12 Wildlife Habitat Tips For Small Acreages - MP478
MP47812 WILDLIFE HABITAT TIPSFOR SMALLACREAGESUniversity of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating
12 WILDLIFE HABITAT TIPSFOR SMALLACREAGESBy Becky McPeake, Associate Professor – WildlifeIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Unique Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Plan for Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tips for Managing Wildlife Habitat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.Go native. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Disk lightly, no seeds required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Mow high and inside out. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73.Burn, burn, burn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.Supplemental feeding is for the birds (not mammals) . . . . . . . . . . .4.2786.Good soil8.Water, water everywhere but not enough to drink?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.Good wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Save pests, limit pesticides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.Thickets and brushpiles and brambles, on my! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211.Home is where the nest is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410.12.Thinner may be better, but leave snags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13If in doubt, find out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17References and Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Cover Photo Credits:ATV photo by Chris Stuhlinger, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture; northern mockingbird photoby Ryan Hagerty, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; tracks photo by Robert G. Price, USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service; cutting tree with ax photo by Lynn Betts, USDA Natural Resources ConservationService; and nest box photo by Keith Weller, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.
IntroductionMany Arkansans enjoy seeing wildlife ontheir property. What private landowners dowith their land directly affects wildlife popula tions in the state. An estimated 82 percent of thetotal land base in Arkansas is privately owned(Figure 1). Surveys show that although manyArkansas landowners would like to do more forwildlife on their property, many do not knowwhat to do. This is particularly the case forlandowners with less than 40 acres whose land holdings are located on the fringe of cities orrural communities.State 2%Federal 16%Private 82%Figure 1. Number of acres in federal, state and privateland ownership in Arkansas. Data from the NationalWilderness Institute, 1995.Often, landowners assume that wildlife willremain on their property permanently if theyimprove food and cover areas. Implementing afew habitat improvements on small acreages canhelp wildlife such as squirrels, rabbits, frogs,turtles, butterflies and songbirds. However, thehome ranges of deer, wild turkey and black bearcan be more than 1,000 acres. These species willtravel great distances to meet their seasonalneeds for food and cover. Small acreages may notgain a permanent flock of turkeys, but thoselands may become an important part of theirrange (Figure 2). As a small acreage landowner,your efforts can make a difference even ifwildlife inhabit your land only seasonally ortemporarily.Figure 2. Wild turkeys use forest openings for buggingand nesting. Photo by Lynn Betts, USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service.Sometimes landowners question if theyshould manage habitat or leave it alone and letnature take its course. The answer depends onthe type of habitat and wildlife that currentlyexist on your property and your habitat goals. Italso depends on the habitat and wildlife insurrounding properties. Implementing a habitatpractice could benefit some wildlife species andbe detrimental to others. However, practicallyevery landholding can benefit from some habitatmanagement.Change is continually taking place in nature.Some early successional habitats (e.g., grass lands) change dramatically in a year or two,while mature forests change gradually over acentury or longer. For bobwhites, wild turkey,deer, bluebirds, cottontails and frogs, a goodmanagement choice is to offer a mix of covertypes. Smaller landholdings may not be largeenough to provide a diversity of cover. Find outwhat habitat is missing in your area that willattract the wildlife species you are interested inhaving on your property.The first step is to make a wildlife manage ment plan. Select your wildlife species andplan your habitat accordingly. The next sectiondescribes management practices that willimprove small acreages for wildlife. Some 1
habitat practices require more investment of timeand resources than others. The last sectiondescribes resources available for helpingimprove your property for wildlife.Plan for SuccessA good wildlife management plan willimprove the chances of attaining wildlife andachieving your habitat goals on your property. Ahabitat plan outlines a course of action so thatgood habitat is created for one or more selectedspecies and not inadvertently destroyed. A planwill also identify a sequence for implementinghabitat practices to maximize efficiency and pro duce the best outcomes for wildlife. Manage ment plans are not static – they are workingdocuments that change depending on plantresponses to your practices, wildlife usage,economic costs, seed availability, the weatherand other factors.Match your management plan to the wildlifespecies you want to encourage. It is useful totarget your habitat management toward specificspecies or feature species. Those habitat manage ment practices which benefit a feature specieswill also likely benefit a host of other wildliferequiring similar habitat. Conversely, some habi tat practices may reduce or harm habitat forother wildlife. It is important to recognize whatyou are “giving up” as well. A simple exampleis creating small openings of 5 acres in amature oak forest. Openings may benefit turkeybut reduce habitat for gray squirrels and wood peckers. These tradeoffs need to be consideredcarefully before implementing any habitatpractice.A map aids in identifying where habitatimprovements are needed on your property. Thesize and arrangement of newly created habitataffect species’ responses. Cottontails do well inhabitat consisting of clovers and native forbs,native warm season grasses, blackberry thicketsand brushpiles in areas of one to five acres.Bobwhites use this habitat, but they also needshrubby areas, woodlands and old fields within40 to 80 acres. As such, the landowner needs tovisualize the location of current and future habi tat on a map. Some habitats require periodicmaintenance such as burning or mowing everyone to three years (or up to five years if growth is2 extremely slow) to keep grasslands in an earlysuccessional stage. The sequence of whenthese disturbances occur should be labeled onthe map.In summary, a good wildlife managementplan contains the following: A clear set of objectives identifying thefeature species with easily made measure ments to assess success. For example, a goodobjective would be: “Increase the number ofnesting eastern bluebirds on the property.”A written description of the area includingits location, number of acres, soil type(s),land use, vegetative cover and currentwildlife populations.Habitat requirements for the feature species.For example, eastern bluebirds are cavitynesters, so they require snags and/or artifi cial nesting structures. Bluebirds thrive onthe edge of open areas including old fields,pastures, yards and utility right of ways.These open areas should harbor plenty ofinsects (their food source) and be locatednear scattered areas of hardwoods.A plan of action for implementing the man agement practices. Use a sketch map or markon an aerial photograph to illustrate whereyour habitat practices will be implemented(Figure 3). Aerial photographs are availableat no charge from the Natural ResourcesConservation Service or the Farm ServiceFigure 3. An example of how an aerial photo of yourproperty and surrounding properties can help withplanning and improving wildlife habitat.
Unique EcosystemsConducting a habitat assessment is importantbefore making changes to your property. Is yourproperty part of a unique, contiguous, mature for est, swampy bottomland hardwoods, unbrokenprairie, forest glade or river canebreak? Followingare descriptions of these unique ecosystems: Mature forest. If youown a few acres of matureforest near a greater expanseof forest, consider avoidingmanagement practiceswhich greatly disturb thisecosystem. A contiguousforest benefits a number ofarea sensitive species, manyof which are consideredspecies of concern inArkansas. An example is thepileated woodpecker (Fig Figure A. Pileated wood ure A) which lives in mature peckers live in matureforests where minimalforests and requires largehabitat management isterritories of 160 to 250 acres. necessary. Photo by MikeThese large birds nest inOstry, USDA Forest Service–dead trees at least 12 inches North Central ResearchStation Archive, USDA Forestin diameter. They feed upon Service, Bugwood.org.carpenter ants which helprecycle dead or decaying wood in these matureforests. Tallgrass prairie. Prairies attract a number ofunique species such as the eastern meadowlark,grasshopper sparrow and ornate box turtle. Prairiegrasslands have never been plowed. Trees are eitherabsent or widely scattered on the landscape. Tall grass prairies are dominated by grasses such as bigbluestem and Indian grass as well as a large num ber of other species of grasses and wildflowers. Thevegetation sometimes reaches a height of 10 feet ormore. Periodic disturbance, such as a prescribedburn, is necessary to prevent woody growth frominvading the prairie. Bottomland hardwood forest. These wetlandforests are found along rivers and streams generallyin broad floodplains. Wetlands are areas wherewater covers the soil or is present either at or nearthe soil surface for varying periods of time duringthe year, or all year. Wetlands are comprised of dif ferent species of gum (Nyssa sp.), oak (Quercus sp.)and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), which havethe ability to survive in areas that are either season ally flooded or covered with water much of theyear. Oftentimes, other than controlling invasivespecies, minimal management is required for thisself sustaining habitat. Glade.Glades (Fig ure B) arerocky, openareas withexposed rockand little orno soil. Theseareas have notree canopyand very little Figure B. A unique nepheline syenite glade inPulaski County, Arkansas. Photo by Mary Smith,shrubs.Glades vary Audubon Arkansas.by soil depth, type of bedrock, moisture and topog raphy. Typically glades are found on southerly orwesterly facing slopes. Although the soil is mostlydry, particularly in summer months, pockets ofwater may be present. These seemingly barrenareas are of considerable ecological interest. A vari ety of plants thrive in such environments, some ofwhich are rare such as insectivorous plants calledsundews and bladderworts. Canebreak. Native canebreaks occur alongrivers and streams and are prime wildlife habitat.Giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea) can grow to aheight of 4 to 20 feet with leaf blades in groups of 3to 5 inches long and at least ½ inch wide tapering toa point. The stem is hollow and woody, perfect forhomemade cane fishing poles. Although river caneas a species is not imperiled, historically largeexpanses of cane no longer exist. The possiblyextinct Bachman’s warbler may have been a cane dependent species, as also the extinct passengerpigeon and Carolina parakeet. Several species ofbutterflies and bird species such as the Swainson’sand hooded warbler nest in canebreaks. Manyspecies such as deer, black bear and swamp rabbitseek cover in cane. Deer and rabbits feed on tendernew growth. Historically, wild turkey used cane.Bobwhites are known to inhabit short cane infrequently burned pine flatwoods. The seeds ofnative cane are reported to have more nutrientsthan rice or wheat. Native cane can be difficultto distinguish from its non native invasivecounterpart. Asian varieties are difficult to controland should not be planted as a substitute fornative cane.These increasingly rare ecosystems attractunique plants and animals. To learn more aboutmanaging these habitats, contact the resourceslisted near the end of this publication, includingthe Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission(http://www.naturalheritage.com, 501 324 9619). Somegovernment and nonprofit organizations areinterested in preserving these types of habitats andmay offer financial incentives for implementinghabitat practices. 3
Agency office in each county (http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app). Aerial photos arealso available on the internet through theSpatial Analysis Laboratory at the Universityof Arkansas at Monticello (http://sal.uamont.edu/), Geostor (http://www.geostor.arkansas.gov) or private companies such asTerraServer (http://terraserver usa.com/) andGoogle Earth (http://earth.google.com/).A plan of how you will assess your successand know when your objectives have beenachieved. For example, “Records will be keptof the number of bluebirds nesting in nestboxes, the number of eggs laid and numberof nestlings fledged.”A budget. Determine how much you are will ing to spend. Include costs for supplies suchas tree saplings or lumber for building birdhouses, equipment, fuel, labor or professionalservices.On smaller acreages, develop your plan toprovide habitat which is lacking within the homerange of your feature species. Think strategicallyabout habitat needs for species with home rangeslarger than your property size, such as white tailed deer or migratory songbirds. Use aerialmaps to determine which habitat is lacking inyour area. Develop a plan to provide the limitinghabitat which will attract wildlife to yourproperty.Tips for ManagingWildlife HabitatMany people know the relationshipsbetween acorns and deer and turkey,flower pollination and insects, berriesand our migrating songbirds, and milk weeds and monarch butterflies. When itcomes to woodland wildflowers, fewpeople know about the important rolethat some ants have in the dispersal ofseeds for plants such as spring beauties,trilliums, wild ginger and violets. Nativeplants and animals have achieved a pur pose, a role or niche in the environment,and their presence and well beingimprove the health of the ecosystem andbring balance.Identifying which plants are native can bedifficult. The National Invasive Species Council(www.invasivespecies.gov) defines an invasivespecies as one that is non native to the ecosystemand whose introduction will cause harm to theenvironment, economy and/or human health.Some non native plants become invasive(Table 2). They grow and reproduce quickly in anenvironment where natural controls are notpresent. Invasive plants outcompete other plantsand occupy habitat that minimizes plant diver sity. An example is Japanese honeysuckle whichdeer consume throughout the year, but itsprolific growth quickly dominates a habitat(Figure 4). Another example is sericea lespedeza,which was once a recommended wildlife plant ing but no longer (Figure 5). Control or eradicateinvasive plants already present on your property1. Go native.Wildlife are adapted to using a variety ofplants throughout the year. Managing for adiversity of native plants (Table 1) offers manyadvantages over non natives. Native plants areadapted to the rainfall, temperatures and soilconditions in Arkansas. These plants areequipped to survive the stresses of drought,temperature extremes, floods and plant diseasespresent in the area.Relationships between plants and wildlifehave developed in ways yet undiscovered. DaveTylka in his book Native Landscaping for Wildlifeand People writes:4 Figure 4. Although white tailed deer consume Japanesehoneysuckle, its prolific growth quickly overtakes nativeplant species. Photo by Chuck Bargeron, University ofGeorgia, Bugwood.org.
Table 1. Native plants which attract wildlife.LARGE TREESAmerican beechAmerican elmBlack gumSwamp chestnut oakGreen ashHackberryLongleaf pinePecanSouthern red oakTulip treeWhite ashWhite oakWillow oakFagus grandifoliaUlmus americanaNyssa sylvaticaQuercus michauxiiFraxinus pennsylvanicaCeltis laevigataPinus palustrisCarya illinoensisQuercus falcataLiriodendron tulipiferaFraxinus americanaQuercus albaQuercus phellosSMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED TREESBlack cherryPrunus serotinaBox elderAcer negundoCherry laurelPrunus carolinianaChickasaw plumPrunus angustifoliaCrab appleMalus angustifoliaEastern redbudCercis canadensisFlowering dogwoodCornus floridaHawthornsCrataegus spp.HolliesIlex spp.IronwoodCarpinus carolinianaPawpawAsimina trilobaPersimmonDiospyros virginianaRed mulberryMorus rubraSassafrasSassafras albidumServiceberryAmelanchier arboreaSilverbellHalesia dipteraSumacRhus spp.Wild plumPrunus americanaSHRUBSAmerican beautyberry(French mulberry)American ’s walking stickElderberryFalse indigoHolliesHuckleberryPossumhawRed buckeyeSpicebushWahooVINESBlackberry, DewberryCoral honeysuckleCross vineTrumpet vineVirginia creeperWILDFLOWERSBee balm (horsemint)Black eyed SusanButterflyweedCardinal flowerCallicarpa americanaIlex opacaViburnum spp.Cephalanthus occidentalisVaccinium spp.Aronia arbutifoliaAralia spinosaSambucus canadensisAmorpha fruticosaIlex spp.Gaylussacia spp.Ilex deciduaAesculus paviaLindera benzoinEuonymus americanusRubus spp.Lonicera sempervirensBignonia capreolataCampsis radicansParthenocissus quinquefoliaMonarda spp.Rudbeckia hirtaAsclepias tuberosaLobelia cardinalisCarolina vetchCommon milkweedCompass plantIndian paintbrushIronweedLanceleaf coreopsisLespedeza (native)Partridge peaPrairie dockPurple beardtonguePurple coneflowerRose verbenaRosin weedRattlesnake masterSalviaShowy goldenrodTall blazing starGRASSESBig bluestemBroomsedgeIndian grassLittle bluestemRiver oatsSideoats gramaSwitchgrassVicia carolinianaAsclepias syriacaSilphium laciniatumCastilleja coccineaVernonia altissimaCoreopsis lanceolataLespedeza virginicaChamaecrista fasciculataSilphium laciniatumPenstemon cobaeaEchinacea purpureaGlandularia canadensisSilphium integrifoliumEryngium yuccifoliumSalvia spp.Solidago speciosaLiatris asperaAndropogon gerardiiAndropogon virginicusSorghastrum nutansSchizachyrium scopariumChasmanthium latifoliumBouteloua curtipendulaPanicum virgatumTable 2. Aggressive native and exotic plantspecies to avoid planting for wildlife. (Adaptedfrom Tylka 2002 and USDA Forest Service SouthernRegion Task Force on Assessment to Identify HighThreat Invasive Species.)NATIVE PLANTSCommon sunflowerHorseweedJoe pye weedGreenbrierReed canary grassSesbaniaSawtooth sunflowerTall coreopsisTall goldenrodTick trefoilWild lettuceWild potato vineYarrowEXOTIC PLANTSAutumn oliveBush honeysucklesCaucasian bluestemCrownvetchCommon privetJapanese honeysuckleJohnsongrassKudzu vineMultiflora roseMusk thistlePurple loosestrifeQueen Anne’s laceRussian oliveSericea lespedezaSweet clover (white andyellow)Tall fescueWinged euonymusHelianthus annuusConyza canadensisEupatorium purpureumSmilax spp.Phalaris arundinaceaSesbania exaltataHelianthus grosseserratusCoreopsis tripterisSolidago altissimaDesmodium perplexumLactuca canadensisIpomoea pandurataAchillea millefoliumElaeagnus umbellataLonicera morrowii,Lonicera maackiiAndropogon bladhiiSecurigera variaLigustrum sinenseLonicera japonicaSorghum halepensePueraria lobataRose multifloraCarduus nutansLythrum salicariaDaucus carotaElaeagnus angustifoliaLespedeza cuneataMelilotus alba andMelilotus officinalisFestuca arundinaceaEuonymus alatus 5
using a combination ofherbicides and otherpractices such as diskingor burning. Check withyour local county Exten sion agent for recom mendations aboutcontrolling invasiveplants.Old Pasturesand Fields. Choicenative grasses are bigFigure 5. Sericeabluestem (Figure 6),lespedeza is no longerlittle bluestem, Indianrecommended as awildlife planting becausegrass and switchgrass.its invasive qualities haveThese bunch grassesoutpaced benefits forprovide better nestingwildlife. Photo by James H.and brood rearing cover Miller @ USDA NRCSthan sod formingPLANTS Database.grasses such as fescue,bermudagrass and bahiagrass. An ideal stand ofnative grasses will have clumps of grass withbare ground underneath providing travel lanesfor young cottontails and thumb sized bobwhitechicks. The tall grasses above create an umbrellaor canopy effectivelyhiding them from pred ators. These tall grassesafford cover for a num ber of other species aswell, such as beddingareas for deer. A second year field of nativegrasses with some first year dead plant materialprovides ideal habitatfor ground nestingbirds. Native grassesFigure 6. Big bluestem isrequire maintenancea native warm seasonclump grass ideally suited activities such as disk for nesting and brooding ing or burning everyof wild turkey and bob one to three years towhites. Photo by Jenniferkeep the field in an earlyAnderson @ USDA NRCSsuccessional stage.PLANTS Database.Establishing nativewarm season grasses can take several years. Formore information about appropriate herbicidetreatments and establishment practices, contactyour local county Extension office.6 Around the Home. If landscaping is yourinterest, consider turning your yard into anative showcase. Native plants, particularlynectar producing plants, will attract butterfliesand hummingbirds. To plant seeds, prepare aweed free seedbed of 2 to 3 inches of loose soil.Ask your county Extension agent for recommen dations to rid an area of grass and competingplants before planting. Cover the seed verylightly or not at all. If the plot is watered, use afine spray. A light covering of straw or pineneedles may help hold the seed in place onslopes. To help germination, press the seed intothe soil using a roller (a large cylinder device)attached to a tractor or ATV, or tamp with a hoeor rake, or walk on the planted seedbed.Figure 7. The American Beautyberry, also called FrenchMulberry, is a native plant consumed by white taileddeer and songbirds and also is an attractive ornamentalshrub. Photo by the author.Seeds or pots of native plants can bepurchased from several horticultural or seedbusinesses throughout Arkansas or propagatedfrom the seed of wild plants. Note that manypublic lands prohibit collecting plants or theirseeds. If collecting seed from someone else’sproperty, always get permission first.The Arkansas Native Plant Society (www.anps.org) lists certified seed sources on its website and sells a checklist of Arkansas nativeplants. Other excellent resources for identifyingnative plants are the USDA Plant Database(http://plants/usda/gov), the Lady Bird JohnsonNational Wildflower Center’s Native Plant Net work (http://www.wildflower.org/), the ArkansasNatural Heritage Commission (501 324 9619,http://www.naturalheritage.com/) and your countyExtension agent (www.uaex.uada.edu).
2. Disk lightly, no seeds required.Another option for encouraging native plantsis disking to release seeds from the seedbed(Figure 8). Light disking will encourage growthof annual plant communities and provide avegetation structure for grassland species such asbobwhites, cottontails and songbirds. For thepast several decades, bobwhite numbers havebeen declining in Arkansas and the Southeast.Bobwhites thrive in complex landscapes thatresemble a patchwork of small crop fields, oldfields, woodlands and brush. Strip disking on aone to three year rotation creates multipleFigure 9. Prescribed fire on 10 acre area near Booneville,Arkansas. Photo by the U.S. Forest Service.your local county forester with the ArkansasForestry Commission. Typically, burns are con ducted January March to encourage lush plantgrowth of forbs in the spring, but fall burns canresult in growth of seed bearing plants. Avoidburning in the spring and summer when animalsare being born.4. Mow high and inside out.Figure 8. This native plant growth occurred shortlyafter disking a field. Photo by Lynn Betts, USDA NaturalResources Conservation Service.habitat types in a relatively small area. Diskingin the winter produces forbs and wildflowerswhile disking in April increases seed producinggrasses, though results can vary depending onthe seedbed. If non native plants are predomi nate on disked soil, herbicide treatment may benecessary. For more information about disking,see publication FSA9100, Light Disking to ImproveWildlife Habitat in Grasslands and Old Fields.3. Burn, burn, burn.Prescribed burning (Figure 9) is a cost efficient and effective tool for encouraging nativeplants in fields and woodlands. Fire scarifiesseeds promoting germination and opens up theground for native seeds to take root, resulting ina flush of plant growth. For small acreages, pre scribed burning may not be feasible because ofproximity to other residences, smoke issues,liability issues and safety considerations. If burn ing is an option, hire a professional by contactingOf the many alternatives for managingwildlife habitat, mowing is the least preferredbut probably most used practice. Unlike pre scribed fire or grazing elk herds of centuries ago,mowing does little to open bare ground or pro mote soil nutrient cycling which encourages newplant growth and food sources for wildlife.Mowing can be an effective habitat manage ment tool if used properly and discriminately.Mowing can control non native plants and pre vent woody growth in grassland habitats. Mowpastures and grasslands after July 15 or later toavoid disturbing late broods of ground nestingbirds or late born fawns. Mow plants whichcompete with native grasses and forbs to preventthem from going to seed. Raise the blade 8 to 12inches high when bushhogging to encourageroot growth and improve winter survival ofnative grasses. When mowing the yard, set themower at its highest level, usually 3 to 4 inches.Whether mowing your yard or pasture, startin the middle and mow toward the outerborders. This will allow wildlife to stay in or fleeto existing cover during the mowing operation.Less wildlife will be killed by lawnmowers, trac tor wheels or cutter blades rather than being 7
trapped inside an ever decreasing circle. Thismethod also decreases predation by predatorswhich make an easy meal of a rabbit or turkeypoult trying to cross open ground.If mowing with a tractor, consider attaching aflushing bar to the front to move wildlife awayfrom dangerous wheels and cutters (Figure 10).Attach lengths of chain (1 4 inch with galvanizedcoating) to 10 feet or more of PCV pipe or angleiron offset to the front of the tractor. The chainFigure 10.A wildlife flushingbar viewed frominside a tractorcab.should be long enough to ride just above thesurface of the ground. Space the chains 18 to 24inches apart. The rattling chains will causerabbits and quail to move away. Watch forconcealed or slow moving wildlife such as boxturtles or fawns and relocate them if necessary.Leave field borders and drainages uncut andallow tall grasses and shrubs to grow. Excellentwildlife habitat can be created by leaving uncutareas 30 feet or more from the field border.Irregularly shaped field borders provide morecover for wildlife. Maintain early plant succes sion between woodland edges and fences bymowing 10 foot strips every year before April 1or after July 15.5. Supplemental feeding is for thebirds (not mammals).Bird feeders come in a variety of shapes andsizes, but the best feeders are cylinders withpost perches. This birdfeeder design limitsaggressive birds from gobbling up too manyseeds (Figure 11). Black oil sunflower seedsattract the widest variety of birds, such as cardi nals, chickadees, goldfinches and nuthatches.Throw white proso millet on the ground or on aplatform feeder to attract ground feeders such asmourning doves, sparrows and juncos. Cleanfeeders with a weak bleach solution and ceasesummer feeding to reduce disease transmission.In the winter months, attract birds using beefsuet (fat) hug from a wire basket, mesh fruit bagor log with holes cut into it and stuffed with suet.8 Humming bird feeders canbe filled withone part sugar tofour parts water.Red dye can beadded to thewater initially toattract hummersbut is not neces sary once thebirds becomeaccustom to thelocation. Hum Figure 11. Chickadees and othermingbird feeders backyard birds are attracted towill also attract black oil sunflower seeds dispensedorioles, as well as in cylinder feeders with perches.Photo by Alfred Viola, Northeasternunwanted ants University, Bugwood.org.and wasps. Antscan be thwarted by greasing the string holderwith petroleum jelly or creating a moat filledwith water. If wasps are a problem, consider pur chasing a hummingbird feeder where the sugarwater is farther from the opening. Humming birds have tongues which are longer than themouthparts of wasps. Hummingbird feedersneed to be cleaned frequently, particularly in thesummer months when the sugar water canferment in a matter of days. Clean with hot waterand scrub out algae if needed.Mammals such as squirrels, deer and blackbear have been known to incidentally feed onseeds from bird feeders (Figure 12). However,attracting wildlife to corn feeders, piles of wheator other grains is not advisable. And somebelieve bird feeding should be stopped, too. AFigure 12. Sometimes wildlife other than songbirdsfeed on birdseed. Photo by Brian Fillmore,www.hopatcongpolice.org.
literature
the type of habitat and wildlife that currently exist on your property and your habitat goals. It also depends on the habitat and wildlife in surrounding properties. Implementing a habitat practice could benefit some wildlife species and be detrimental to others. However, practically every landholding c
Bruksanvisning för bilstereo . Bruksanvisning for bilstereo . Instrukcja obsługi samochodowego odtwarzacza stereo . Operating Instructions for Car Stereo . 610-104 . SV . Bruksanvisning i original
10 tips och tricks för att lyckas med ert sap-projekt 20 SAPSANYTT 2/2015 De flesta projektledare känner säkert till Cobb’s paradox. Martin Cobb verkade som CIO för sekretariatet för Treasury Board of Canada 1995 då han ställde frågan
service i Norge och Finland drivs inom ramen för ett enskilt företag (NRK. 1 och Yleisradio), fin ns det i Sverige tre: Ett för tv (Sveriges Television , SVT ), ett för radio (Sveriges Radio , SR ) och ett för utbildnings program (Sveriges Utbildningsradio, UR, vilket till följd av sin begränsade storlek inte återfinns bland de 25 största
Hotell För hotell anges de tre klasserna A/B, C och D. Det betyder att den "normala" standarden C är acceptabel men att motiven för en högre standard är starka. Ljudklass C motsvarar de tidigare normkraven för hotell, ljudklass A/B motsvarar kraven för moderna hotell med hög standard och ljudklass D kan användas vid
LÄS NOGGRANT FÖLJANDE VILLKOR FÖR APPLE DEVELOPER PROGRAM LICENCE . Apple Developer Program License Agreement Syfte Du vill använda Apple-mjukvara (enligt definitionen nedan) för att utveckla en eller flera Applikationer (enligt definitionen nedan) för Apple-märkta produkter. . Applikationer som utvecklas för iOS-produkter, Apple .
regarding fish, wildlife, and habitat WAC 365-190-130 We are purveyors of BAS for fish, wildlife and habitat Under state law, WDFW has an obligation on behalf of the public to perpetuate fish and wildlife—which are considered property of the state. RCW 77.04.
HABITAT III POLICY PAPER 2 – SOCIO-CULTURAL URBAN FRAMEWORKS 29 February 2016 (Unedited version) 1 This Habitat III Policy Paper has been prepared by the Habitat III Policy Unit 2 members and submitted by 29 February 2016. The Policy Paper template provided by the Habitat III Secretariat has been followed. Habitat III Policy Units are co-led by two international organizations and composed by .
RM0008 Contents Doc ID 13902 Rev 9 3/995 4.3.1 Slowing down system clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
