Section 4: Water Management Strategies Used To Meet Plan .
Section 4: Water Management Strategies Used to Meet PlanObjectives4.1OverviewSection 3 of this IRWMP introduced the water management objectives for the Region, asidentified by the Stakeholders of the Upper Santa Clara River IRWMP. This section of theIRWMP is intended to introduce the reader to water management strategies, or general meansby which the broad objectives listed in Section 3 will be realized. Eventually, individual projectswill be identified in Section 5, which are the specific means proposed by the Stakeholders forimplementing the water management strategies identified in this section. Figure 4.1-1graphically demonstrates the relationship between objectives, strategies, and projects.This section introduces a diverse menu of water management strategies available to meet thewater management objectives within the Region. The State of California has identified24 different water management strategies that can be used to improve water resourcemanagement. Section 4.2 defines and discusses each of the 24 water management strategiesof the California Water Plan, in order to provide the reader with an understanding of the State’svision for possible ways to meet future water management challenges. This section also servesto provide background in common water management tools available. In this report, we haveorganized the 24 different management strategies into five areas based on the objectivesdefined by the Stakeholders (reduce water demand, improve operational efficiency, increasewater supply, improve water quality, and promote resource stewardship).Section 4.3 demonstrates how the Stakeholders have built upon the water managementstrategies in the California Water Plan and water management strategies already implementedin the area and have tailored these strategies to meet the water management objectives of theRegion. Finally, Section 4.4 describes the “Call for Projects” process and gives an overview ofprojects submitted for inclusion in the IRWMP which will implement these strategies to meet theregional objectives.4.2California Water Plan Water Management StrategiesThis section describes the California Water Plan and each of the 24 water managementstrategies (referred to in the California Water Plan as “resource” management strategies; pleasesee Figure 4.1-2). The California Water Plan, which is updated every five years as required bythe California Water Code, is a resource for water planners, managers and policy-makers facedwith the task of acting as stewards of this resource. More concisely, it is a strategic plan for allregions of the State that addresses the uncertainty of future water needs by recommending adiversified approach, consisting of multiple strategies and a range of short- and long-termactions. Given the many water challenges the State must actively respond to, the CaliforniaWater Plan deems it imperative that planning take place on a regional scale and that planningconstitute an inclusive process involving multiple players, particularly local agencies andgovernments and their citizens.Upper Santa Clara River IRWMP June 2008Page 4-1
FIGURE 4.1-1RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBJECTIVES, STRATEGIES, AND PROJECTSPage 4-2Upper Santa Clara River IRWMP June 2008
FIGURE 4.1-2TWENTY FOUR WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF THECALIFORNIA WATER PLANUpper Santa Clara River IRWMP June 2008Page 4-3
The following water management strategies are projects, programs or policies that can be usedto manage water and related resources in such a way that will expand local water portfolios andencourage efficient water allocation and use. The following descriptions are taken from theCalifornia Water Plan.4.2.1 Reduce Water Demand4.2.1.1Agricultural Water Use EfficiencyAgricultural water use efficiency involves improvements in technologies and management ofagricultural water that result in water supply, water quality, and environmental benefits.Efficiency improvements can include on-farm irrigation equipment, crop and farm watermanagement, and water supplier distribution systems.4.2.1.2Urban Water Use EfficiencyUrban water use efficiency involves technological or behavioral improvements in indoor andoutdoor residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional water use that lower demand, lowerper capita water use, and result in benefits to water supply, water quality, and the environment.4.2.2 Improve Operational Efficiency4.2.2.1ConveyanceConveyance provides for the movement of water. Specific objectives of natural and managedwater conveyance activities include flood management,consumptive and non-consumptive environmental uses,water quality improvement, recreation, operational flexibility,and urban and agricultural water deliveries. Infrastructureincludes natural watercourses as well as constructedfacilities like canals, pipelines and related structuresincluding pumping plants, diversion structures, distributionsystems, and fish screens. Groundwater aquifers are alsoused to convey water.4.2.2.2System Re-operationInstallation of a conveyance pipelinein the City of Santa Clarita byCastaic Lake Water AgencySystem re-operation means changing existing operation and management procedures for suchwater facilities as dams and canals to meet multiple beneficial uses. System re-operation mayimprove the efficiency of existing uses, or it may increase the emphasis of one use overanother. In some cases, physical modifications to the facilities may be needed to expand there-operation capability.4.2.2.3Water TransfersA water transfer is defined in the California Water Code as a temporary or long-term change inthe point of diversion, place of use, or purpose of use due to a transfer or exchange of water orwater rights. A more general definition is that water transfers are a voluntary change in the wayPage 4-4Upper Santa Clara River IRWMP June 2008
water is usually distributed among water users in response to water scarcity. Transfers can befrom one party with extra water in one year to another who is water-short that year.4.2.3 Increase Water Supply4.2.3.1Conjunctive Management and Groundwater StorageConjunctive management is the coordinated operation of surface water storage and use,groundwater storage and use, and the necessary conveyance facilities. Conjunctivemanagement allows surface water and groundwater to be managed in an efficient manner bytaking advantage of the ability of surface storage to capture and temporarily store storm waterand the ability of aquifers to serve as long-term storage.4.2.3.2Desalination – Brackish/SeawaterDesalination is a water treatment process for the removal of salt from water for beneficial use.Desalination is used on brackish (low-salinity) water as well as seawater. In California, theprincipal method for desalination is reverse osmosis. This process can be used to remove saltas well as specific contaminants in water such as trihalomethane precursors, volatile organiccarbons, nitrates, and pathogens.4.2.3.3Precipitation EnhancementPrecipitation enhancement, commonly called “cloud seeding,” artificially stimulates clouds toproduce more rainfall or snowfall than they would naturally. Cloud seeding injects specialsubstances into the clouds that enable snowflakes and raindrops to form more easily.4.2.3.4Recycled Municipal WaterWater recycling, also known as reclamation or reuse, is an umbrella term encompassing theprocess of treating wastewater, storing, distributing, and using the recycled water. Recycledwater is defined in the California Water Code to mean “water which, as a result of treatment ofwaste, is suitable for a direct beneficial use or a controlled use that would not otherwise occur.”4.2.3.5Surface Storage – CALFEDThe CALFED Record of Decision (2000) identified five potential surface storage reservoirs thatare being investigated by DWR, the US Bureau of Reclamation, and local water interests.Building one or more of the reservoirs would be part of CALFED’s long-term comprehensiveplan to restore ecological health and improve water management of the Bay-Delta. The five(5) surface storage investigations are: Shasta Lake Water Resources Investigation, In-DeltaStorage Project, Upper San Joaquin River Basin Storage Investigation, North-of-the-DeltaOffstream Storage, and Los Vaqueros Reservoir Expansion.4.2.3.6Surface Storage – Regional/LocalSurface storage is the use of reservoirs to collect water for later release and use. Surfacestorage has played an important role in California where the pattern and timing of water usedoes not always match the natural runoff pattern. Most California water agencies rely onUpper Santa Clara River IRWMP June 2008Page 4-5
surface storage as a part of their water systems. Surface reservoirs can be formed by buildingdams across active streams or by building off-stream reservoirs where the majority of the wateris diverted into storage from a nearby water source.4.2.4 Improve Water Quality4.2.4.1Drinking Water Treatment and DistributionDrinking water treatment includes physical, biological, and chemical processes to make watersuitable for potable use. Distribution includes the storage, pumping, and pipe systems toprotect and deliver the water to customers.4.2.4.2Groundwater/Aquifer RemediationGroundwater remediation involves extracting contaminated groundwater from the aquifer,treating it, and discharging it to a water course or using it for some purpose. It is also possibleto inject the treated water back into the aquifer. Contaminated groundwater can result from amultitude of sources, both naturally occurring and anthropogenic. Examples of naturallyoccurring contaminants include heavy metals, high TDS, and high salinity from specific geologicformations or conditions. Groundwater can also be contaminated from anthropogenic sourceswith organic constituents, inorganic constituents, and radioactive constituents from many pointand non-point sources. These anthropogenic sources include industrial sites, miningoperations, leaking tanks and pipelines, landfills, impoundments, dairies, agricultural and stormrunoff, and septic systems.4.2.4.3Matching Quality to UseMatching water quality to water use is a management strategy that recognizes that not all wateruses require the same quality water. One common measure of water quality is its suitability foran intended use, and a water quality constituent is often only considered a contaminant whenthat constituent adversely affects the intended use of the water. High quality water sources canbe used for drinking and industrial purposes that benefit from higher quality water, and lesserquality water can be adequate for some uses, such as irrigation. Further, some new watersupplies, such as recycled water, can be treated to a wide range of purities that can be matchedto different uses.4.2.4.4Pollution PreventionPollution prevention can improve water quality for all beneficial uses by protecting water at itssource, reducing the need and cost for other water management and treatment options. Bypreventing pollution throughout a watershed, water supplies can be used, and re-used, for abroader number and types of downstream water uses. Improving water quality by protectingsource water is consistent with a watershed management approach to water resourcesproblems.4.2.4.5Urban Runoff ManagementUrban runoff management is a broad series of activities to manage both storm water and dryweather runoff. Dry weather runoff occurs when, for example, excess landscape irrigation waterflows to the storm drain. Urban runoff management is linked to several other resourcestrategies including pollution prevention, land use management, watershed management, waterPage 4-6Upper Santa Clara River IRWMP June 2008
use efficiency, recycled water, protecting recharge areas, and conjunctive management(combined use of surface and ground water systems to optimize resource use and minimizeadverse effects of using a single source).4.2.54.2.5.1Promote Resource StewardshipAgricultural Lands StewardshipAgricultural lands stewardship broadly means conserving natural resources and protecting theenvironment by land managers whose stewardship practices conserve and improve land forfood, fiber, watershed functions, soil, air, energy, plant and animal and other conservationpurposes. It also protects open space and the traditional characteristics of rural communities.Further, it helps landowners maintain their farms and ranches rather than being forced to selltheir land because of pressure from urban development.4.2.5.2Economic Incentives (Loans, Grants, Water Pricing)Economic incentives are financial assistance and pricing policies intended to influence watermanagement. For example, economic incentives can influence the amount of use, time of use,wastewater volume, and source of supply. Economic incentives include low-interest loans,grants, and water pricing rates. Free services, rebates, and the use of tax revenues to partiallyfund water services also have a direct effect on the prices paid by the water users.Governmental financial assistance can provide incentives for resource plans by regional andlocal agencies. Also, government financial assistance can help water agencies make subsidiesavailable to their water users for a specific purpose.4.2.5.3Ecosystem RestorationEcosystem restoration can include changing the flows in streams and rivers, restoring fish andwildlife habitat, controlling waste discharge into streams, rivers, lakes or reservoirs, or removingbarriers in streams and rivers so salmon andsteelhead can spawn. Ecosystemrestoration improves the condition of ourmodified natural landscapes and bioticcommunities to provide for the sustainabilityand for the use and enjoyment of theseecosystems by current and futuregenerations.4.2.5.4Floodplain ManagementFloodplain management reduces risks to lifeFlooding in the Upper Santa Clara River Regionand property and benefits natural resources.Floodplain management accepts periodicflooding and generally is a preferred alternative to keeping rivers in their channels and offfloodplains. Seasonal inundation of floodplains provides essential habitat for hundreds ofspecies of plants and animals, many of them dependent on periodic floods. There are alsobenefits to the economy, agriculture, and society to keeping rivers and their floodplainsconnected, including water quality improvements and groundwater recharge. Floodplainmanagement also entails limiting the amount and type of development in a floodplain.Upper Santa Clara River IRWMP June 2008Page 4-7
4.2.5.5Recharge Areas ProtectionRecharge area protection includes keeping groundwater recharge areas from being paved overor otherwise developed and guarding the recharge areas so they do not become contaminated.Protection of recharge areas, whether natural or man-made, is necessary if the quantity andquality of groundwater in the aquifer are to be maintained. Existing and potential rechargeareas must be protected so that they remain functional and they are not contaminated withchemical or microbial constituents.4.2.5.6Urban Land Use ManagementEffective urban land use management consists of planning for the housing and economicdevelopment needs of a growing population while providing for the efficient use of water andother resources. The way in which we use land – the type of use and the level of intensity – hasa direct relationship to water supply and quality.4.2.5.7Water-Dependent RecreationWater-dependent recreation includes a wide variety ofoutdoor activities that can be divided into two (2) categories.The first category includes fishing, boating, swimming, andrafting, which occur on lakes, reservoirs, and rivers. Thesecond category includes recreation that is enhanced bywater features but does not require actual use of the water,such as wildlife viewing, picnicking, camping, and hiking.4.2.5.8Watershed ManagementWatershed management is the process of evaluating,planning, managing, restoring, and organizing land and otherresource use within an area of land that has a single commonRecreation on Castaic Lakedrainage point. Watershed management tries to providesustainable human benefits, while maintaining a sustainableecosystem. Watershed management assumes that a prerequisite for any project is thesustained ability for the watershed to maintain the functions and processes that support thenative ecology of the watershed. This does not imply that a goal is to return to an undisturbedcondition. Instead it implies an integration of human needs and environmental needs that allowthe watershed to sustain ecological integrity over time while providing for sustainable communityneeds. It is recognized that watersheds are dynamic and the precise makeup of plants,animals, and other characteristics will change over time.4.3Water Management Strategies Adopted by StakeholdersThe following five broad categories of water management strategies are consistent with theCalifornia Water Plan, and were adopted by the Stakeholders in the process described inSection 3.1:Page 4-8Upper Santa Clara River IRWMP June 2008
Reduce Water Demand: Implement technological, legislative and behavioral changesthat will reduce user demands for water.Improve Operational Efficiency: Maximize water system operational flexibility andefficiency, including energy efficiency.Increase Water Supply: Understand future regional demands and obtain necessarywater supply sources.Improve Water Quality: Supply drinking water with appropriate quality; improvegroundwater quality; attain water quality standards.Promote Resource Stewardship: Preserve and improve ecosystem health, improveflood management, preserve and enhance water dependent recreation.As described in Section 3, a Stakeholder process was used to develop objectives for theIRWMP. The same Stakeholder process was used to develop strategies to meet the IRWMPobjectives. While brainstorming issues, goals, and objectives for the Upper Santa Clara RiverRegion, Stakeholders discussed and developedOBJECTIVES OF UPPER SANTA CLARApotential strategies to address these issues. A longRIVER IRWMP“laundry list” of potential water managementstrategies was presented to the Stakeholder GroupReduce Water Demand: Implementduring the March 2007 Stakeholder meeting. Atechnological, legislative andmatrix matching strategies, objectives, andbehavioral changes that will reduceCalifornia Water Plan strategies was prepared foruser demands for water.the May 2007 Stakeholder meeting and this matrixhas been refined at subsequent meetings. TableImprove Operational Efficiency:4.3-1 demonstrates the relationship of the Region’sMaximize water system operationalwater management strategies with the Californiaflexibility and efficiency, includingWater Plan strategies. Note that the table, due to itsenergy efficiency.size, has been placed at the end of this section.There are several strategies in the matrix that areIncrease Water Supply: Understandnot described in detail herein; the list serves as afuture regional demands and obtainstarting point for potential future strategies as thisnecessary water supply sources.IRWMP evolves based on Stakeholder review andinput. Strategies will be reviewed, enhanced, addedImprove Water Quality: Supplyor subtracted as the IRWMP progresses throughdrinking water with appropriate quality;time.improve groundwater quality; andattain water quality standards.4.3.1 Reduce Water DemandExisting methods to reduce water demand in theRegion include the various water conservationprograms implemented in the Region by the retailwater purveyors for both urban and agriculturalusers.Upper Santa Clara River IRWMP June 2008Promote Resource Stewardship:Preserve and improve ecosystemhealth; improve flood management;and preserve and enhance waterdependent recreation.Page 4-9
4.3.1.1Agricultural Water Use EfficiencyAgricultural water use is diminishing in the Region as land uses change through time togenerally more urban uses. The Region has no formal water use efficiency programs targetedspecifically at agricultural users. However, certain users located within the Region haveinstalled drip irrigation or utilize on-farm practices to maximize efficiency of water use.4.3.1.2Urban Water Use EfficiencyCLWA, the retail purveyors and LACWWDs are signatories to the “Memorandum ofUnderstanding Regarding Urban Water Conservation in California” (MOU). The urban waterconservation BMPs included in the MOU are intended to reduce California’s long-term urbanwater demands. The BMPs are currently implemented by the signatories to the MOU on avoluntary basis. By signing the MOU, CLWA, LACWWDs and the purveyors became membersof the California Urban Water Conservation Council (CUWCC) and report their progress onBMP implementation to the CUWCC.LACWWDs signed on behalf of thevarious district service areas in 1996.CLWA signed the urban MOU inFebruary 2001 on behalf of its wholesaleservice area and pledged to implementseveral BMPs (listed below) at awholesale support level. NCWD signedthe MOU in 2002 on behalf of its retailservice area. VWC signed the MOU in2006 on behalf of its own retail servicearea. CLWA and the purveyorscoordinate wherever possible tomaximize efficiency and ensure the costeffectiveness of their conservationprograms.In coordination with the purveyors,CLWA has been implementing thefollowing BMPs (which pertain towholesalers) for several years (someprior to signing the MOU in 2001):Castaic Lake Water Agency's Conservatory Garden andLearning Center BMP 3: System Water Audits, Leak Detection and Repair BMP 7: Public Information Programs BMP 8: School Education Programs BMP 10: Wholesale Agency Programs BMP 11: Conservation Pricing BMP 12: Water Conservation Coordinator BMP 13: Water Waste Prohibition (implementation during last drought)Page 4-10Upper Santa Clara River IRWMP June 2008
For example, as part of BMP 3, CLWA does a monthly review of metered sales within theirwholesale system compared to metered supply to determine if there is any water loss withintheir system. Since 2001, CLWA has also instituted implementation of BMP 2 (ResidentialPlumbing Retrofits) and BMP 14 (Residential Ultra Low Flush Toilet Replacement Programs) onbehalf of the purveyors. After signing the MOU, the purveyors have initiated implementation ofthe remaining BMPs that are specific to retail water suppliers: BMP 1: Water Survey Programs for Single-Family Residential and Multi-FamilyResidential Customers BMP 3: System Water Audits, Leak Detection and Repair BMP 4: Metering with Commodity Rates for All New Connections and Retrofit ofExisting Connections BMP 5: Large Landscape Conservation Programs and Incentives BMP 6: High-Efficiency Clothes Washing Machine Financial Incentive Programs BMP 9: Conservation Programs for Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional (CII)Accounts BMP 11: Conservation Pricing BMP 12: Conservation Coordinator BMP 13: Water waste ProhibitionReports to the CUWCC on BMP implementation by CLWA and the purveyors were included inthe 2005 UWMP. LACWWD Nos. 36 and 37 submit reports to the CUWCC separately.Additional savings are occurring Region-wide due to state interior plumbing code requirementsthat have been in effect since 1992, as well as due to changes in lot size and reduction inexterior square footage of new housing and commercial developments. These have begun toimpact overall demand in the Region. The Region’s water suppliers monitor water demandtrends through time to assess those factors that are accounting for the reduction, and to attemptto quantify them.As part of their water use efficiency programs and BMPs, many of the water agencies in theRegion also have meter testing, repair, and replacement programs. Replacement of up to 2,800outdated meters per year is included in CLWA’s Fiscal Year 2006/2007 Strategic Plan. Inaddition VWC has a Meter Changeout Program. VWC tests and maintains meters asrecommended by the American Water Works Association (AWWA) in the Manual of WaterSupply Practices, Water Meters – Selection, Installation, Testing, and Maintenance (AWWAM6). VWC has determined that any meter older than 15 years in the system will be changedout on a priority basis. Approximately 1,500 meters a year are replaced in the VWC system.NCWD tests, replaces and/or repairs, as necessary, all residential and commercial meters15 years or older. Larger landscape meters are tested on a more frequent basis, once everytwo years, and larger meters (3 inches or larger) are tested yearly or as needed.Outside of the Valley, the only portion of the Region included in an urban water use efficiencyprogram is LACWWD No. 37, by merit of LACWWDs being a signatory to the MOU.Upper Santa Clara River IRWMP June 2008Page 4-11
4.3.2 Improve Operational EfficiencyA number of capital improvement projects and plans have been, and continue to be, conductedto improve operational efficiency in the Region. The major projects and plans are brieflydiscussed below.4.3.2.1ConveyanceEvery three years, CLWA prepares a Capital Improvement Plan which outlines the necessaryinfrastructure improvements needed to maintain operational efficiency. These includemodifications to pipelines or pump stations, as well as operations management systems (suchas supervisory control and data acquisition [SCADA]). The Capital Improvement Plan outlinesthe costs for the recommended facilities.4.3.2.2System Re-operationLACWWD No. 37 is currently planning a potential system modification to add the areas of Actonand Agua Dulce to its service area. This modification is discussed in the Acton-Agua DulceConceptual Master Plan for Water Facilities (2004) and is based on an assessment of currentcapacity and projected buildout water demands for Acton, Agua Dulce and LACWWD No. 37.The addition would improve operational efficiency in the two areas not currently being supplied.Among other infrastructure improvements, the expansion would require expansion of AVEK’streatment plant and supply pipeline and storage systems, as well as expansion of the VincentPump Station in LACWWD No. 37.Water managers in the Region are constantly looking for ways to improve system operationefficiencies, with a particular emphasis on energy efficiency. Treatment plant and distributionsystem pumping schedules are constantly reviewed and assessed to obtain maximumoperational efficiency. For example, NCWD participates in energy efficiency programs inpartnership with Southern California Edison (SCE). They have conducted SCADA upgradesthat allow NCWD to turn off pumps so that the pumps will not run at all times. They have madethese upgrades at three locations: Four Bay Castaic, Well 12 Newhall, and Lost CanyonBooster Station Pinetree. SCE requests in advance for NCWD to cut the electricity load at leastin half and NCWD responds by not operating pumps during the specified time periods. Initially,SCE estimated that this would occur up to six times a year; however, during the summermonths, due to high demand for electricity, it may happen more often. SCE also tests pumpsand motors for operational efficiency and if found to be inefficient, NCWD will replace theequipment and obtain a rebate from SCE. NCWD also practices time-of-day pumping in whichpumping is conducted during off-peak hours. An example location where this program isconducted is within NCWD’s Tesoro system. NCWDs Tesoro SCADA system is set so that thepumps fill the storage tanks only during off-peak hours.CLWA is taking measures to increase treatment plant efficiency and reduce the waste of water.As part of the RVWTP Expansion, CLWA has proposed a new means of treating wastewashwater whereby more water will be recovered and put back into the treatment process.Additionally, a pilot treatment plant is being installed that will allow the agency to model thetreatment process and optimize treatment for, among other things, water efficiency and willresult in improved plant performance at both the RVWTP and ESFP.Page 4-12Upper Santa Clara River IRWMP June 2008
Another example is the Valencia WRP where power is generated using byproducts of thetreatment process. At the Valencia WRP, a 500 kilowatt (kW) generator is driven by areciprocating engine that runs on compressed digester gas. The electricity generated isreturned to the Valencia WRP power grid, thus reducing the amount of electricity purchased foruse at the WRP. In addition, the thermal energy generated by the engine is used to produce hotwater, which is used to heat the WRP digesters.4.3.3 Increase Water SupplySeveral studies and assessments have been conducted in recent years in order to identifypotential methods to increase water supply to the Region. A brief summary of these plans isprovided below.4.3.3.1Conjunctive Management and Groundwater StorageIn 2003, CLWA produced a Draft Water Supply Reliability Plan (Reliability Plan). The planoutlines primary elements that CLWA should include in its water supply mix to obtain maximumoverall supply reliability enhancement. These elements include both conjunctive use andgroundwater banking programs, as well as water acquisitions. The Reliability Plan also containsa recommended implementation plan and schedule.The Reliability Plan recommended that CLWA obtain total water banking storage capacity of50,000 AF, with pumpback capacity of 20,000 AFY, by 2005. For the long-term, CLWA shouldobtain a total of 183,000 AF of storage capacity, with total pumpback capacity of 70,000 AFY by2050. In response to this Reliability Plan, CLWA has established conjunctive use managementefforts through water banking and groundwater storage as discussed in Section 2.6.4. Existingwater banks in which CLWA participates for the benefit of its service area include the SemitropicWater Storage District and Rosedale-Rio Bravo Water Storage District water banks.AVEK is in the process of developing a groundwater banking program in its service area. Thisprogram has not yet been developed to a level that w
24 different water management strategies that can be used to improve water resource management. Section 4.2 defines and discusses each of the 24 water management strategies of the California Water Plan, in order to provide the reader with an understanding of the State’s vision for possible ways to
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