COURTESY OF NIPAM PATEL - HHMI
H ow ar d H ughe s Me di cal I ns ti tutew w w.hhmi .or gBody Patterning Getsan Early Start4000 Jones Bridge RoadChevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789www.hhmi.orgD U RI N G E M B RYO N I C D E VE L O P M E N T O F THE AM P HI P O D C RU S TAC E A NPA R H YA L E H AWA I E N S I S , C E L L S ARE O RG AN I Z E D I N TO A P RE C I S E PAT T E R NO F ROWS AN D C O L U M N S , FO RE S HAD OWI N G THE S E G M E N TE D B ODY O F T H EAD U LT. I N THI S I M AG E , PARTI C U L AR C E L L ROWS THAT E X P RE S S TH E E N G R A I L E DG E N E G L OW RE D, WHI L E AL L N U C L E I ARE HI G HL I G HTE D I N B L U E .WINDOWTOINTERVENESudden cardiac deathkills as many as 300 youngathletes each year.The root cause is oftengenetic. But nowa new test offers answersand insight.NONPROFIT ORG.US POSTAGEPAIDHYATTSVILLE, MDPERMIT NO. 61Change Service Requestedvo l . 1 8 / n o. 2i n this issue : alternative splicing/ janeliaVol 18 No. 02BULLETINC O U R T E S Y O F N I PA M PAT E LHHMI BULLETIN H ow a r d H u g h es M edica l I n st it u t e www.hhmi.o r gHHMISeptember ’05researchers / cilia
C O U RT E S Y O F S E A N C A R RO L LOBSERVATIONSpg45THE BIRTH OF EVO-DEVOA new discipline forms at the interface of embryology and evolutionary biology.D R . L I N D A S TA N N A R D , U C T / P H O T O R E S E A R C H E R S , I N CThe mosquito-borne West Nile virus(WNV), a member of the same familyof RNA viruses that cause yellow feverand St. Louis encephalitis, can afflicthumans with flu-like symptoms orworse. The outer coat capsid, shownin red in this colored transmissionelectron micrograph, is composedlargely of protein E, which helpsWNV bind to host cells during infection. HHMI undergraduate fellowChristopher Doane set out to developan antibody targeted at protein E thatwould neutralize the virus.A CLOSE-UP VIEW OF ABUTTERFLY WING EYESPOTREVEALS THE COLOR PATTERNFORMED BY ROWS OF SCALES.EACH SCALE IS THE PRODUCTOF A SINGLE CELL.“Almost immediately after the first sets of fruit fly genes were characterized came a bombshell that triggered a new revolution in evolutionary biology. For more than a century, biologists had assumedthat different types of animals were genetically constructed in completely different ways. The greater the disparity in animal form, theless (if anything) the development of two animals would have incommon at the level of their genes. One of the architects of theModern Synthesis, Ernst Mayr, had written that “the search forhomologous genes is quite futile except in very close relatives.” Butcontrary to the expectations of any biologist, most of the genes firstidentified as governing major aspects of fruit fly body organizationwere found to have exact counterparts that did the same thing inmost animals, including ourselves. This discovery was followed bythe revelation that the development of various body parts such aseyes, limbs, and hearts, vastly different in structure among animalsand long thought to have evolved in entirely different ways, was alsogoverned by the same genes in different animals. The comparisonof developmental genes between species became a new disciplineat the interface of embryology and evolutionary biology–evolutionarydevelopmental biology, or “Evo Devo” for short.The first shots in the Evo Devo revolution revealed that despitetheir great differences in appearance and physiology, all complexanimals–flies and flycatchers, dinosaurs and trilobites, butterfliesand zebras and humans–share a common “tool kit” of “master”genes that govern the formation and patterning of their bodies andbody parts.The important point to appreciate from the onset isthat its discovery shattered our previous notions of animal relationships and of what made animals different, and opened upa whole new way of looking at evolution.”From the book Endless Forms Most Beautiful by Sean B. Carroll, 2005 bySean B. Carroll. Reprinted with permission of the publisher, W.W. Norton &Company, Inc.A molecular biologist and HHMI investigator at the University ofWisconsin–Madison, Sean Carroll researches the way new animal forms haveevolved. His studies of a wide variety of animal species have dramaticallychanged the face of evolutionary biology. For more information about his work,visit www.hhmi.org/research/investigators/carroll bio.html
vol.18/september ’M5no. M2D E PA RT M E N T S33754President’s LetterPerspective & OpinionsChronicle: Lab BookExpanding OpportunitiesWilliam Jacobs / Katherine High / Q&AHHMI scientists identify newsyndrome / Neurotransmitter controlsimportant behaviors / Gene providesclues to immune system44258CentrifugeChronicle: International ScienceChronicle: Nota BeneAvocational astronomers / An amateurtrumpet player / Two investigatorswhose paths seem oddly parallelNew international research scholarsappointed / Toronto scientist createsway to identify gene interactionsNews of recent awards and othernotable achievements74560UpfrontChronicle: Science EducationChronicle: ExcerptsWound healing / Undergraduatescience / The structure of abnormalprotein segments / How skin formslayers / Tracking a mutationUndergrad finds possible West Nilecure / Bowdoin animations helpstudents see the science / Medical anddental students win HHMI researchawards / HHMI initiatives helpdisadvantaged students / Friends ofNestor Santiago help fund a scienceteacher / New DVD explores bioethicsAsk a Scientist / Fast facts about Janelia/ and more52Inside Back CoverChronicle: Up-CloseObservationsProtein Disposal: Gumming Upthe WorksThe Birth of Evo-DevoF E AT U R E S16222832Window ToInterveneAlternativeSplicingSolving BigQuestionsThe Importanceof Being CiliaResearchers have long assumedthat one gene usually codes forone protein. But there’s evidencethat the rule instead is “one gene,many proteins.” How does thathappen?Poised to engage in some ofscience’s largest riddles, sevenresearchers are appointed to bethe first group leaders at HHMI’sJanelia Farm Research Campus.Once considered merely a vestigeof evolution, cilia are in fact essential to many of the body’s organs.As researchers learn more aboutcilia’s role in disease, they’re starting to pay this once-ignoredorganelle much more attention.WWW.HHMI.ORG / BULLETINCOVER IMAGE: JOHN HUET[cover sto r y ]Sudden cardiac death kills asmany as 300 young athletes eachyear. The root cause is oftengenetic. But now a new test offersanswers and insight.Visit the Bulletin Online for additionalcontent and added features.
C O N T R I B U TO R SKathryn Brown is principal of EndPoint Creative, LLC, a communications company that works with science, medical, and technology organizations. Brown is apast contributing correspondent for Science, and her work has also appeared inScientific American , Technology Review , Discover , New Scientist , and othernational magazines. Among other honors, she won the National Association ofScience Writers Clark/Payne Award for Science Journalism in 1999. (1)After earning a master’s degree in medical and biological illustration from the JohnsHopkins School of Medicine in 1997, Graham Johnson moved to the Salk Instituteto complete illustrations for the textbook Cell Biology, by Tom Pollard and Bill Earnshaw. He cofounded fivth.com and continued work in Boulder, Colorado as a freelance medical illustrator/animator. This fall, Johnson begins a Ph.D. program in molecular biology at the Scripps Research Institute, where he hopes to advance techniquesfor visualizing molecular interactions within cellular contexts. (3)(1)(2)(3)Paul Muhlrad did his doctoral dissertation on worm sperm ( A Genetic and Molec-ular Analysis of Spermiogenesis Initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans). He writesfrom Tucson, Arizona, where he lives with his wife and two daughters. Betweenfreelance assignments, he enjoys digital photography, riding his recumbent bike,and playing the banjo (but hardly ever at the same time). (4)H H M I T RU S T E E SHHMI OFFICERSJames A. Baker, III, Esq.Senio r Partner / Baker & Bo ttsThomas R. Cech, Ph.D. / PresidentPeter J. Bruns, Ph.D. / V.P. fo r Grants & Special Pro gramsDavid A. Clayton, Ph.D. / V.P. & Chief Scientific OfficerStephen M. Cohen / V.P. & Chief Financial OfficerJoseph D. Collins / V.P. fo r Info rmatio n Techno lo gyJoan S. Leonard, Esq. / V.P. & General Co unselAvice A. Meehan / V.P. fo r Co mmunicatio ns & Public AffairsGerald M. Rubin, Ph.D. / V.P. & Directo r, Janelia Farm Research CampusLandis Zimmerman / V.P. & Chief Investment OfficerRichard G. DarmanPartner / The Carly le Gro upChairman o f the Bo ard / AES Co rp.Frank William GayFo rmer President & CEO / SUMMA Co rpo ratio nJoseph L. Goldstein, M.D.Pro fesso r & Chairman, Department o f Mo lecular Genetics /University o f Texas So uthwestern Medical Center at DallasHanna H. Gray, Ph.D., ChairmanPresident Emeritus & Harry Pratt Judso nDistinguished Service Pro fesso r o f Histo ry / The University o f ChicagoGarnett L. KeithSeaBridge Investment Adviso rs, L.L.C.Fo rmer Vice Chairman & Chief Financial Officer/The Prudential Insurance Co mpany o f AmericaJeremy R. Knowles, D.Phil.Dean Emeritus & Amo ry Ho ughto n Pro fesso r o fChemistry & Bio chemistry / Harvard UniversityWilliam R. Lummis, Esq.Fo rmer Chairman o f the Bo ard o f Directo rs & CEO /The Ho ward Hughes Co rpo ratio nH H M I B U L L E T I N S TA F FStephen G. Pelletier / Edito rJim Keeley / Science Edito rJennifer Donovan / Educatio n Edito rPatricia Foster / Asso ciate Directo r o f Co mmunicatio ns fo rWeb & Special Pro jectsMary Beth Gardiner / Assistant Edito rA D D I T I O N A L CO N T R I B U TO R SSteven Marcus, Cay Butler, Kathy Savory / EditingLaura Bonetta, Katherine Wood / Fact CheckingMaya Pines / Co ntributing Edito rVSA Partners, NYC / Co ncept & DesignDavid Herbick Design / Publicatio n DesignKurt L. SchmokeDean / Ho ward University Scho o l o f LawAnne M. TatlockChairman & CEO / Fiduciary Trust Co mpany Internatio nalThe opinions, beliefs, and viewpoints expressed by authors in the HHMI Bulletin do notnecessarily reflect the opinions, beliefs, viewpoints, or official policies of the Howard HughesMedical Institute.2(4)HHMI BULLETIN SEPTEMBER 2005HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTETelephone (301) 215.8855 Fax (301) 215.8863 www.hhmi.org 2005 Howard Hughes Medical InstituteB R OW N : P E T E R K R O G HAfter studying photojournalism at the University of Missouri, Paul Fetters spent fiveyears in New York City shooting for USA Today, Time, Newsweek, and other publications. Now based in Falls Church, Virginia, he travels throughout the United Statesand the world completing photo assignments for corporate, nonprofit, magazine, andgallery clients. (2)
PRESIDENT’S LETTERE XPA N DIN G OP PO R T UN IT IESMore than 80 aspiring scientists converged on our headquarters earlier this year for an unusual 3-day meeting—and it wasn’t simply the exuberant ice cream socialthat set it apart from the many other meetings HHMIhosts each year. Gathered in the Great Hall were morethan 50 undergraduates, selected from among the thousands of students who participate in research projectsthat HHMI funds each year at liberal arts colleges andresearch universities. They were about to commence anexperimental—and experiential—adventure, a summerof research in the laboratory of an HHMI investigatoror professor. Last year’s veterans also joined the throngto present their work and share their experiences.So what made this meeting exceptional? The very presence of these students and what they represent for thefuture of science. Three years ago, HHMI quietlybegan a new initiative called EXROP—the Exceptional Research Opportunities Program—in an effort toencourage minority and disadvantaged students toconsider careers in science. Through all the planning,two individuals offered inspiration and encouragement: James Gilliam, Jr., who served as a charter trusteeof the Institute from 1984 until his untimely death in2003, and Freeman Hrabowski, president of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC).B A RT N A G E LI met Freeman more than a decade ago when Harold Varmus, then director of the National Institutes of Health,suggested that we might have common interests. He wasright. Raised and educated in Birmingham, Alabama, atthe height of the civil rights movement, Freeman is a mathematician who was initially recruited to UMBC to create a bold new program. The Meyerhoff Scholars Program began with a goal of developing a new generationof African American engineers and mathematicians. Ithas since expanded to encompass students interested ina wide variety of scientific disciplines.Like Michael Summers, an HHMI investigator atUMBC, I became a convert. Over the past decade, 16Meyerhoff Scholars have spent summers in my lab inBoulder, Colorado, and each of them has gone on tomedical or graduate school. The overall success rate ofthe program is equally impressive. Since 1993, whenthe first class graduated, roughly 80 percent of themore than 400 Meyerhoff Scholars have gone on to graduate or medical school. In biochemistry, UMBC isconsistently among the national leaders in undergraduate degrees awarded to African Americans.Thomas R. CechPresidentHoward Hughes Medical Instituteto us that careful mentoring and high standards wouldbe fundamental to expanding scientific opportunities to disadvantaged students. We quickly realized thatit wouldn’t work if we simply shipped our students crosscountry into high-powered labs: The scientists needed to have appropriate research projects and a commitment to mentoring, which typically involves boththe investigator and a hands-on grad student or postdoc in the lab. A community of undergraduate students is essential, as is a good living environment. Webegan slowly. First, we asked those who administer ourprograms at the colleges and universities to nominatepromising students from disadvantaged backgroundsor from groups traditionally underrepresented in thesciences. We believed they would know best whowould benefit from the summer experience. Then weasked for volunteer mentors among HHMI investigators and the new HHMI professors.That first year, we placed 32 students in the laboratories of 25 different scientists. As of this summer, atotal of 143 students have participated in EXROP,along with 116 scientists. We’re now looking at a variety of ways to foster community among this extraordinary group of young people by bringing them together in scientific symposia and through other activities.That brings me back to Jim Gilliam, who long encouraged us to think creatively about how HHMI couldincrease diversity within the ranks of American scienceprofessors. The Gilliam Graduate Fellowships, created by HHMI in Jim’s honor, will be awarded each yearon a competitive basis to EXROP students pursuinga Ph.D. in the biomedical sciences. This issue of theHHMI Bulletin reports on the first six Gilliam Fellows(see page 49).Jim Gilliam might seem like a remote figure to theseyoung people. By the time they were born, he waslong out of law school and well on his way to a distinguished career in government, business, and civicaffairs. But the lesson of Jim’s life carries a powerfulmessage. As his 85-year-old father, known universally as “Senior,” pointed out to the EXROP students, JimGilliam wasn’t one to accept the status quo. That lesson holds as well in life as it does in science.The success of the Meyerhoff program demonstratedSEPTEMBER 2005 HHMI BULLETIN3
CENTRIFUGENightWatchmenalumni investigator works as a developmental biologist,studying tissue-size regulation in slime molds at Rice University in Houston. At night, he often takes to the Texascountryside wearing another hat—that of astronomer. ForGomer, though, stargazing is more than a passing fancy. Heapproaches his nighttime avocation with the same robustdedication he applies in the lab. And he has significant resultsto show for it. He’s part of a team that reports its findingsin publications such as The Astrophysical Journal.Gomer’s split identity emerged during his undergraduatedays. He had a knack for building electronic devices, so onesummer he and a buddy, Keith Horne, took some junkparts and created a light detector for use with a telescope.It worked pretty well, he says, and even though Gomerchanged his scientific focus from astronomy to biologysoon afterward, his invention lived on. “I kept making thedetector system fancier, adding more bells and whistles.”Thirty years later, he still designs new detectors and works aspart of a team led by Horne, now an astronomer at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. Gomer regularly hauls hisgear to famous mountain-top telescopes, including the W. M.Keck Observatory in Hawaii, the Carnegie Institution’s telescopes in Chile, and Caltech’s Palomar Observatory.Gomer likes the way astronomy enables him to combine observations from an x-ray satellite and from his homemadeRIGHT ASTRONOMYIS ONE FIELD IN WHICHA DEDICATED AMATEURLIKE RICHARD GOMERCAN MAKE A MAJORCONTRIBUTION.4D A V I D K I N G SL E Y”equipment with, say, theoretical physics. Not only is astronomy fun, he says, “it’s nice to do something different andclean out your brain. When I get back to the biology lab,I’ll be refreshed.”For another investigator-astronomer, amateur stargazing isone more way to understand where we come from.Last January, biologist David M. Kingsley was busily gathering images of stickleback fish, which he studies for cluesto the molecular basis of evolution, to accompany a paperhe had submitted to Science. He finally settled on detailedanatomical drawings made by French naturalist GeorgesCuvier in 1829. Craving a break from a grueling workweek, the Stanford University School of Medicine-based HHMIinvestigator set up his backyard telescope and gazed at themoon. On that clear winter night, he spotted a peculiar cluster of three craters and started sketching them, wonderinghow they came to be. Kingsley next discovered a startlingcoincidence: One of the craters was named for Cuvier.Speaking to analogous connections, Kingsley observes,“Our stickleback evolution project looks at how life-formsarise and change on Earth. Astronomy pushes those questions even further back: Where did the solar system and Earthcome from? Or our galaxy? Or the universe?”Kingsley’s drive to observe heavenly sights often takes himto spectacularly beautiful places. In March, he headed tothe remote Flinders Range of Australia to ponder the southern skies for 10 nights. “There we were in the middle of itall,” recalls Kingsley. “Look down and you could see the verystrata where life’s complexity first evolved on our own planet. Look up and you could contemplate the evolution of entiregalaxies, stars, clusters, and nebulae.”This past summer Kingsley escaped the city lights to spendtime at one of his favorite places for stargazing: Lassen Volcanic National Park in northern California. And there’s apractical bonus, he says. “These trips are a great chance towrite papers. And I’ve written some of my best grants whileholed up in the mountains with a telescope.” Karen F. Schmidt G O M E R : R O C K Y K N E T E N , K I N G S L E Y: K AY C H E R N U S HRICHARD H. GOMER LEADS A DOUBLE LIFE. BY DAY, THE HHMIIf evolutionarybiology looks athow life-formsarise and change,“astronomy pushesthose questionseven further.
CENTRIFUGEThe Trumpet of the Zonpharmaceutical labs surrounding HarvardMedical School.Squeezing in practice time requires ingenuity, especially when he’s traveling.Zon has “blown” in stairwells and parkedcars, for example—the latter coming asa surprise to students at Caltech, whoonce came upon him trumpeting in arental car with the windows rolled up.Zon plays any of a wide array of instruments. His collection includes somecustom-made trumpets and a “piccolotrumpet,” a small horn that enables himto play certain standout high parts in Bachas well as the memorable solos in the Beatles’ “Penny Lane.”LEONARD ZON’S DREAM IS TO PLAY BOSTON’SSYMPHONY HALL—“EVEN IF I PLAYED 14TH TRUM
answers and insight. Solving Big Questions Poised to engage in some of science’s largest riddles, seven researchers are appointed to be the first group leaders at HHMI’s Janelia Farm Research Campus. The Importance of Being Cilia Once considered merely a vestige of evolution, cilia are in fact essen-tial to many of the body’s organs.
14 2013-2014 dr. vinaya. patel dr. jayesh m. vaghasia dr. bhupendra m. shah dr. chetan n. patel dr. navin d. patel dr. bhaskar mahajan dr. bharat r. patel
the Missouri Botanical Garden and pro-gram director of an hhmi precollege sci-ence education grant there, was elected a foreign member of the society. Stephen J. Elledge, an hhmi investigator at Baylor College of Medicine, won the 2002 National Academy of Sciences Award in Molecular Biology. The award recognizes a young scientist who has made a .
Research Fellow of HP - Sanfrancisco (USA) Shri Chandrakant Patel, President of SVPES and Chairman of Bardoli Sugar Factory Shri Ramanbhai Patel, Chairman of Surat District Bank Shri Nareshbhai Patel, President of Surat District Cooperative Union Shri Bhikhabhai Patel,
A. DR. TAYANT PATEL 4. For two years, between April 2003 and April 2005, Dr Jayant Patel (“Patel”) was Director ofSurgeryat theBundabergBase Hospital (“BBH”). Dr Patel was born, and
1. shri bhanjibhai k. patel president 2. shri rameshcandra g. desai immediate past president 3. shri niranjanbhai m. patel vice president 4. shri kantilal s. patel secretary 5. shri amrutbhai l. patel treasurer 6. shri ketanbhai n. shah joint secretary-i 7. shri nareshbhai r. shah joint secretary-ii 8. shri harisinh t. solanki member 9.
Sardar Patel's life and career is a lesson in grit, sagacity and decisive leadership. He earned the reputation of 'Iron Man' because of the manner in which he brought about and maintained internal stability as Home Minister in the wake of the partition of the country. Sardar Patel with Raja Hari Singh of Kashmir Sardar Patel with Nizam of .
“Project Management.” All other chapters were revised and updated with additional information presented at the 2005 course. As a companion to this book,BWF and HHMI have also developed a how-to guide for organizing tr
Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., Akert, R. M., & Sommers, S. R. (2016). Social psychology (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. American Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. Course Learning Outcomes: The primary objective of the course is to provide you with a .
