Lean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools And Methods
Electric Drivesand ControlsHydraulicsLinear Motion andAssembly TechnologiesPneumaticsServiceLean Manufacturing:Principles, Tools and MethodsVersion2.5Improve productivity and increase profits through lean manufacturing
2Bosch Rexroth CorporationLean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and Methods1Introduction: The 9 Principles of Lean ManufacturingThe 9 PrinciplesIn today’s manufacturing environment,assembly work is routinely characterized by short production cycles andconstantly diminishing batch sizes,while the variety of product types andmodels continues to increase. Constantpressure to shorten lead times adds tothese demands and makes the mix trulychallenging, even for the most innovativemanufacturers.The ability to respond quickly to rapidlychanging customer demands requiresthe use of manufacturing systems thatcan be re-configured and expanded onthe fly, and which can accommodateadvances in assembly techniqueswithout making any initial manufacturinginvestments obsolete.Lean manufacturing, an approachthat depends greatly on flexibility andworkplace organization, is an excellentstarting point for companies wantingto take a fresh look at their currentmanufacturing methods. Lean techniques are also worthy of investigationbecause they eliminate large capitaloutlays for dedicated machinery untilautomation becomes absolutelynecessary.Indeed, the concept of lean manufacturing represents a significant departurefrom the automated factory so popularin recent years. The “less is better”approach to manufacturing leads to avastly simplified, remarkably unclutteredenvironment that is carefully tuned to themanufacturer’s demands. Products aremanufactured one at a time in responseto the customer’s requirements ratherthan batch manufactured for stock. Thegoal is to produce only the quantityrequired and no more. And since limitednumbers of parts are produced, it maybe necessary to change processesduring the day--to accommodate differ-ent parts and to make maximum use ofpersonnel, equipment and floor space.The flexibility inherent in manual assemblycells is therefore preferable to automatedassembly. This requirement for maximumflexibility creates unique demands on thelean workcell and the components thatmake up the lean workcell.Granted, the lean approach is not thesolution for all manufacturing problems.But it does offer a uniquely flexiblesolution for assembling more complexproducts. This guide describes 9 basiclean manufacturing principles that shouldhelp you evaluate lean manufacturingsolutions for your own applications.The 9 principles discussed are:Continuous Flow, Lean Machines/Simplicity, Workplace Organization, PartsPresentation, Reconfigurability, ProductQuality, Maintainability, Ease of Access,and Ergonomics.1. ContinuousFlow2. Lean Machines/Simplicity3. WorkplaceOrganization4. PartsPresentation5. Reconfigurability6. Product Quality7. Maintainability8. Ease of Access9. Ergonomics
3Bosch Rexroth CorporationLean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and MethodsA Typical U-Shaped Cell for Lean Manufacturing471923865
4Bosch Rexroth CorporationLean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and Methods11. Continuous FlowThe preferred shape of the lean workcellis U-shaped. Each subprocess is connected to the next in order of process.With the worker in the interior of the U,minimum movement is required to movethe workpiece or assembly from oneworkstation to the next.Ultimately, one of the goals of the leanworkcell is to eliminate all non-value-added movement; hence its U-shape. Whenthe worker has finished the process, hesimply turns around and is back at stepone.The workpiece may be carried from onevalue-added operation to the next. However, there are times when the workpieceor the fixture holding the workpiece istoo heavy and must be transferred mechanically between workstations.Continuous Flow: Although very heavy parts may be transported on belt conveyors, manual pushor gravity conveyors are ideal for movingparts between workstations. Theirminimum complexity makes them easyto service and minimizes down time.In addition, they are easy to connectend-to-end, which makes it easy to moveworkstations within a workcell.The curved “corners” of the U-shapedworkcell can pose a problem. Aspotential dead space, they may act as amini storage area, thereby encouraging areturn to batch processing. Instead, theuse of a ball roller transfer should facilitate part movement through the cornersof the U-shape.Fig. 1a: Simple roller conveyor formovement of heavy parts.U-shaped cellConnect sub-processesValue-add-to-value-add operationMachines in order of processParts arrive as neededCounterclockwise flowOne-piece flow (small lot flow)Non-cyclical work done outsidecell by support peopleBenefits:Elimination of non-value added movements, work in process, and inventory.Fig. 1b: Ball roller transfer
Bosch Rexroth CorporationLean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and Methods2. Lean Machines/SimplicitySince continuous-flow, one-at-a-timemanufacturing is another goal of leanmanufacturing, it is important that eachworkstation or machine be designed to fitwithin a minimal envelope. The minimalenvelope ensures the elimination ofexcess flat space at the workstation ormachine. This is done to avoid the possibility of storing parts or subassembliesat the machine. Storing parts increaseswork in process and results in “batch”processing, which subsequently defeatsthe purpose of lean manufacturing. Inaddition, smaller, minimal size workstations and machines eliminate unnecessary steps taken by the worker betweensubprocesses.Finally, significant floor space may besaved by properly sizing workstationsand machines. Although tempting for thesake of conformity and standardization,the deployment of standardized machinebases or workstations for all processesshould be avoided. Each machine baseor workstation should be designed tooptimize assembly subprocesses, whichin most cases will vary from workstationto workstation. This customization canbe achieved with virtually any structuralmaterial. To save on cost, however, aswell as to minimize the environmentalconsiderations related to disposing ofinflexible welded steel structures, preference should be given to material that isreconfigurable and reusable. The modular characteristics of extruded aluminum,bolt-together systems make them perfectfor the implementation of lean manufacturing concepts.Lean Machine Basics: Continuous flow Save factory floor space No excess production No extra shelf/drawer spaceFig. 2a: Bolt-together structural framingsystemMoreover, in a continuous improvementenvironment, all workstations and workcells must be easy to modify as processimprovements are identified. In additionto their superior flexibility in layout anddesign, lightweight aluminum structuresare easier to move when re-configurationis necessary. Casters may be quicklymounted to the T-slotted profiles to allowmovement without the use of fork trucksor other lifting equipment.Fig. 2b: Any processes should takeplace in a minimal work envelopeBenefits:One-at-a-time manufacture, quickproduction changeover, reducedWIP, easily modified, customizableproduction5
6Bosch Rexroth CorporationLean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and Methods3. Workplace Organization1Tool holdersA smooth, uninterrupted flow of completed workpieces is the desired result of aproperly designed lean workcell. Nothingcan slow or stop this flow faster than theloss or misplacement of tools. Thus, alltools used at a workstation should havetheir own holder. There should be exactlyas many holders as there are tools sothat the absence of a tool is quicklynoticed. Using a modular tool holder system with a specific holder for each toolis ideal. If holders can easily be addedto or taken away from a workstation, thissimply adds to the flexibility of the workstation and increases its usefulness in alean manufacturing process.To minimize downtime, backup toolsshould also be available at any automated workstations. These tools shouldbe out of the worker’s way until a failureoccurs at the automated workstation. Ofmaximum benefit are tool holding structures that allow tools to be swung or slidinto the work space and easily returnedto the storage position when no longerneeded.Workplace OrganizationBasics: Organize tools with appropriatetool holders Provide back-up tools at automaticstations Insist on flexible tool mountingstructures Put the right information where it’sneededInformation BoardsNaturally, the ready availability of workcritical information also adds to efficiency in a workcell. Supplying the rightinformation at the workplace, such asassembly processes, work instructions,repair procedures, or even productiontargets, allows workers to make the rightdecisions and act on them on the spot,limiting downtime often spent chasingdown a busy supervisor.Fig. 3a: Mount for backup toolBenefits:Minimize downtime, reduce wastedmotion, uninterrupted workpiece flow,improve qualityAs with everything in a lean workcell, theinformation board should be simple, easyto reposition, and reusable.Fig. 3b: Modular tool holdersFig. 3c: Information Board
Bosch Rexroth Corporation7Lean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and Methods4. Parts PresentationNaturally, during the average work shift,additional parts will be required for theworkcell. Traditional methods of resupplying workstations are not useful in alean workcell. Each worker should goabout his work with the minimum numberof interruptions. Therefore, all partsshould be supplied to each workstationfrom outside the workcell. The use ofgravity feed conveyors or bins fits thesimplified design of the lean workcell.Parts bins should load from behind (outside the working area of the workcell) sothat the worker may continue productionwithout interruption. Gravity carries theparts to the worker’s reach area. Binsshould also be reconfigurable. The binsin the photo use a key stud to lock themin position. Bins are easily stackable andprovide the ultimate in flexibility whenreconfiguring the workplace.Parts Presentation Basics: Supply parts as needed Parts loaded from outside the cell Use gravity feed as the preferredmethod FIFO parts presentationAlthough bins are ideal for small parts,many assemblies require larger parts.These may be delivered in bins or boxes.Again the parts should be delivered tothe workcell without entering the workspace. Gravity feed conveyors serve thispurpose well. In the event that scrap orcontainers must be removed from thecell, an additional gravity feed conveyormay be mounted in the reverse direction.Benefits:Easy reconfiguration, reduce wastedmotion, uninterrupted production, quickchangeoverFig. 4a: Flow RackIn instances where parts are very heavy,lift assist devices are recommended.Heavy parts or boxes of parts can beloaded onto a case lifter and raised tothe proper work height with electric,pneumatic, or hydraulic power.Fig. 4b: VarioGrab binsFig. 4c: Case Lifter
8Bosch Rexroth CorporationLean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and Methods15. ReconfigurabilityA properly designed lean workcell mustbe easy to reconfigure. In fact, the abilityto change the process and go from goodpart to good part as quickly as possibleis a must. The faster the changeover, theless production time is lost.Quick-change fixtures are one way thiscan be accomplished. With a goodquick-change fixture, changeover can beaccomplished in a matter of seconds.A number of different fixtures may bestored at the workstation and swappedas the situation requires.In Fig. 5a, for example, an assembly fixture is locked to the T-slot at the front ofa workbench with a star knob and quarterturn connector. Once the assembly ofa specific product is complete, a newfixture can be easily positioned.At times, due to process changes orother factors, a lean cell must be quicklyreconfigured or even moved to accommodate assembly of a new product. Inthe event that a machine or workstationmust be changed, the ability to moveeach component of the workcell quicklybecomes extremely important. Lockablecasters on machines or workstationsprovide the mobility necessary for rapidand efficient changeover.Reconfigurability Basics: Fixtures must be easy to change Mobility is critical Good part to good part as quicklyas possibleBenefits:Fig. 5a: Quick change fixtureFig. 5b: Casters on a machine standMinimize downtime, quick changeover,uninterrupted workpiece flow
Bosch Rexroth CorporationLean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and Methods6. QualityOne of the results of one-at-a-time manufacturing is a decrease in quality problems. As each part is produced, visualinspection by the worker can verify that itis correctly assembled. If verification isrequired through gages, they should bemounted to the machine or workstationand be easily replaced. Quick release offixtures using star knobs or locking leversis a necessity.There may be time when a qualityproblem cannot be easily fixed. A flawedprocess or malfunctioning machine maybe the source of the quality problems.In the case of a flawed process, thestructural framing system allows changes, no matter how great, in a minimumamount of time. Once again, bolt-together construction solves a major problem inminimum time.A malfunctioning machine may alsobe easily replaced, particularly if quickdisconnects for all pneumatic or electriclines are provided for when the lean cellis designed. In addition, no pneumatic orelectrical connections should be presentbetween machines in the lean cell. Thesewould slow the changing of the machineswithin the cell.Quality Basics: Visual inspection is the primary means of quality assurance Test fixtures & gages must be easy to replace or change out Easy reconfiguration encourages changes for quality’s sakeBenefits:Immediate feedback on quality as workers inspect parts; platform for continuousimprovement; eliminate rework areas; encourage changeover to solve “minor” qualityproblems; greater quality assurance by giving the responsibility to the assembler;rapid change of quality gages as assembled product or process changes.Once the machine has been disconnected from all power sources, it can beeasily transported if mounted on lockablecasters.Ease of reconfiguration and changeovereliminate any reluctance on the partof the worker or management to try to“make do” with machines or processesthat are “almost” right. This change inattitude can contribute greatly to truequality production.Fig. 6: Visual Inspection verifies parts are correctly assembled and function properly.9
10Bosch Rexroth CorporationLean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and Methods17. MaintainabilityEase of service is another requirement ofa lean cell. Long down times cannot betolerated in a pull-through system. Whencustomer demand exists, the productmust be produced. A modular structuralframing system provides the ultimate inmaintainability.Components can be replaced or reconfigured in a matter of minutes. Bolttogether construction ensures machinestands, guards, workstations, or partspresentation equipment can be servicedin a matter of minutes. Even entire machine bases can be rebuilt in a minimumamount of time.The structural framing system alsoprovides a source for common components for all machine bases, guards,and workstations. With standardizedcomponents, a minimum number of toolsis required to maintain a structure. Witha structural framing system, three or foursimple hand tools are sufficient to buildor repair any structure.Maintainability Basics: Ease of service Manual back-up Put the operator manual on themachine Standardize as many componentsas possible Use common tools and fixtures No finish work required on systemcomponents. Minimum spare parts necessaryAnother benefit is that common components eliminate the need for a largeinventory of spare parts. It is possibleto standardize on one size of aluminumprofile, one or two connectors, and afew accessories to create virtually anystructure.Benefits:Finally, no finish work is required with analuminum structure. No welding or painting is required. Repairs can be accomplished in the minimum amount of time.Minimum down time, easy-to-sourcereplacement parts, quick serviceFig. 7: A lean cell constructed frommodular aluminum framing provides foreasy maintenance and repair
Bosch Rexroth CorporationLean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and Methods8. Ease of AccessUsing an aluminum framing system as thefoundation of a lean cell, all necessarywork components can be mounted ineasily accessible locations because eachsurface is a potential mounting surface.Parts bins, tools, shelves, and fixturescan all be positioned in the optimumlocation for efficient work. The T-slot onthe framing system’s surface also allowsquick repositioning of pneumatic orhydraulic components if clearance spaceis critical (Fig. 8a).Components may be added quickly toany workstation and easily repositionedto insure accessibility for each worker.In addition, entire guards or individualpanels (Fig. 8c) can be removed quicklywith simple hand tools, enabling servicetechnicians to perform maintenance in amatter of minutes.Accessibility Basics: All controls or fixtures positionedwith ergonomics in mind All serviceable components at rearof machine/workstation to eliminate interference of maintenancepersonnel with production Clearance for all tools for ease ofuse All guards easy to remove withsimple hand toolsBenefits:Fig. 8b: Accessibility in workstationdesignMinimum down time, easy serviceability, optimum ergonomic design.Fig. 8a: Valves mounted to T-slotFig. 8c: Machine guard with sliding access doors and easy to remove panels11
12Bosch Rexroth CorporationLean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and Methods19. ErgonomicsHeightFinally, the worker must be protectedfrom ergonomic problems. Any properly designed lean workcell must, bydefinition, be ergonomically designed.Maintaining the work at the ergonomicallycorrect height throughout the workcell isalways important. Although it is frequently not taken into consideration, designingfor the average worker height is also anecessity. Since average heights varyfrom country to country, the height of amachine or workstation must be easilychanged if there is any chance that aworkstation may be shipped from countryto country.Ergonomics Basics:workcell is constructed can be a powerful tool. Use of such a software packagelets you settle ergonomic issues in thedesign stage rather than on the factoryfloor, providing significant potentialsavings in both time and money. Position workpiece at optimumheight for worker Use NIOSH standards to determine maximum lifting loads Position all tools within theworker’s field of reach Provide lighting sufficient toaccomplish the taskFig. 9a: Proper height is critical in anylean workcellBenefits:LiftingFewer work-related injuries, loweremployee turnover, better working environment, fewer cumulativetrauma problemsLift assist devices must be consideredwhere the weight of parts or boxes ofparts exceeds lifting standards. In thiscase, pneumatic, hydraulic, or electricdevices may be used, but it is importantto keep in mind that simpler is better inlean manufacturing cells.In order to prevent delays in manufacturing caused by faulty design, a softwarepackage that allows you to test theergonomics of a workcell before theFig. 9c: Software for ErgonomicWorkstation LayoutFig. 9b: Case Lifter
Bosch Rexroth Corporation13Lean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and MethodsFinal Considerations: Hybrid SystemsWith all of its promise, the lean cell maynot be the answer to all assembly needs.At times the U-shaped configurationsimply does not fit the existing facility orprocess, and a change from automationor semi-automation to lean cell manufacturing could be counterproductive.In keeping with the flexibility requirementfor lean manufacturing, there may betimes when a hybrid system rather than apure lean system is best for the manufacturing process.Hybrid manufacturing systems combinethe economies of the lean system withthe safety and efficiency of an automatedsystem. The result is a system in whichsome assembly is done manually whilemore dangerous or ergonomically difficulttasks are accomplished by machine.In a hybrid system, workstations or cellsmay be combined with non-synchronousassembly conveyor systems to achievedesired production goals. The synergybetween these two technologies canproduce results far beyond the capabilities of either technology alone.It is also possible to accomplish assembly in a lean cell and to have operationswhich are purely automated take placeoff line.In this case, the automated portions ofthe process supply sub-assemblies orparts to the lean cell. Here, although thetechnologies are separated, both are stillrequired to accomplish the task at hand.The key to hybrid implementation isconstruction with components whichare easily reconfigured. Bolt togethertechnology fits the description perfectly. Flexible assembly systems usingaluminum framing as the main structuralelement allow companies to mix andmatch manual and automatic operationsat will, and to change them at any time inthe future. The result is a worker-friendly,economically-sound system designed foroptimum production.
14Bosch Rexroth CorporationLean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and Methods1Bosch Rexroth - Your Partner in Lean ManufacturingA switch to lean or hybrid manufacturing may entail radical changes in plant layout and equipment design. To ensure that youimplement these changes smoothly and efficiently, you need a partner - Rexroth. Bosch Rexroth Corporation has a network ofstocking distributors nationwide. In addition to local inventory, each distributor has Rexroth design experts on staff to assist youwith your lean manufacturing projects.Once your equipment is designed, your Rexroth distributor will provide machining, assembly, and other value-added services tomove your project to a successful conclusion. Each Rexroth distributor is backed by more than 100 years of experience andquality. And worldwide availability of all Rexroth products ensures successful implementation even when lines are moved abroad.For lean manufacturing solutions, count on Bosch Rexroth Corporation as your expert partner.The Bosch Rexroth Structural Framing NetworkManitobaAlbertaBritish ColumbiaCANADAFt. BrunswickReginaSeattleWinnipegQuebecNova ScotiaWAPortlandHelenaMTNDAugustaVTMontpelier NHBOSCH REXROTHBuchanan, MIBillingsORMNBoiseSDPierreIDConcordSt. heyenneNVSalt Lake CityIAINILLincolnDenverUTSan AtlantaLittle RockNMMexicaliMSBirminghamARFt. WorthEl ugustaGASavannahAlbanyLATXMobileBaton RougeSan rlotteWilmingtonNashvilleSan DiegoDEWashington DCVAWVAustinHoustonNew OrleansJacksonvilleFLOrlandoTampaNuevo LaredoLaredoMEXICOW. PalmBeachMiamiBrownsvilleMatamorosKey WestNew York CityTrentonNJKYOKOklahoma CityAlbuquerqueMA BostonCT RIPhiladelphiaHarrisburgPittsburghMDMOLos AngelesAZNYCincinnatiFrankfortLouisvilleSt. cramentoMEMontrealBismarck
Bosch Rexroth Corporation15Lean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and MethodsBosch Rexroth, the world brand leader in structural framingsystems, ergonomic workstations and flexible assembly conveyorsBosch Rexroth Corporation supplies the U.S. market with flexible manufacturing equipment for every manufacturing need.All Rexroth components are modular to provide maximum flexibility for easy reconfiguration and rapid manufacturingchangeovers.For years, Rexroth has supplied manufacturers worldwide with a broad range of ergonomic components ideally suited forlean manufacturing: easily customized workstations, tool holders, information boards, parts bins, and a broad range of workstation accessories. Combined with the Rexroth Aluminum Structural Framing System, these components let manufacturers build exactly the work environment required to match the parts, workers and workcells to their manufacturing processes.If you’ve never used our aluminum structural framing before, you’ll be surprised how easy it is. And our customer supportsystem makes it even easier. For fastest service, order from your distributor on-line at www.boschrexroth-us.com/framing.It’s a fully functional online catalog, now with an easy-to-use workstation configurator.Bosch Rexroth Corporation is also the world’s leading supplier of power and free non-synchronous assembly conveyors.These conveyors, in concert with the workplace equipment and structural framing system products, place Rexroth in aunique position as a supplier of overall factory automation. With this family of products, hybrid lean manufacturing systemsare available from a single source, with completely interchangeable structural components.When you’re ready to order, you have several options. Call us toll-free at 1-800-REXROTH (739-7684) for the name of yourlocal distributor, or follow the step-by-step ordering instructions at our website. A nearby Rexroth distributor will ship yourorder promptly. The Rexroth customer support system gives you tremendous flexibility to meet tight schedules and budgets.Bosch Rexroth invites you to specify the leader in lean manufacturing - Specify Rexroth!NEW! Visit our lean resource center on the web: www.boschrexroth-us.com/lean
Bosch Rexroth CorporationLinear Motion andAssembly Technologies816 E. Third StreetBuchanan, MI 49107Telephone (269) 695-0151Facsimile (269) 695-5363www.boschrexroth-us.comBosch Rexroth CorporationCorporate Headquarters5150 Prairie Stone ParkwayHoffman Estates, IL 60192-3707Telephone (847) 645-3600Facsimile (847) 645-6201Bosch Rexroth CorporationHydraulics2315 City Line RoadBethlehem, PA 18017-2131Telephone (610) 694-8300Facsimile (610) 694-8467Bosch Rexroth CorporationElectric Drives and Controls5150 Prairie Stone ParkwayHoffman Estates, IL 60192-3707Telephone (847) 645-3600Facsimile (847) 645-6201Bosch Rexroth CorporationPneumatics1953 Mercer RoadLexington, KY 40511-1021Telephone (859) 254-8031Facsimile (859) 281-3491Bosch Rexroth CorporationHydraulics8 Southchase CourtFountain Inn, SC 29644-9018Telephone (864) 967-2777Facsimile (864) 967-8900Printed in the United States8981 500 246 (11.2009)
Lean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools, and Methods 5 Since continuous-flow, one-at-a-time manufacturing is another goal of lean manufacturing, it is important that each workstation or machine be designed to fit within a minimal envelope. The minimal envelope ensures the elimination of excess flat space at the workstation or machine.
sustainability of lean manufacturing tools and techniques are also discussed. This is an overview for finding the current situation of lean management practices in manufacturing industries. Apply lean in a production and safe environment Fig.2.Methodology of lean manufacturing technique FOUR PILLARS OF LEAN MANUFACTURING JIT(Just In Time)
implementation of lean manufacturing tools in beef abattoirs. The purpose of this research is to support local companies to improve their productivity and work improvements through implementation of lean manufacturing tools. Some of the lean manufacturing tools that were successfully applied are value stream mapping, 5S, just-in-time,
Lean Six Sigma Yellow Belt provides a detailed information on the Lean Six Sigma fundamentals and ways to apply Lean Six Sigma to specific industry to achieve desired results. LEAN MANAGEMENT 1.0 Introduction to Lean 2.0 What is Lean & Application of Lean
18.2 Lean and Agile Manufacturing Paradigms for Academia 242 18.3 Lean and Agile Manufacturing Paradigms for Consultants 242 18.4 Lean and Agile Manufacturing Paradigms for Practising Engineers 243 18.5 Lean and Agile Manufacturing Paradigms for Practising Managers243 18.6 L
The Lean Enterprise Institute lays out a 5-step cycle for implementing lean: 7 The Lean Manufacturing Cycle The Lean Enterprise Institute's 5-Step Lean Manufacturing Cycle 1. Specify value from the standpoint of the end customer by product family. 2. Identify all the steps in the value stream for each product
2.3.3 Lean Manufacturing 40 . 2.3.4 Lean Warehousing 40 . 2.3.5 Lean Transportation 41 2.3.6 Lean Customers 43 . 2.4 Barriers and Drawbacks 43 . A STUDY ON LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN IMPLEMENTATION IN MALAYSIA'S ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY: PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCES . LEAN . Management Management Supply Chain
Final Project. Implementation selected tools of Lean Manufacturing 7 2.1. Lean Manufacturing. General issue. Lean Manufacturing can be defined as an approach to the identification and elimination of waste (non-value added activities) through continuous improvement by flowing the product in a way to "pull" from the customer in pursuit of perfection.
Software Development , Scrum [11] [12], Scrumban [Ladas 2009 and several va-riant methods of agile]. The agile methodology is based on the “iterative enhancement” [13] technique [14]. As a iteration based methodology, each iteration in the agile methodology represents a small scale and selfcontained Software Development Life Cycle - (SDLC) by itself . Unlike the Spiral model [1] , agile .
