Modern Real Estate Practice, Twentieth Edition
Modern Real Estate Practice,Twentieth Edition
Unit 1: Introduction to the Real Estate BusinessReal estate transactions are taking place all around us, allthe time. The services of many highly trained individualsare required: from attorneys to title insurance companyagents, from surveyors to tax experts. All these people, inaddition to buyers, sellers, landlords, and tenants,depend on the skills and knowledge of licensed realestate professionals.
1Introduction to the Real EstateBusinessLearning Objectives List and describe the various careers availablein the real estate industry. List the different classifications andcharacteristics of real property. Describe the types of housing available forpurchase or rental. (cont.)3
1Introduction to the Real EstateBusinessLearning Objectives (cont.) Explain the factors of supply and demand inthe real estate market and financialconsiderations for a homebuyer. Identify the advantages and disadvantages ofinvesting in real estate. Describe the objectives and financial conceptsinvolved in the investment process.4
1Introduction to the Real EstateBusinessReal Estate: A Business of Many Specializations Brokerage Subdivision andDevelopmentAppraisalProperty Management Home Inspection CounselingFinancing Education5
1Introduction to the Real EstateBusinessTypes of Real Property ResidentialCommercialMixed UseIndustrialAgriculturalSpecial Purpose6
1Introduction to the Real EstateBusinessResidential Property Advantages of home ownershipFinancial stabilityLong-term appreciation Advantages of renting a homeAffordabilityFlexibilityAmenities offered by development or area7
1Introduction to the Real EstateBusinessTypes of Housing Single-family detached houseApartment buildingCondominiumCooperativePlanned unit development (PUD)Mixed-use development (MUD)Converted-use propertyFactory-built housing8
1Introduction to the Real EstateBusinessFair HousingFederal law prohibits discrimination in theprovision of housing and housing-relatedservices, such as lending, based on anindividual’s race, color, national origin,religion, sex, familial status, or disability.
1Introduction to the Real EstateBusinessThe Real Estate MarketSupply and Demand When supply and demand are balanced, pricesare stable. When supply increases, prices go down. when demand increases, prices go up.10
1Introduction to the Real EstateBusinessCharacteristics of real estate as a commodity Uniqueness Immobility11
1Introduction to the Real EstateBusinessFactors Affecting Supply Labor force, construction, and material costs Governmental controls and monetary policy12
1Introduction to the Real EstateBusinessFactors Affecting Demand Population Demographics Employment and wage levels13
1Introduction to the Real EstateBusinessFinancial Considerations for the Homeowner Property appreciation Buildup of owner’s equity as loan paymentsare made Tax deductions for mortgage interest andproperty tax Exclusion from capital gains tax of part or all ofprofit from a sale
Unit 2: Real Property and the LawThough real estate can never change its location, it is aproduct that has a market in which a variety oftransactions take place. The real estate professionalbrings the parties together for a sale, lease, exchange,or other transaction. The real estate professional needsto know enough about the product to be able toeducate and guide clients and customers,whether they are buyers, sellers, renters,landlords, or investors.
2Real Property and the LawLearning Objectives Discuss the concepts of land and ownershiprights in real property. Distinguish real and personal property. Explain the basic economic and physicalcharacteristics of real property. Discuss the limitations of the real estateprofessional under the law.16
2Real Property and the LawLand, Real Estate, and Real PropertyLandThe earth’s surface extending downward to thecenter of the earth and upward to infinity.17
2Real Property and the LawReal Estate Land plus all human-made improvements tothe land that are permanently attached(annexed) to it. An improvement to land can be any artificialthing attached on or below ground, such as abuilding, fence, water line or sewer pipe, aswell as growing things that are made part ofthe landscaping.18
2Real Property and the LawReal Property The interests, benefits, and rights that areautomatically included in the ownership of realestate.19
2 Real Property and the LawLand, Real Estate, and Real PropertyAir ightsThe Bundleof RightsLandEarth’s surface to the center of theearth and the airspace above theland, including the trees and waterReal EstateLand plus permanenthuman-made additionsReal PropertyReal estate plusbundle of legal rights20
2Real Property and the LawBundle of legal rights21
2Real Property and the LawTitle to Real Property The right to or ownership of the property,including the owner’s bundle of legal rights Evidence of that ownership by a deed22
2Real Property and the LawSurface rightsOwnership rights in a parcel of real estate that arelimited to the surface of the earthSubsurface rightsThe rights to the natural resources below the earth’ssurfaceAir rightsThe rights to use the space above the earth; may besold or leased independently, provided the rights havenot been limited by law23
2Real Property and the LawWater rightsRiparian rights are common law rights of ownersof land that borders a flowing body of waterLittoral rights belong to owners of land thatborders navigable lake, sea, or oceanAccretion, erosion, and avulsion—add to ordecrease land by natural action of waterDoctrine of prior appropriation—grants state theright to determine ownership and use of water 24
2Real Property and the LawReal Property Versus Personal Property Personal property (chattels) Factory-Built Housing Plants and growing cropsFructus naturalesEmblements (fructus industriales)25
2Real Property and the LawClassifications of FixturesA fixture is personal property that has been soattached to land or a building that, by law, itbecomes part of the real property.26
2Real Property and the LawLegal Tests of a Fixture Method of annexationAdaptability of item to land’s useRelationship of partiesIntention in placing item on the landAgreement of the parties27
2Real Property and the LawTrade Fixtures Usually owned and installed by a tenant for thetenant’s use May be attached to a building so they appearto be fixtures, but are removable28
2Real Property and the LawCharacteristics of Real PropertyEconomic Characteristics Scarcity Improvements Permanence of Investment Area Preference (situs)29
2Real Property and the LawPhysical Characteristics Immobility Indestructability Uniqueness30
2Real Property and the LawLaws Affecting Real Estate Contract lawGeneral property lawAgency lawReal estate license lawFederal, state, and local laws and regulations(e.g., consumer protection, environmental, tax,land use, and zoning)31
Unit 3: Interests in Real EstateOwnership of a parcel of real estate includes all orsome of the bundle of rights, depending on the typeof interest a person holds in the property. Ownershipmay be limited by public and private restrictionsintended to ensure that one owner’s use andenjoyment of the property owned does not interferewith others’ use and enjoyment of theirproperty or with the welfare of thegeneral public.32
3Interests in Real EstateLearning Objectives Identify and describe the various types ofestates. Explain the difference between liens and othertypes of encumbrances. Explain the limitations on private propertyrights for the welfare of the public.33
3Interests in Real EstateEstates in landFreehold estates Fee simple estateFee simple absoluteFee simple defeasibleFee simple determinable34
3Interests in Real Estate Life EstateConventional Life EstateOrdinary, with remainder or reversionPur autre vie, with remainder or reversionLegal Life EstateDowerHomesteadCurtesy
3Interests in Real EstateEncumbrances EasementsPrivate restrictionsLiensEncroachments36
3Interests in Real EstateLiens Real estate taxesMortgagesJudgmentsMechanics’ liens37
3Interests in Real EstatePrivate Restrictions on use of Real Estate Deed restrictions Covenants, conditions, and restrictions(CC&Rs)38
3Interests in Real EstateEasements Easement appurtenantEasement in grossEasement by necessityEasement by prescription39
3Interests in Real EstateTerminating an EasementAn easement terminates When the need no longer exists When the owner of either the dominant or theservient tenement becomes sole owner of bothproperties By the release of the right of easement to theowner of the servient tenement By the abandonment of the easement By the nonuse of a prescriptive easement40
3Interests in Real EstateLicense Personal privilege given for a specific purposeEncroachment Illegal extension beyond boundaries of landLis Pendens Pending legal action41
3Interests in Real EstateGovernmental Powers Police powerEminent DomainTaxationEscheat42
Unit 4: Forms of Real Estate OwnershipAlthough the forms of ownership available arecontrolled by state law, real estate may be heldin one of three basic ways. They includeownership in severalty (one owner),co-ownership (more than one owner), andownership by a trust (property heldfor the benefit of another).43
4Forms of Real EstateOwnershipLearning Objectives Define and explain the distinction betweenownership in severalty and co-ownership. Describe the various forms of co-ownership inreal estate. Describe the key elements of trusts,partnerships, corporations, and LLCs. Identify and describe the types of propertyownership for common-interest properties.44
4Forms of Real EstateOwnershipOwnership in Severalty Property is owned by one individual,corporation, or other entityCo-Ownership Property is owned by two or more individuals45
4Forms of Real EstateOwnershipForms of Co-Ownership Tenancy in common (TIC)Joint tenancyTenancy by the entiretyCommunity property46
4Forms of Real EstateOwnershipTrusts and Business Organizations Living and Testamentary Trusts Land Trusts Business OrganizationsPartnershipCorporationLimited Liability Company47
4Forms of Real EstateOwnershipCondominiums, Cooperatives, and Time-Shares Condominium OwnershipCommon elementsRight of first refusalHOA48
4Forms of Real EstateOwnership Cooperative OwnershipCorporation holds titleCorporation bylawsShares of stock49
4Forms of Real EstateOwnership Time-Share OwnershipTime-share estateTime-share use50
Unit 5: Land DescriptionA street address, while helpful for finding the location of a propertyor building, is not precise enough to define the perimeter of a parcelof land in a way that excludes all other parcels. A propertydescription must be legally sufficient, or described in a way that willenable a sales contract, deed, or mortgage document to be legallyenforceable. A legal description is a detailed way of describing aparcel of land for such documents. The description is based oninformation collected through a survey.51
5Land DescriptionLearning Objectives Identify and explain the methods used fordescribing real estate. Explain the process involved in identifying andmeasuring property rights including thoseabove and below the surface.52
5Land DescriptionMethods of Describing Real Estate Metes-and-bounds Rectangular (government) survey Lot-and-block (recorded plat)53
5Land DescriptionMetes-and-Bounds Method Starts at point of beginning (POB)54
5Land Description Monuments are fixed objects used to identifythe POB, all corners of the parcel or ends ofboundary segments, and the location ofintersecting boundaries.55
5Land DescriptionRectangular (Government) Survey System Principal meridianTiersRangesTownshipsSections56
5Land DescriptionLot-and-Block Method Lot and block number Subdivision plat57
Subdivision Plat Map of Block A58
5Land DescriptionThe Survey: Measuring Property Rights Legal description Survey sketch59
5Land DescriptionMeasuring Elevations Air lots Datum Monuments and Benchmarks60
5Land DescriptionUnits of Land Measurement Mile—5,280 feet Square mile—640 acres Acre—43,560 square feet81
Unit 6: Transfer of TitleTransfer of title is an aspect of a real estate salestransaction generally handled by lawyers andtitle companies. Nonetheless, a real estateprofessional who is aware of the fundamentalsof deeds and title issues will be able to alertconsumers to the need for legal adviceto avoid potential title problems.62
6Transfer of TitleLearning Objectives Describe the fundamental concepts of title as itrelates to the ownership of land, and theprocesses and instruments used to apply theseconcepts. Describe the circumstances and conditions whichmay provide for the involuntary transfer of title. Explain testate, intestate, wills, and the probateprocess.63
6Transfer of TitleTitle ConceptsVoluntary Alienation A grantor conveys property to a grantee. A grantee receives property from a grantor. A deed is the instrument that conveys propertyfrom grantor to grantee.64
6Transfer of TitleRequirements for a Valid Deed GrantorGranteeConsiderationGranting clauseHabendum clause (cont.)65
6Transfer of TitleRequirements for a Valid Deed (cont.) Legal description of real estateExceptions and reservations, if anySignature of grantorAcknowledgmentDelivery and acceptance66
6Transfer of TitleTypes of Deeds General warranty deed—provides greatestprotection to buyer Special warranty deed—warrants that grantorreceived title and did not encumber the property Bargain and sale deed–no express warranties, butimplies that grantor holds title Quitclaim deed—conveys only whatever interestgrantor may have when deed delivered (cont.)67
6Transfer of TitleTypes of Deeds (cont.) Deed of trust—trustor conveys legal title to atrustee for the benefit of a beneficiary Reconveyance deed—used by trustee to returntitle to trustor Trustee’s deed—used by trustee to convey title toanyone other than trustor Deed executed pursuant to a court order68
6Transfer of TitleTransfer Tax Stamps May require transfer declaration form—also calledtransfer statement or affidavit of real property value ExemptionsGiftsDeeds not in connection with a saleConveyances to, from, or between governments bodiesDeeds by charitable, religious, or educational institutionsDeeds securing debts or releasing property as security for debtPartitionsTax deedsCertain deeds of corporations69
6Transfer of TitleInvoluntary Alienation—Usually by Operation of Law Condemnation allowed by state’s power ofeminent domain Foreclosure of a mortgage loan Sale to satisfy delinquent tax liens Transfer on death of owner by law of intestatesuccession or, if no heirs found, to state by escheat Adverse possession70
6Transfer of TitleAdverse possession requires that the use be: Open—obvious to anyoneNotorious—known to othersContinuous—uninterruptedHostile—without true owner’s consentAdverse—against the true owner’s right ofpossession71
6Transfer of TitleConveyance of a Decedent’s Property By Will, when a person dies testate According to the state’s law of descent anddistribution, when a person dies intestate Probate takes place in the county in which thedecedent last resided, and in any other countyin which the decedent owned real estate72
Unit 7: Title RecordsA review of public records will reveal the documents,claims, and other details that affect a property’sownership. If the property is subject to any liens orother encumbrances, a prospective buyer or lenderneeds to know. A real estate professional shouldunderstand what is in the public record and what asearch may disclose.73
7Title RecordsLearning Objectives Explain the public recordation system and itsimportance to the title insurer. Explain the benefits of title insurance and thedifference between an owner’s policy and alender’s policy.74
7Title RecordsPublic Records RecordingPlacing document in public record Constructive noticePlacing document in public recordPhysical possession Actual noticeInformation is available and someone is actuallymade aware of it75
7Title Records PriorityThe order in which documents or liens arerecorded Unrecorded DocumentsReal estate taxesSpecial assessmentsInheritance taxesFranchise taxes76
7Title Records Chain of title is record of property’s ownershipCloud on the title is created when there is a gap inthe chain of titleAction to quiet title can be brought in court toestablish ownership77
7Title Records Title Search and Abstract of TitleTitle search is examination of public recordsAbstract of title is summary report of what isdiscovered in a title search78
7Title Records Marketable TitleTitle is marketable when it is acceptable to areasonably prudent personNo serious defects; no questions of law or factWill not expose purchaser to litigationProvides ability to sell or mortgage property atlater time79
7Title RecordsProof of Ownership Certificate of title Title insuranceStandardExtended (ALTA)80
7Title Records The Torrens SystemLegal registration system to verify ownershipof real estate and issue a certificate of titlethat will allow future title transfer withoutneed for additional search of public records81
Unit 8: Real Estate BrokerageWithin a brokerage, no matter how large orsmall it is, each real estate professional has anindividual business. Economics and personneldecisions are part of running a business. Asuccessful real estate professional needs to thinklike a businessperson.82
8Real Estate Brokerage Learning Objectives– Describe the fundamentals of real estatebrokerage and licensing laws.– Describe the purpose and basic elements ofantitrust laws including price fixing, boycotts,and allocation of markets.– Explain how real estate professionals shoulduse technology in real estate practice tocomply with laws and ethical standards.83
8Real Estate BrokerageBrokerage and Real Estate License Laws Purpose of License LawsEstablish basic requirements for licenseesDefine activities that require licensingDescribe standards of conduct and practiceEnforce standards through disciplinary system84
8Real Estate BrokerageReal Estate Brokerage—the business of bringing partiestogetherA real estate broker is licensed to buy, sell,exchange, or lease real property for others and tocharge a fee for those services.85
8Real Estate BrokerageRelationship of Broker and Sales Associate A real estate salesperson is licensed to perform realestate activities on behalf of a licensed real estatebroker, but a licensed real estate broker can choose towork for another broker. The broker for whom the sales associate (licensedindividual) works is called the employing broker, andboth are subject to the terms of an employmentagreement, even when the sales associate is anindependent contractor for tax and other purposes.86
8Real Estate BrokerageIndependent Contractor Versus EmployeeIndependent ContractorNo employee benefitsSets own rulesEmployeeMust follow employer’s rules for working hours,office routines, attendance at meetings, salesquotas, dress codes87
8Real Estate BrokerageReal Estate AssistantIf licensed, is employed by brokerIf unlicensed, can be employed by a salesassociate, but cannot perform duties for which alicense is required88
8Real Estate BrokerageBroker’s CompensationCommission or fee, as specified in contractBroker (or broker’s sales associate) must beprocuring cause of a saleWhen seller accepts offer from ready, willing, andable buyer, broker has earned compensation89
8Real Estate BrokerageSales Associate’s Compensation100% commission plan provides for sales associate topay a monthly charge to broker, but keep 100% ofcommissions earnedCommission splits can vary, subject to negotiationNo matter how sales associate’s compensation isstructured, only employing real estate broker can pay it.90
8Real Estate BrokerageServices OfferedBundle of servicesServices for property sellersServices for property buyersLimiting services offeredRequirements vary by state, which may requirespecified minimum level of services to be offered91
8Real Estate BrokerageAntitrust Laws Price-fixingGroup boycottAllocation of customersAllocation of marketsTie-in agreementsPenalties can be severe92
8Real Estate BrokerageTechnology in Real Estate Practice NAR Internet Data Exchange (IDX) policySmartphonesEmail/TextingSocial MediaInternet Advertising93
8Real Estate Brokerage Electronic ContractingUniform Electronic Transaction Act (UETA) had beenadopted by all states except for Illinois, New York, andWashingtonElectronic Signatures in Global and National CommerceAct (E-Sign) is used in states that have not enacted UETA94
8Real Estate Brokerage Prohibited CommunicationsNational Do Not Call RegistryTelephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA)Junk Fax Prevention ActControlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornographyand Marketing Act of 2003 (CAN-SPAM Act)Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)95
8Real Estate BrokerageProfessional Organizations and EthicsNAR Affiliates Counselors of Real Estate (CRE) www.cre.org Commercial Investment Real Estate Institute(CIREI) www.ccim.com Institute of Real Estate Management (IREM)www.irem.org REALTORS Land Institute (RLI)www.rliland.com (cont.)96
8Real Estate Brokerage Certified Real Estate Brokerage Manager (CRB)www.crb.com Certified Residential Specialist (CRS)www.crs.com Graduate, REALTOR Institute (GRI)www.realtor.org Council of Residential Specialists (CRS)www.crs.com (cont.)97
8Real Estate Brokerage Society of Industrial and Office REALTORS (SIOR) www.sior.com Women’s Council of REALTORS (WCR)www.wcr.org98
8Real Estate BrokerageProfessional EthicsEthics refers to a system of moral principles,rules, and standards of conduct. Establish standards for integrity andcompetence in dealing with consumers of anindustry’s services Define a code of conduct for relations withinthe industry among its professionals99
8Real Estate BrokerageCode of Ethics NAR’s Code of Ethics NAREB Code of Ethics100
Unit 9: Real Estate AgencyThe relationship between a real estate professional and theparties involved in a real estate transaction is not a simpleone. A real estate professional can represent a client as anagent, but the real estate professional acts as a fiduciaryand is subject to a wide range of legal and ethicalrequirements designed to protect the seller, the buyer, andthe transaction itself. There are other agencyrelationships in the real estate business,including that of sales associate to theemploying broker.101
9Real Estate AgencyLearning Objectives Explain agency concepts and terminology. Explain the difference between express andimplied agency. Define the types of agency and identify which,if any, are involved in real estate practice.(cont.)102
9Real Estate AgencyLearning Objectives (cont.) Describe and explain an agent’s duties to thirdparty customers, especially regardingmisstatements, misrepresentation, and potentialfraud.103
9Real Estate AgencyHistory of Agency Common lawRules established by tradition and court decisionsCaveat emptor (“Let the buyer beware”) Statutory LawLaws enacted by the legislature Administrative LawRules and regulations created by real estatecommissions, authorized by the legislature104
9Real Estate AgencyDefinitions in the Law of Agency Agent represents the interests of another person indealings with a third person Principal hires the agent and delegates responsibilitiesof representation to the agent Agency is fiduciary relationship between principal andagent in which agent represents principal in one ormore transactions Fiduciary is relationship in which agent is held inposition of special trust and confidence by theprincipal (cont.)105
9Real Estate AgencyDefinitions in the Law of Agency (cont.) Client is the principal in a real estate transaction forwhom a real estate broker acts as agent Customer is the third party or nonrepresentedconsumer for whom some level of service may beprovided and who is entitled to fairness and honesty Nonagent (facilitator, intermediary, transactionalbroker, transaction coordinator, contract broker)works with a buyer and seller (or landlord andtenant), without representing either party’s interests106
9Real Estate AgencyCreation of Agency Express agency is created by express agreement of theparties, stating the terms and conditions of the agency Implied agency may be created by implied agreementwhen the parties act as though they have mutuallyconsented to an agency Compensation by itself does not determine an agencyrelationship; agency can exist even if no fee isinvolved—a gratuitous agency107
9Real Estate AgencyFiduciary Responsibilities alityCOLDAC108
9Real Estate AgencyTypes of Agency Relationships General agent Represents the principal in certainbusiness matters generally Special agent Represents the principal only forspecified transactions, such as the sale of a house109
9Real Estate AgencyDisclosure of AgencyReal estate professionals are required to disclosethe parties they represent.110
9Real Estate AgencySingle AgencyThe agent represents only one party to a transaction Seller representation Buyer representation Property management111
9Real Estate AgencyDual AgencyThe agent represents two principals in the transaction Disclosed and with written consent of the principalsmay be permitted by the state Undisclosed dual agency violates licensing laws Designated agency in which two sales associates withthe same brokerage each represent a different partyto a transaction may be allowed by the state112
9Real Estate AgencyTermination of Agency Completion of purposeDeath/incapacity of either partyDestruction of propertyExpiration of termsMutual agreementBreach by one of the partiesOperation of law (bankruptcy)113
9Real Estate AgencyCustomer-Level Services Reasonable care and skill in performance Honest and fair dealing Disclosure of all facts that materially affect thevalue or desirability of the property114
9Real Estate AgencyOpinion Versus Fact– Puffing exaggerates a property’s benefits– Fraud is an intentional misrepresentation of amaterial fact to harm or take advantage ofanother person– Negligent misrepresentation occurs when realestate professional should have known that astatement about a material fact was false115
9Real Estate AgencyDisclosures Environmental hazards that make a property unusablefor its intended purpose Property conditions that threaten structuralsoundness or personal safety Stigmatized properties that are consideredundesirable because of events that occurred there orproximity to a known nuisance Megan’s Law requires state registration of those whohave committed certain criminal acts116
Unit 10: Client Representation AgreementsThe agreements by which a broker can beemployed to act for a seller or a buyer in a salestransaction are client representationagreements. The most common are the listingagreement and the buyer representationagreement.117
10 Client RepresentationAgreementsLearning Objectives Describe the different types of listing agreementsand how they may be terminated Describe the listing presentation and theinformation needed for a listing agreement. Identify the listing agreement terms and theresponsibilities of both parties. Describe the types of buyer representationagreements and how they may be terminated.118
10 Client RepresentationAgreementsRepresenting the Seller Types of Listing AgreementsExclusive Right-to-SellExclusive AgencyOpenNet Listings Involving Cooperating BrokersMultiple listing clause in listing agreement allows listingto be shared with other members of the listing broker’smultiple listing service (MLS)119
10 Client RepresentationAgreementsTermination of Seller Representation Agreement’s purpose fulfilledTerm expiresProperty is destroyedTitle transferred by operation of law (bankruptcy,foreclosure) Mutual agreement Breach One party dies or becomes incapacitated120
10 Client RepresentationAgreementsExpiration of Listing Period Definite termination date should be specified Automatic extension clause prohibited ordiscouraged Broker protection clause requires payment ofcommission within stated period after listingterminates, if broker originally introduced asubsequent buyer to the seller121
10 Client RepresentationAgreementsThe Listing Presentation Comparative Market Analysis (CMA), also calledcompetitive market analysis, shows asking pricesof similar properties as well as prices at whichsimilar properties have sold Information needed from property owner willinclude names of owners, description of property,seller’s willingness to carry financing Disclosures include agency representation andseller’s knowledge of property’s condition122
10 Client RepresentationAgreementsListing Agreement Provisions Names of all parties to the contractBrokerage firmDescription of premisesListing priceBroker’s authority and responsibilitiesBroker’s compensationReal property and personal property included in thesale (cont.)123
10 Client RepresentationAgreementsListing Agreement Provisions (cont.) Leased equipmentProposed dates for closing and possessionClosing attorney, title company, or escrow companyEvidence of ownershipEncumbrancesHome warranty, if included in saleTermination (cont.)124
10 Client Represe
Modern Real Estate Practice, Twentieth Edition. Unit 1: Introduction to the Real Estate Business Real estate transactions are taking place all around us, all the time. The services of many highly trained individual
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