Isu-Isu Lingkungan Global
5ISU-ISU LINGKUNGAN GLOBALBI2001 Pengetahuan LingkunganTopik Bahasan Kuliah Isu-isu lingkungan pada foruminternasional Jasa lingkungan (ecosystemservices) sebagai penentukesejahteraan manusiaBI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
MASALAH LINGKUNGAN GLOBAL : KOMITMEN & KERJASAMA MULTILATERAL2 Aktifitas Manusia dan Ekosistem Ekosistem banyak berubah dan mengalami degradasi terkait aktifitas manusia dalammemenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya akan : pangan, air, kayu, sandang, dan energi yangmakin meningkat menyebabkan ekosistem dieksploitasi;Eksploitasi sumberdaya alam yang tidak sustainable menyebabkan degradasiekosistem jasa ekosistem terdegradasi kesejahteraan manusia tergangguTemuan Millenium Assessment (2005)1)60% jasa ekosistem dunia mengalami degradasi;2)15 dari 24 ekosistem yang dikaji dalam kondisi rusak;3)Sejak tahun 1980, 35% ekosistem mangrove dunia hilang;4)Sekitar 20% terumbu karang hilang, dan 20% mengalami degradasi;5)Polusi hara (nutrient poluttion) menyebabkan eutrofikasi badan-badan air;6)Laju kepunahan spesies 100-1000 kali lebih tinggi dari kondisi sebelumnya;‘BUMI yang SATU dan sedang “SAKIT” (TERDEGRADASI)” : HARUS dijaga dandiselamatkan dari faktor-faktor PERUSAKnya Perlu KOMITMEN GLOBAL untuk LINGKUNGAN Dibangunnya : MEAs (Multilateral Environmental Agreements)BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
MEAs : multilateral environmental agreements3 MEAs : perjanjian multilateral tentang lingkungan merupakan instrumen legal (hukum) Bertujuan untuk perlindungan lingkunganDisepakati diantara sejumlah besar negara atau organisasi internasioanl sebagai pesertanya (parties) dan dalambentuk tertulis;Diatur oleh hukum internasionalDapat diwujudkan dalam satu atau lebih instrumen yang berkaitan (dalam bentuk perjanjiankerangkakerja/framework agreements)KELOMPOK MEAKONVENSI PENTINGBiodiversityThe Biodiversity ConventionAtmosphereMontreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete Ozone LayerThe Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate ChangeLandUnited Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or DesertificationChemicals AndBasel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their DisposalHazardous Wastes Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International TradeStockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).Regional Seas And 17 Regional Seas Conventions and A number of Protocols on land-based sources of pollution of marine environmentRelatedGlobal Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities (GPA)
4Inisiatif MEAs banyak dilakukan sejak 1960 dengan makin menguatnya Gerakan Lingkungan global di berbagai negara,namun demikian inisiatif beberapa MEAs juga telah dilakukan sebelum UN Conference on the Human Environment 1972:1872: Swiss propose international commission to protect migratory birds1900: Convention for the Preservation of Animals, Birds and Fish in Africa (first MEA agreement)1900: European littoral states sign treaty to regulate transportation of toxic substances on Rhine River1909: Canada-US Boundary Waters Treaty1911: North Pacific Fur Seal Commission established by USA, Canada, USSR and Japan 1918: US-Canada Migratory BirdTreaty Act1931: First efforts to regulate commercial whaling, led (in 1946) to International Convention for the Regulation of Whalingand establishment of International Whaling Commission1940: Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Conservation in the Western Hemisphere1946: Founding of the United Nations and World Bank, which would play leading roles in international environmentalcooperation (World Bank, UNIMO, FAO, UNDP, WHO, UNEP & UNESCO)1954: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil1958: International Maritime Consultative Organization (UN-IMCO)1971: RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance1972: UNESCO-sponsored Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.1972: Oslo Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft.1972: US-Can Great Lakes Water Quality AgreementMEAs Sebelum UN Conference on the Human Environment 1972BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
TAHUNPERISTIWAHASIL PENTING51972UN Conference on the HumanEnvironmentStockholm Declaration : ada 26 prinsipStockholm Action Plan : 109 rekomendasiUNEP (UN Environment Programme) dan Environment Fund1983World Commission onEnvironment and Development1987 : Laporan OUR COMMON FUTURE (Masa DepanBersama)/Brundland Report1992UN Conference on Environmentand DevelopmentRio Declaration on Environment and DevelopmentAgenda 21Statement of Forest PrinciplesUN Framework Convention on Climate ChangeConvention on Biological DiversityConvention to Combat DesertificationCall for creation of a Commision on Sustainable Development2003World Summit on SustainableDevelopmentJohannesburg DeclarationJohannesburg Plan of Implementation2012UN Conference in SustainableDevelopmentThe Future We WantGlobal Environmental Milestones (UNEP, 2013)BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
UNITED NATIONS MULTILATERAL TREATIES61. Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. Geneva, 13 November 19791.a. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Longterm Financing of the Co-operative Programme forMonitoring and Evaluation of The Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe EMEP). Geneva, 28 September 19841.b. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air pollution on The Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their TransboundaryFluxes by at least 30 per cent. Helsinki, 8 July 19851.c. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution concerning the control of emissions of nitrogen oxides or theirtransboundary fluxes. Sofia, 31 October 19881.d. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile OrganicCompounds or their Transboundary Fluxes. Geneva, 18 November 19911.e. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions. Oslo, 14 June 19941.f. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Heavy Metals. Aarhus, 24 June 19981.g. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Aarhus, 24 June 19981.h. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-levelOzone. Gothenburg (Sweden), 30 November 19991.i. Amendments to the Text and to Annexes I, II, III, IV, VI and VIII to the 1998 Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Geneva, 18 December20091.j. Amendments to Annexes I and II to the 1998 Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Geneva, 18 December 20091.k. Amendment of the text and annexes II to IX to the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution to AbateAcidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone and the addition of new annexes X and XI. Geneva, 4 May 2012BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
72. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. Vienna, 22 March 19852.a. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Montreal, 16 September 19872.b. Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. London, 29 June 19902.c. Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Copenhagen, 25 November 19922.d. Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Montreal, 17 September 19972.e. Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Beijing, 3 December 19993. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. Basel, 22 March 19893.a. Amendment to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. Geneva, 22 September19953b. Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting krom Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. Basel,10 December 19994. Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context. Espoo, Finland, 25 February 19914.a. Amendment to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context. Sofia, 27 February 20014.b. Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context. Kiev, 21 May20034.c. Amendment to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context. Cavtat, 4 June 20045. Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes. Helsinki, 17 March 19925.a. Protocol on Water and Health to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes. London, 17June 19995.b. Amendments to Articles 25 and 26 of the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes. Madrid, 28November 20036. Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents. Helsinki, 17 March 1992BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
87. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. New York, 9 May 19927.a. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Kyoto, 11 December 19977.b. Amendment to Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Nairobi,17 November 20067.c. Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol. Doha, 8 December 20128. Convention on Biological Diversity. Rio de Janeiro, 5 June 19928.a. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Montreal, 29 January 20008.b. Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from theirUtilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Nagoya, 29 October 20108.c. Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Nagoya,15 October 20109. Agreement on the conservation of small cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic,Irish and North Seas. New York, 17March 19929.a. Amendment to the Agreement on the conservation of small cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and NorthSeas. Esbjerg, 22 August 2003BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
910. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/orDesertification, Particularly in Africa. Paris, 14 October 199411. Lusaka Agreement on Co-operative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora. Lusaka, 8September 199412. Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses. New York, 21 May 199713. Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in EnvironmentalMatters. Aarhus, Denmark, 25 June 199813.a. Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers. Kiev, 21 May 200313.b. Amendment to the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice inEnvironmental Matters. Almaty, 27 May 200514. Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides inInternational Trade. Rotterdam, 10 September 199815. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Stockholm, 22 May 200116. Protocol on Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage Caused by the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents onTransboundary Waters to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and InternationalLakes and do the 1992 Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents. Kiev, 21May 2003BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
PENGESAHAN BEBERAPA KONVENSI LINGKUNGAN INTERNASIONAL OLEH PEMERINTAH INDONESIAPengesahan adalah perbuatan hukum untuk mengikatkan diri pada suatu perjanjian internasional dalam bentuk ratifikasi (ratification), aksesi (accession), penerimaan (acceptance) danpenyetujuan (approval) (UU no.20 tahun 2004 : Perjanjian Internasional)101. Protokol MontrealProtokol Montreal mengatur kesepakatan antar negarayang meratifikasi untuk mengurangi secara bertahappenggunaan CFC sampai menjelang tahun 2000. Tujuanprotokol ini adalah untuk melindungi kesehatan manusia danlingkungan dari dampak negatif kegiatan manusia yangmerusak lapisan ozonKeputusan Presiden Republik IndonesiaNomor 23 Tahun 1992Tentang Pengesahan Vienna Convention ForThe Protection Of The Ozone Layer DanMontreal Protocol On Substances ThatDeplete The Ozone Layer As Adjusted AndAmended By The Second Meeting Of TheParties London, 27 - 29 June 19902. Protokol KyotoProtokol Kyoto mengatur kerangka kerja tentang konvensiperubahan iklim, protokol ini dilengkapi dengan dua Annex,yaitu Annex A dan Annex B. Annex A mengenai gas-gasrumah kaca yang terdiri dari atas: CO2, CH4, N2O, PFC,dan FC6. Annex B mengenai kategori energi, industrienergii, industri manufaktur. Annex ini merupakanperhitungan pembatasan atau reduksi gas-gas rumahkacayang menjadi komitmen para pihak.Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 17Tahun 2004 Tentang PengesahanKyoto Protocol To The United NationsFramework Convention On Climate Change(Protokol Kyoto Atas Konvensi KerangkaKerja Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa TentangPerubahan Iklim)BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
PENGESAHAN BEBERAPA KONVENSI LINGKUNGAN INTERNASIONAL OLEH PEMERINTAH INDONESIAPengesahan adalah perbuatan hukum untuk mengikatkan diri pada suatu perjanjian internasional dalam bentuk ratifikasi (ratification), aksesi (accession), penerimaan (acceptance) danpenyetujuan (approval) (UU no.20 tahun 2004 : Perjanjian Internasional)113. Konvensi BaselKonvensi ini mengatur tentang pengawasan perpindahan lalu lintas batsa limbah B3dan pembuangannya/penyimpanannya. Konvensi ini melarang ekspor limbah beracunke negara yang tidak mampu mengelola secara berwawasan lingkunganKeppres Nomor 61 Tahun1993 tentang RatifikasiKonvensi Basel4. KonvensiKeragaman HayatiKonvensi ini mengatur perlindungan keragaman hayati. Setiap negara mempunyai hakberdaulat untuk memanfaatkan sumber daya hayatinya sesuai dengan kebijakanlingkungannya. Konvensi ini bertujan menaatur pemanfaatan komponen-komponennyasecara berkelanjutan dan membagi keuntungan yang dihasilkan dari pemanfaatansumber daya genetik secara adil dan merata.Undang-Undang nomor 5 tahtn1992 tentang PengesahanKonvensi Keragaman Hayatitanggal 1 Agustus 19945. Konvensi tentangPerubahan IklimKonvensi ini bertujuan untuk mencapai kestabilan konsentrasi gas rumah kaca diatmosfer pada tingkat yang dapat mencegah kondisi yang membahayakan sistemiklim dalam jangka waktu cukup agar ekosistem dapat menyesuaikan diri denaanperubahan iklim.Undang-Undang Nomor 6tahun 1994 tentang KonvensiPBB mengenai Perubahan Iklimtanggal 23 Agustus 1994.6. Deklarasi RioKesepakatan tidak mengikat (non legally binding) yang dihasilkan dalam KTT Rio1992 memuat Pinsip-Prinsip Dasar Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dalam KerangkaPembangunan Berkelanjutanacceptance8. Agenda 21Agenda ini memuat program dan strategi rinci untuk mendorong pembangunanberkelanjutan di seleruh negara di dunia, agenda ini bersifat Non legally Binding.Untuk menjaga penerapan Agenda-21 UNCED membentuk Commission for SustainableDevelopment (CSD)acceptance
PERUBAHAN IKLIM DAN PEMANASAN GLOBAL12 Perubahan Iklim ialah perubahan suhu, tekananudara, angin, curah hujan, dan kelembaban sebagaiakibat dari Pemanasan Global.Pemanasan Global ialah meningkatnya temperaturrata-rata bumi sebagai akibat dari akumulasi panasdi atmosfer yang disebabkan oleh Efek Rumah Kaca.Efek Rumah Kaca ialah fenomena menghangatnyabumi karena radiasi sinar matahari dari permukaanbumi dipantulkan kembali ke angkasa yangterperangkap oleh “selimut” dari gas-gas CO2(karbon dioksida), CH4 (metana), N2O (nitrogendioksida), PFCS (perfluorokarbon), HFCS(hidrofluorokarbon), dan SF6 (sulfurheksafluorida)Efek Rumah Kaca menyebabkan terjadinyaPemanasan Global yang dapat menyebabkanPerubahan Iklim. Hubungan di antara ketiganyaadalah hubungan sebab-akibat. (wwf.or.id)
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Perubahan Suhu,Perubahan Iklimdan DampakPotensialnya14
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Prakiraan Dampak Pemanasan Global di IndonesiaBI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
17INTERNATIONAL ACTIONON CLIMATE CHANGEBI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
ISU LINGKUNGAN GLOBAL : OZONE DEPLETION 18Lapisan Ozon berfungsi sebagai filter untuk menyaring ultra violetNASA mengumumkan telah menemukan lubang ozon terbesar yangpernah terjadi di antariksa mencapai 3 kali luas wilayah AS.Rusaknya lapisan ozon sebagian besar disebabkan oleh CFC(Chlorofluorocarbon) yang digunakan sejak tahun 1928 untuk aerosol,kulkas, AC dll.
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Lebih dari 31.000 Species tumbuhan dan hewansedang dalam ancaman kepunahan. 1/3 sampai 2/3tumbuhan dan hewan akan punah pada abadberikutnya. Species yang terancam punah meliputi Mamalia (146species), reptil (28 species), amphibi (33 species), ikan(91 species), moluska (3 species), invertebrata lain (28species), dan tanaman (383 species). Estimasi World Resources Institute bahwa dari tahun1960 sampai 1990 sebesar 1/5 hutan tropis telahberkurang, terumbu karang berkurang 10%, dan 50%mangrove telah hilang. Dari 1980 sampai 1995 hutan di negara-negaraberkembang telah kehilangan 200 juta ha. Hilangnya habitat diprediksikan memicu 89% jenisburung dunia terancam punah, 83% jenis mamalia,dan 91% tumbuh-tumbuhan dunia masuk daftarkepunahan. Bahkan IUCN (International Union forConservation of Nature and Natural Resources)mencatat sedikitnya 11.167 species di muka bumisudah tergolong hampir musnah.20ISU LINGKUNGAN GLOBAL : BIODIVERSITASBI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
21E/MSY is number of extinctions per million species yearsLAJU KEPUNAHAN SPESIESBI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
1992CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY. RIO DE JANEIRO, 5 JUNE 199229 -1- 2000 the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted a supplementary agreement to the Convention known as theCartagena Protocol on Biosafety.1993The Convention on Biological Diversity enters into force on 29 December 19931995COP2Second meeting of the Conference of the Parties - Consideration of the need for and modalities of a protocol for the safe transfer, handlingand use of living modified organisms. Jakarta, Indonesia, 6 - 17 November 1995221996COP3Third meeting of the Conference of the Parties - Issues related to biosafety. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 4 - 15 November 3BSWG4COP4BSWG5BSWG6BSIC11999BSIC21999 - 2000 EXCOP1First meeting of the Open-Ended Ad Hoc working Group on Biosafety.Aarhus, Denmark, 22 - 26 July 1996Second meeting of the Open-Ended Ad Hoc working Group on Biosafety.Montreal, Canada, 12 - 16 May 1997Third meeting of the Open-Ended Ad Hoc working Group on Biosafety.Montreal, Canada, 13 - 17 October 1997Fourth meeting of the Open-Ended Ad Hoc working Group on Biosafety.Montreal, Canada, 5 - 13 February 1998Fourth meeting of the Conference of the Parties - Issues related to biosafety. Bratislava, Slovakia, 4 - 15 May 1998Fifth meeting of the Open-Ended Ad Hoc working Group on Biosafety.Montreal, Canada, 17 - 28 August 1998Sixth meeting of the Open-Ended Ad Hoc working Group on Biosafety.Cartagena, Colombia, 14 - 19 February 1999Informal Consultation on the process to resume the Extraordinary Meeting of COP to adopt a protocol on Biosafety. Montreal, Canada, 1 July1999Second Informal Consultation on the process to resume the Extraordinary Meeting of COP to adopt a protocol on Biosafety. Vienna, Austria, 15- 19 September 1999First Extraordinary Meeting of the Conference of the Parties - Decisions on the continuation of the first extraordinary meeting of the Conferenceof the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, adoption of the Cartagena Protocol and interim arrangements. Cartagena, Colombia 22 23 February 1999 and Montreal, Canada, 24 - 28 January 2000The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is opened for signature.Fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties - Work plan of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Cartagena Protocol onBiosafety.Nairobi, Kenya, 15 - 26 May 2000First meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Montpellier, France, 11 - 15 December 2000Second meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Nairobi, Kenya, 1 - 5 October 2001Sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties - Intergovernmental Committee for the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. The Hague, Netherlands,7 - 19 April 2002Third meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. The Hague, The Netherlands, 22 - 26 April 3The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety enters into force on 11 September 2003http://bch.cbd.int/protocol/background/
t-years.pdfBI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
24ISU LINGKUNGAN GLOBAL : HUTANBI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
Perubahan Tutupan Hutan25
United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF)26October 2000UNFF Principal Functions1)2)3)4)5)6)UNFF berdasarkan Resolusi 2000/35ECOSOC (Economic and SocialCouncil of the United Nations)7)Tujuan utama UNFF :the management, conservation andsustainable development of all typesof forests and to strengthen long-termpolitical commitment to thisend ”based on the Rio Declaration,the Forest Principles, Chapter 11 ofAgenda 218)To facilitate implementation of forest-related agreements and foster a common understanding on sustainable forestmanagement;To provide for continued policy development and dialogue among Governments, international organizations, includingmajor groups, as identified in Agenda 21 as well as to address forest issues and emerging areas of concern in aholistic, comprehensive and integrated manner,To enhance cooperation as well as policy and programme coordination on forest-related issuesTo foster international cooperation and to monitor, assess and report on progress of the above functions and objectivesTo strengthen political commitment to the management , conservation and sustainable development of all types offorests.Enhance the contribution of forests to the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including theMillennium Development Goals, and to the implementation of the Johannesburg Declaration on SustainableDevelopment and the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, bearing in mind theMonterrey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development;Encourage and assist countries, including those with low forest cover, to develop and implement forest conservation andrehabilitation strategies, increase the area of forests under sustainable management and reduce forest degradation andthe loss of forest cover in order to maintain and improve their forest resources with a view to enhancing the benefits offorests to meet present and future needs, in particular the needs of indigenous peoples and local communities whoselivelihoods depend on forests;Strengthen interaction between the United Nations Forum on Forests and relevant regional and subregional forestrelated mechanisms, institutions and instruments, organizations and processes, with participation of major groups, asidentified in Agenda 21 and relevant stakeholders to facilitate enhanced cooperation and effective implementation ofsustainable forest management, as well as to contribute to the work of the Forum;
REDD : HUTAN DAN PERUBAHAN IKLIM27BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
Scope of REDD according toBali Action Plan
United Nations Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) :terkait dengan Permasalahan Perubahan Iklim, Hutan, dan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan29 Date Description of event1977 United Nations Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) adopts Plan of Action toCombat Desertification (PACD)1991 United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) concludes the problem of landdegradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas have intensified1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) is held in RiodeJaneiroDecember 1992 General Assembly agreed and adopted resolution 47/188June 1994 The Intergovernmental Committee (INCD) for the Elaboration of an InternationalConvention to Combat Desertification established by the UN General Assembly prepares aConvention To Combat DesertificationJune 17, 1994 UN Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) adopted, and opened forsignature in OctoberDecember 26, 1996 CCD entered into forceBI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
Isu Lingkungan Global lainnya :PENCEMARAN WILAYAH PERAIRAN World Water Development Report(WWDR) melaporkan bahwasetiap harinya sekitar 2 juta tonsampah mencemari wilayahperairan dan produksi limbah cairmencapai 1500 kubik. Maka bilasatu liter limbah mencemari 8 literair bersih, setidaknya 12.000 kmkubik air bersih terkena polusi didunia.Daerah perkotaan mengalamikehilangan air bersih hingga 20%.PERPINDAHAN B3 (BAHAN BERBAHAYA DAN BERACUN)MELINTASI BATAS NEGARA Polusi tidak mengenal batas negara Negara Industri mengekspor limbah ke negara berkembang AS merupakan negara pengekspor limbah B3 terbesar di dunia yimencapai 264 juta ton setiap tahunnya, terdiri atas residu logamberat dan senyawa organik. Untuk membersihkan sekitar 2000 –10.000 tempat limbah, AS mengeluarkan dana 20 sd 100 milyardolar US.PP No. 18 Tahun 1999 Jo PP No 85 Tahun 1999, Limbah B3 adalahsuatu sisa usaha dan/ atau kegiatan yang mengandung bahanberbahaya dan atau beracun karena sifat atau konsentrasinyadan/atau jumlahnya, baik secara langsung dan tidak langsungdapat mencemarkan dan/atau merusakkan lingkungan hidup,kesehatan,kelangsungan hidup manusia dan makhluk lain.BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013
JASA EKOSISTEM31 Ekosistem menyediakanberagam jasa ekosistem yangpenting untuk manusia danmakhluk hidup lainnyaJasa ekosistem yangdihasilkan memiliki nilaipenting kehidupan makhlukhidup dan lingkungannyaKerusakan ekosistem akanmempengaruhi kualitas jasaekosistem yang dihasilkannya
32Source : Millenium Ecosystem Assesment
33Jasa Ekosistem dan Kesejahteraan
HUMAN USE andECOSYSTEMSERVICESCONDITION.Provisioning, regulating, or culturalecosystem services are shownin Left, Center, and Right, respectively.Length of black radial lines shows thedegree of change in human use orcondition of the service.Source : Carpenter S R et al. PNAS 2009;106:1305131234*) PNAS : Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States of xpansion.html
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Penutup : Renungkan Puisi Suku India berikut ini.36Only After The Last Tree Has Been Cut Down,Only After The Last River Has Been Poisoned,Only The Last Fish Has Been Caught,ONLY THEN WILL YOU FIND THATMONEY CAN NOT BE EATEN.
Topik Bahasan Kuliah Isu-isu lingkungan pada forum internasional Jasa lingkungan (ecosystem services) sebagai penentu kesejahteraan manusia BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan SITH ITB 2013 . MASALAH LI
institusi keagamaan serta kaedah dan prosedur yang diaplikasikan dalam menganalisis isu-isu bioetika yang dikategorikan sebagai isu global semasa. Melalui kajian akan dapat dibuktikan wujudnya kolaborasi dan kerjasama yang signifikan di antara pihak institusi keagamaan dan pihak IPTA. Isu-isu bioetika yang terdapat di Malaysia yang dikupas
BAB VI. PEMBELAJARAN ETIKA LINGKUNGAN 111 A. Rambu-Rambu Membelajarkan Etika Lingkungan 111 B. Pembelajaran Etika Lingkungan Melalui Model Pembelajaran OIDDE 121 C. Pengambilan Keputusan Etik dalam Kasus Etika Lingkungan 131 D. Pembelajaran Etika Lingkungan (Pengalaman di Beberapa Negara) 133 DAFTAR FUSTAKA 145 GLOSARIUM 159
izin lingkungan (hukum lingkungan administratif) (Siti Sundari Rangkuti, 2008:123). Tulisan ini mengkaji secara teoritis penyelesaian sengketa lingkungan melalui peradilan tata usaha negara berdasarkan UUPLH dan UU PERATUN serta prakteknya dalam gugatan sengketa lingkungan
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA MENGENAI LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DAN PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP A. Lingkungan Hidup 1. Pengertian Lingkungan Hidup Kehidupan manusia di bumi tidak bisa dipisahkan dari lingkungannya, begitu juga dengan kehidupan manusia dengan makhluk hidup lainnya seperti hewan dan tumbuhan.
Asaad, Ilyas, et.al, Teologi Lingkungan (Etika Pengelolaan Lingkungan Dalam Perspektif Islam), Deputi Komunikasi Lingkungan dan pemberdayaan Masyarakat, Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup, dan Majelis Lingkungan Hidup Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah, 2011. Ashfahani, Al-Ragib, al-Mu’jam al-Mufradat li Alfazh al-Qur’an, Dar
diterima, manakala nilai 0.8 ke atas adalah terbaik. Menurut Kerlinger (1973), satu kajian yang amat tinggi kebolehpercayaannya akan mempunyai ciri-ciri yang stabil, ketekalan, keramalan dan ketepatan. KAJIAN LITERATUR Banyak kajian-kajian yang berkaitan dengan isu-isu perpaduan kaum telah dilakukan di Malaysia. Namun,
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Dr. RUMKI BASU Professor of Public Administration Department of Political Science Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi Email: mailtorumkibasu@gmail.com and Dr. Moitri De Assistant Professor of Political Science Matasundri College for Women University of Delhi . 2 Introduction India’s urban population with 377 million (2011 Census) constituting 31.6% of our total population is projected to cross .
