and the SENSE (Red banana plug on shielded cable is connected tothe other meter input irrespective of the cable and/or connector color.3.2Equipment Setup3.2.1 Surface ResistivityFigure 3.0-2 shows a typical Model 853 Test Fixture hookup to aresistance meter for measuring surface resistance/resistivity. TheSENSE cable is connected to the Inner electrode (BNC connector) andthe SOURCE (voltage) cable is connected to the Outer Electrode. TheSENSE cable is connected to the SENSE input of the meter and theshield connected the ground (Green, black or bare) terminal on themeter or directly to the power outlet 3rd wire ground. (This groundconnection is not necessary for resistances less than 108 Ohms).5
If a meter having only two output connections is used, connect the HIside (usually red) to the Outer electrode and the LO side (usually black),to the Inner electrode.Figure 3.0-2:Model 853 Probe/Resistance Meter Hook-up for SurfaceResistivity Measurement (EN 1149)3.2.2 Volume ResistivityThe Model 853 Probe can be hooked up to a resistance meter formeasuring volume resistance as shown in Figure 3.0-3. The Sensecable remains connected to the Inner electrode (Black jack) but thevoltage cable is now connected to the volume resistance measurementplate (The same plate as is used for the guard for surface resistivity. TheOuter ring electrode is then connected to ground (D257) whenmeasuring the volume resistivity of insulating material ( 1012 Ohms). Forstatic dissipative material per ESDS STM11.12, the Outer electrode isnot connected for resistance measurements less than 105 Ohms.6
Figure 3.0-3: Probe/Resistance Meter Hook-up for Volume ResistanceMeasurement3.3Measurement of Surface Resistivity, ρs3.3.1 Material ConsiderationsThe standard Model 853 Test Fixture is designed specifically to accuratelymeasure the surface resistance/resistivity of dissipative protective clothing orvirtually any other smooth surface. If used to measure rigid materials that mayhave a slight bow or uneven surface additional weight may have to be added oradditional force applied to the probe to ensure total contact. Microscopically,hard surfaces may not be perfectly smooth and/or flat as illustrated in Figure3.0-4.Figure 3.0-4 Microscopic Electrode/Rigid Surface ContactIn most cases the application of additional pressure will cause the measuredresistance reading to decrease. This is a result of both lower contact resistanceand greater electrode/surface contact area (greater number of parallelresistance paths).Another area that must be considered when attempting to make a surfaceresistance measurement is the composition of the material being evaluated.7
3.3.2 Measuring Considerations3.3.2.1 Time of ElectrificationIn the previous section the effect of contact pressure, which actuallyalters the contact area, on the measurement accuracy was discussed.Another very important consideration that many times is ignored is whatis referred to as the "time of electrification". In simple terms the time ofelectrification is the time for current to flow between the measuringelectrodes. All materials have, in basic terms, some capacitance. Whenmeasuring low resistances this capacitance is negligible in relation tothe resistance of the material. Therefore, the current flow essentiallybecomes restricted by the resistance of the material only.For total charging, five times constants (5τ) are the accepted norm.Therefore, if a measurement system/material has a total capacitance of1 picofarad and a resistance of 1x1012 Ohms,τ RC (1x1012)x (1x10-12) 1 secondThe total charging time is t 5 seconds. This is the time ofelectrification. It is seen that if the capacitance is only a few picofaradsthe time of electrification can stretch out to many seconds. Resistancesthat are measured before the full time of electrification has occurred willbe less than the actual resistance of the surface. This difference can beseveral orders of magnitude. ASTM D 257 recommends a time ofelectrification of 60 seconds, however lower resistance measurementsmay be made using a shorter time and very high resistance mayrequire a longer time. Usually for small sample specimens withresistances less than 1010 ohms, an electrification time of 10 to 15seconds is sufficient or the point at which the resistance measurementstabilizes. On the other hand, with large surfaces, such as full garmentsthe capacitance is relatively large and 60 seconds may not be longenough. Here, the user may either wait for the complete electrificationand obtain a true resistance measurement or specify the measurementat the 60 second electrification time point for a relative resistancemeasurement. EN1149 specifies an electrification time of 15seconds.In any case, the time of electrification is a critical parameter in themeasurement of resistance/resistivity and must be taken into account ifmeaningful results are to be obtained. ESDA STM11.11 requires thedetermination of the actual electrification time as part of themeasurement procedure.3.3.2.2 Test VoltageCertain materials are voltage dependent, that is, the resistancemeasured at one test voltage will not be the same as that measuredwith a different voltage. Generally, test voltages of 100, 500 and 10008
Volts are used for very high resistances (109 Ohms and above) whiletest voltages of 10, 20, 50 and 100 Volts are used for lower resistancesin the range of 103 to 1012 Ohms. Some instruments use a singlevoltage to cover a wide resistance range of 103 to 1012 Ohms. EN 1149specifies a test voltage of 100 Volts for material having surfaceresistances above 1x105 and an appropriate lower voltage such as10 Volts for resistances below 1x105 Ohms.Another consideration is the contact resistance between the Probeelectrodes and the material surface. For certain materials, especiallythose in the lower resistance range ( 106 Ohms), the contactresistance can be a factor. At low ranges, a test voltage of 1.5 Voltsmay be used. This low voltage may not be sufficient to breakdown thecontact resistance or the dielectric between conductive particles.Hence, a significant difference in measured resistance may be obtainedusing 1.5 and 10 Volts and even between 10 and 100 Volts.When establishing resistance/resistivity requirements or whencomparing resistance/resistivity measurements, the user must specifythe test voltage. Failure to do so could result in large measurementdifferences between different test set-ups.3.3.2.3 Measurement ProcedureThe above information is provided to enable the user to makemeaningful and accurate surface resistance/resistivity measurementswith the Model 853 Surface Resistance/Resistivity Test Fixture.The following is a recommended procedure to be followed whenmeasuring surface resistance/resistivity:1.Determine the type of material being measured. Use theprecautions described in the previous sections.2.Make certain the contact electrodes are clean. Theelectrodes may be cleaned with Isopropyl alcohol.3.Place the Probe firmly on the surface to be measured. Ifthe material to be tested is soft or very flat, additionalpressure should not be required.4.Select the appropriate test voltage and resistance range.5.Observe theor the testpressure tocontinue tostabilizes.6.If the meter reading remains stabilized for severalmeter reading for 15 seconds. If it is unstablematerial is appears to be uneven, applythe Probe. If the meter reading decreases,apply additional pressure until the reading9
seconds, record the reading.3.4Measurement of Volume Resistivity, ρvThe same parameters, electrode contact pressure, time of electrification, excitationvoltage and material composition must also be taken into consideration whenmeasuring the volume resistivity, ρv, of materials.The volume resistivity of a material is defined as the resistance through a one cubiccentimeter of material. The user is cautioned that a relatively low resistance measuredthrough a very thin film may actually describe a material with a very high volumeresistivity.To measure the volume resistance of a material the same testing procedure describedin Section 3.3.2.3 should be followed. To obtain the volume resistivity, the thickness ofthe test material must be measured using a metric micrometer or converting theEnglish measurement to metric (1 mil 2.54 x 10-3 cm). The volume resistivity is thenρv A Rm Ohms-cmtWhere A 20cm2Follow the procedure described in ESD STM11.12 for measuring the volumeresistance of static dissipative material.3.5Other ApplicationsThe Model 853 nickel impregnated electrodes have a very low contact resistance. It iscapable of measuring resistances below 10 Ohms. The same measurementprocedures and precautions as mentioned above should be observed.4.0 MAINTENANCEThe Model 853 Surface & Volume Resistance/Resistivity Test Fixture is a precisioninstrument and it should be handled in the appropriate manner. The alignment of theInner and Outer electrodes is critical to ensure total surface contact. The silicon rubbercontact material is impregnated with nickel to obtain low contact resistance. The usermust ensure that the contact area is clean and free of contaminants prior to making ameasurement. The probe should not be exposed to atmospheres or surfaces that maycorrode the conductive particles. If exposure is necessary, the contacts should becleaned with Isopropyl alcohol immediately after use.If the contact electrodes are damaged or the probe knocked out of alignment, the unitmust be returned to ETS for repair. The Model 853 does not contain any userreplaceable parts.Rev 1: 9/105.0 WARRANTY10
Electro-Tech Systems, Inc. warrants its equipment, accessories and parts of itsmanufacture to be and remain free from defects in material and workmanship for aperiod of one (1) year from date of invoice. It will, at it’s discretion, either replace orrepair without charge, F.O.B. Glenside, similar equipment or a similar part to replaceany equipment or part of its manufacture which, within the above stated time, isproved to have been defective at the time it was sold. All equipment claimed defectivemust be returned properly identified to the Seller (or presented to one of its agents forinspection). This warranty only applies to equipment operated in accordance withSeller's operating instructions.Seller's warranty with respect to those parts of the equipment that are purchased fromother manufacturers shall be subject only to that manufacturer's warranty.The Seller's liability hereunder is expressly limited to repairing or replacing any partsof the equipment manufactured by the manufacturer and found to have beendefective. The Seller shall not be liable for damage resulting or claimed to result fromany cause whatsoever.This warranty becomes null and void should the equipment, or any part thereof, beabused or modified by the customer of if used in any application other than that forwhich it was intended. This warranty to replace or repair is the only warranty, eitherexpressed or implied or provided by law and is in lieu of all other warranties. TheSeller denies any other promise, guarantee or warranty with respect to the equipmentor accessories. In particular, as to its or their suitability for the purposes of the buyeror its or their performance, either quantitatively or qualitatively or as to the productsthat it may produce and the buyer is expected to expressly waive rights to anywarranty other than that stated herein.ETS must be notified before any equipment is returned for repair. ETS will issue anRMA (Return Material Authorization) number for return of equipment.Equipment should be shipped prepaid and insured in the original packaging. If theoriginal packaging is not av
surface resistance. Volume resistivity is a function of the area of the inner electrode and the thickness of the test specimen. Volume resistivity, ρ v, must always be calculated because the thickness of the test specimen is one of th
6 Resistivity Profiling for Mapping Gravel Layers, Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada resistivity soundings and multielectrode resistivity profiling. Models selected from the resistivity data are presented and interpreted, with particular attention to resistivity sections produced from the multielectrode transect measurements.
Resistivity is also sometimes referred to as "Specific Resistance" because, from the above formula, Resistivity (Ω-m) is the resistance b Soil Resistivity In the USA, a measurement of -cm is used. (100 -cm 1 -m) 1.3 MAKING A MEASUREMEN the soil is required. The procedure and result interpretation. 1.3.1 PRINCIPLES Soil resistivity va
surface resistivity testing. This method helps in determining key mixture parameters such as fly ash content and w/cm of placed concrete. Based on the gain in resistivity over time, it was found that the slope of the surface resistivity versus time curve could be used to differentiate fly ash content. And, the resistivity value
The direct-current resistivity method is used to determine the electrical resistivity structure of the subsurface. Resistivity is defined as a measure of the opposition to the flow of electric current in a material. The resistivity of a soil or rock is dependent on several factors that include amount of
the materials show very less resistivity change even at high pressure i.e. 10 GPa. The change can be calculated by subtracting resistivity value at 10 GPa and at atmospheric pressure. This difference can be divided by the original resistivity value (at atmospheric pressure) and multiplied by 100 to get the percentage resistivity change.
FROM FOUR-POINT MEASUREMENTS TO CARRIER CONCENTRATION 21 t R s From sheet resistance R s to resistivity From resistivity to carrier concentration N .cm) 1012 N (cm-3) 1021 10-4 104 1/(q N) www.ioffe.ru Si resistivity V I resistivity Substrate also depends on defect density, layer thickness, inactive dopants etc measure
1.2 These test methods are not suitable for use in measuring the electrical resistance/conductance of moderately conductive materials. Use Test Method D4496 to evaluate such materials. 1.3 This standard describes several general alternative methodologies for measuring resistance (or conductance).File Size: 421KBPage Count: 18Explore furtherASTM D257 - 14(2021)e1 Standard Test Methods for DC .www.astm.orgSurface Resistivity, Volume Resistivity, ASTM D257, IEC .www.intertek.com(PDF) Designation: D257 -07 Standard Test Methods for DC .www.researchgate.netDielectric Strength ASTM D149, IEC 60243www.intertek.comASTM D257-99 PDF - State of PDFstateofflux.infoRecommended to you b
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