Origin And Evolution Of Biodiversity
Origin and evolutionof biodiversityMain teamsUMR BETMBiologie et Écologie tropicaleet méditerranéenne(CNRS, UPVD)19 scientistsDirector: André Théron,theron@univ-perp.frX Presentation page 11UMR BGPIBiology and Genetics of Plant-PathogenInteractions(CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro)36 scientistsDirector: Philippe rX Presentation page 16UMR BIOMBiologie Intégrativedes Organismes Marins(CNRS, UPMC)18 scientistsDirector: Hervé upmc.frX Presentation page 21UMR CBGPCenter for Biology andManagement of Populations(CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro)35 scientistsDirector: a.frwww.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGPX Presentation page 10UMR CMAEEEmerging and Exotic AnimalDisease Control(CIRAD, INRA)36 scientistsDirector: Dominique Martinez,dominique.martinez@cirad.frX Presentation page 17Biodiversity—Science for humans and natureUMR DGIMIDiversité, Génomes & InteractionsMicroorganismes – Insectes(INRA, UM2)16 scientistsDirector: Patrick Tailliez,tailliez@univ-montp2.fr8X Presentation page 18UMR InterTrypHost-Vector-Parasite Interactions inInfections by Trypanosomatidae(CIRAD, IRD)25 scientistsDirector: Gérard teractions-in-infections-bytrypanosomatidaeX Presentation page 15. continued on page 10Current and past origin,dynamics and evolutionof biodiversityFor over 30 years the Institut desSciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier(ISEM, CNRS, IRD, UM2,) has beenconducting research on the originand dynamics of biodiversity, andon the conditions and mechanismsunderlying its evolution. This researchis focused on both current and pastbiodiversity trends, encompassinga broad range of organisms andenvironments via field, experimentaland theoretical approaches.Basic evolutionary biology issues(adaptation and speciationmechanisms, etc.) are relevant forunderstanding the mechanismsunderlying biodiversity, its structuringand functioning, but research carriedout by ISEM also incorporates:(i) accelerated data productionmethods and the enhanced capacityto perceive different structural andfunctional aspects of living organisms(from genes to ecosystems) so as tobe able to understand evolutionarymechanisms responsible forbiodiversity on a global scale, and(ii) scientific and social queries on theresponse capacities of biodiversity(organisms and/or communities)to global change. This shifts theevolutionary research in a moreapplied and/or predictive direction. The Diversity Department addressesthe need to compare evolutionary andecological processes (evolutionaryecology) to gain insight intomechanisms underlying biodiversitydynamics. This department is focusedon understanding the effects of globalchange on organisms, populationsand communities. The development oftheoretical models is just as essentialas experimental evolution research. The Form Department is gearedtowards boosting knowledge onmechanisms by which developmentdynamics affect phenotypic evolutionvariation—these mechanisms areessential in biodiversity emergence.The proposed approach combinesstudies on fine mechanismsresponsible for the emergence andvariability in forms. The paleonologicalapproach to this evolution, i.e. takingpaleobiodiversity into account, is anintegral feature of this department. The Conservation andDomestication Department embodiesthe unit’s activities in promotingapplied evolution and biodiversity.The department documents andmakes effective use of baselineknowledge on ichtyological diversity,the adaptive potential and structuringof populations to come up withmeans necessary for the developmentof conservation, managementand domestication (aquacultureproduction) methods. The Environment Department The Genome Department wasfounded in response to the increasedimportance of genomics in theapproach of ISEM to evolution andbiodiversity. The research of thisdepartment benefits from accessto genetic information to unravelevolutionary processes, especiallythose involved in molecular evolutionand phylogeny, adaptation andspeciation mechanisms.conducts research on two majortopics: reconstitution of climatechange and the dynamics of formerecosystems. These two topics arebased on the acquisition of new data(environmental proxies) and modellingto gain further insight into current andfuture processes. One of the aims ofthis research is to manage biodiversityat species and ecosystem levels in aglobal change setting.
W A 7 month old tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron)reared in the Système Aquacole à Recyclage Intégral (SARI).TSARI prototype set up in Senegal.S. Gilles IRDResearchers of the Conservation and DomesticationDepartment are highly involved in the development of specificaspects derived from evolution studies. Some of these scientistsare posted in developing countries, such as Indonesia andPeru, working specifically on issues concerning tropical species(Pangasius, Colosoma, etc.). European species are also the focusof indepth studies, e.g. trout, Mediterranean sea bass andsturgeon. Highly theoretical research is under way to determinethe species and populations, their origins and interactionswith the environment, along with highly applied research onS. Gilles IRDAs evolution has a major impact on all aspects of biology,biological tools and concepts are implemented to an increasingextent to address socioeconomic issues. This also applies toaquaculture. It is essential—due to the stagnation and evenregression of fisheries catches and rising human populationgrowth—to characterise fish diversity in order to be able toensure its preservation and sustainable management. Solidscientific foundations are thus essential for the development ofenvironment-friendly aquaculture. ISEM thus aims to participatein acquiring the baseline knowledge required for understandingevolutionary processes, while also using this insight to answerpractical questions.rearing techniques to ensure sustainable aquaculture. All of thiscomplementary research is tightly integrated and coordinated,which is also an innovative aspect that ISEM intends to promote.Contacts: Marc Legendre, marc.legendre@ird.fr& Jean-François Agnèse, jean-francois.agnese@ird.frBiodiversity—Science for humans and natureISEM and evolutionary scienceto foster sustainable aquaculture9
Origin and evolution of biodiversityTree species diversityin French Guianan forestsIn tropical rainforests, community ecology studies arehard to carry out because of the extremelyhigh biological and structural diversity,and also due to the lack of knowledgeon the resident flora. In FrenchGuiana, there are on average150–170 different tree speciesper forested hectare, whereasthis French department hosts1 600 species overall, andnew ones are describedevery year. Moreover,floristic composition variesconsiderably within short,medium and long distances.Describing and analysing thesevariations in both compositionand species diversity is a keychallenge in terms of obtainingbaseline knowledge and facilitatingsustainable management of naturalD. Sabatier UMR AMAPresources. This theme is studied by UMR AMAPthrough a network of permanent study plots in whichthe local species diversity of tree communities is measured viadetailed botanical inventories.Main teamsUMR ISEMInstitut des Sciencesde l’Évolution de Montpellier(CNRS, IRD, UM2)117 scientistsDirector: Jean-Christophe isem.cnrs.frBiodiversity—Science for humans and natureX Presentation page 810UMR MIVEGECInfectious Diseases and Vectors: Ecology,Genetics, Evolution and Control(CNRS, IRD, UM1)84 scientistsDirector: Didier .frX Presentation page 13USDA-ARS-EBCLEuropean BiologicalControl Laboratory9 scientistsDirector: Kim Hoelmer,khoelmer@ars-ebcl.orgwww.ars-ebcl.orgX Presentation page 20. continued on page 12Data from these test plots—supplemented by remotesensing data, soil and geological sampling, geneticanalyses and archeological data—enable thedevelopment of models and testing ofhypotheses on the causes of variations inspecies diversity. This is how the influenceof current environmental factors(climate, soils, natural disturbances) ontree diversity has been documentedat local and regional scales.Moreover, these permanent plotsin French Guiana are part of alarge international network of thesame type. Data from this networkrevealed large-scale gradients offloristic composition and diversityacross the Guiano-Amazonian forestbasin. These gradients were correlatedwith soil fertility and dry season lengthgradients.Contacts: Daniel Sabatier,daniel.sabatier@ird.fr& Jean-François Molino, jean-francois.molino@ird.frSystematics, genetics,ecology and evolutionof populations of targetorganismsThe Center for Biology andManagement of Populations(UMR CBGP, CIRAD, INRA, IRD,Montpellier SupAgro) conductsresearch in the fields of systematics,genetics, ecology and the evolutionof populations and communitiesof organisms that are importantfor agriculture, human health andbiodiversity in a global changesetting. This research is gearedtowards the development ofconceptual, theoretical and technicaltools required for the identification,monitoring and management ofthese interacting organisms andcommunities. A range of biologicalmodels are studied, includingarthropods, nematodes and rodents,as well as the communities withwhich they may be associated.CBGP focuses on characterizingbiodiversity through amultidisciplinary approach.S In tropical rainforests (here in French Guiana),adjacent trees are often of different species.This involves identifying anddetermining the biological entitiesand assessing diversity through thedevelopment of molecular biologyand computer tools to facilitate andenhance taxonomy and systematicsresearch. CBGP has expertisein systematics and maintainslarge germplasm collections(over a million specimens) andentomology, acarology, nematologyand mammalogy databases. Thesedatabases pool taxonomic, biologicaland georeferenced information.CBGP is involved in internationalprojects aimed at developing abarcode of living organisms to serveas a standard taxonomy tool (seethe Consortium for the BarcodeOf Life). CBGP is also focused ondetermining the origin, historyand spatiotemporal distributionof this diversity by studying:(i) the diversity of these organismson different geographical scales,(ii) factors affecting the geographicaldistribution of the studied entities,and (iii) phylogenetic relationshipsbetween the different entities. Itis now possible—thanks to thedevelopment of georeferenced
databases—to explain thedistribution of certain taxa accordingto factors such as climatic conditionsand available resources, thusboosting insight into mechanismsunderlying the formation ofcommunities of organisms. Thesedifferent approaches are essentialfor characterizing studied taxa andmore accurately determining theirevolutionary history, especiallywith respect to: (i) invasive species,(ii) pathogen reservoirs, and (iii) cropand stored food pests.CBGP has developed a broad networkof collaborations and scientificpartnerships. In Montpellier(France), it is collaborating directlywith other joint research units todevelop research in the fields ofevolutionary and ecological biology,and with ISEM, CEFE, AMAP andthe Genetics and Evolution ofInfectious Diseases laboratory(GEMI). CBGP is a member ofthe Montpellier, Environnement,Biodiversité federative researchinstitute. Finally, CBGP has set up adiversified national and internationalpartnership (industrialized anddeveloping countries) formalized bythe French National Research Agency(ANR) as well as European andinternational projects.Molecular diversitycentral to host-parasiteinteractionsThe scientific activities of the jointresearch unit (UMR) Biologie etÉcologie tropicale et méditerranéenne(BETM, CNRS, UPVD) are focused onanalysis of the diversity of interactionsbetween parasites and theirsurrounding environment.This latter environment encompasseshost species that the parasites utilizedepending on the environment inwhich they are transmitted.Multiscale integrative approaches(from molecules to populations) areimplemented by the research unitto analyse genetic and epigeneticmechanisms of phenotypic diversity/plasticity and thus the adaptability toenvironmental variations impactingthese species.One of the laboratory’s key models isthe metazoan parasite Schistosomamansoni (schistosome) which causesschistosomiasis, a parasitic disease thataffects over 200 million people in 74intertropical countries. This parasiteuses various freshwater molluscanspecies as intermediate hosts, in whichthe larval forms that infect humans arepropagated asexually. Left. Culex pipiens.Right. Ixodes ricinus.Bottom. Phlebotomepiquant L.B. Pesson Université Louis PasteurS Top. Camargue horses.An international conference held in May 2010, in Montpellier(France), marked the end of the Emerging Diseases in a changingEuropean eNvironment (EDEN) project, which was launched by theEuropean Commission (6th Framework Programme of Research andTechnological Development). This large project (49 partners in 24countries in Europe, the Middle East and Africa) was designed toassess the effects of environmental changes on the risk of humandisease emergence and to characterize the most exposed ecosystems.Vector- (ticks, insects, etc.) and rodent-borne diseases were selectedbecause they are highly sensitive to such changes. The resultsshowed that social, economic and behavioural factors are often moreimportant in explaining emergence than climate change. However,each epidemiological system is a special case and it is essential to haveaccess to top quality field and public health data to be able to drawconclusions.In addition to these results, the project led to the completion ofsome 60 university theses and the construction of a research networkrecognized by the European Community (EC) and public healthagencies. The EC has also just launched the EDENext project, aroundthe same scale as EDEN, and which can be considered as a followup that also deals with animal health. EDENext is focused on gaininginsight into the risks of introduction, installation and disseminationof vector-borne diseases, and on the systematic assessment ofvector population control methods. The socioeconomic dimension istaken into account, with studies on stakeholder risk perception andmanagement. EDENext, like its predecessor, is a developing countryoriented project coordinated by CIRAD and IRD.Contact: Renaud Lancelot, renaud.lancelot@cirad.frFor further information: www.eden-fp6project.netBiodiversity—Science for humans and natureI. Rudolf Institute of Vertebrate BiologyN. Rahola IRDN. Ponçon IRDEDEN and EDENext: understanding emerging diseasesto enhance their prevention and control11
Origin and evolution of biodiversityEvolutionary dimension in biodiversity studies:contributions of phylogenetic and phylogeographical approachesPhylogeny and phylogeography (see fig. next page X) are disciplinesthat facilitate the description and understanding of evolutionaryrelationships between groups of organisms—between populationsof the same species (phylogeography) or between differentspecies or even genera (phylogeny). In UMR CBGP, theseapproaches are used to enhance: (1) the understanding ofdiversification patterns of given groups (phylogenetic approachesin a temporal framework), (2) the analysis of spatial patternsof diversity distributions on infraspecific (phylogeography) andsupraspecific (historical biogeographical approaches in phylogeny)levels, (3) the assessment of population parameters (divergencetimes, temporal variations in population size) and reconstructionof colonization events, (4) species distinction and identification ofconservation priorities, and (5) the understanding of evolutionaryconditions with respect to certain characters (life historycharacteristics, adaptive characters, genome organization, etc.).The comparative phylogeny of partners in given interactions(e.g. mutualistic or parasitic) boosts insight into the evolution oftraits involved in such interactions and their impact on speciationphenomena.Moreover, the biogeographical history of species can be chartedto gain further insight into the impact of past and presentbioclimatic cycles on the diversity of species and their currentdistributions. Such charting also facilitates identification ofpotential refuge areas where species might have survived duringthe last paleoclimatic change period. This aspect is crucial inconservation biology because refuge populations are often moregenetically diversified. Greater genetic diversity gives species morechance of surviving major environmental modifications such asthose induced by global change currently under way.Contacts: Emmanuelle Jousselin,emmanuelle.jousselin@supagro.inra.fr& Gaël Kergoat, gael.kergoat@supagro.inra.frX Figure illustrating the advantages of phylogenetic andphylogeographical approaches on supra- and infra-specific levels.On the left - a few applications of phylogenetic studies: species distinction (e.g.DNA barcoding)/biodiversity description; studies on the evolution of life historycharacteristics; historical biogeography studies.On the right - a few applications of phylogeographical studies: conservation biology(e.g. identification of populations threatened by global change); biodiversitydistribution (population genetics studies) and invasion biology (history of invasions).Other teams focusedon this topicUMR LECOBBenthic Ecogeochemistry Laboratory(CNRS, UPMC)16 scientistsDirector: Nadine Le .frX Presentation page 41UMR LSTMLaboratory of Tropicaland Mediterranean Symbioses(CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, UM2)42 scientistsDirector: Michel diversity—Science for humans and natureX Presentation page 3012UMR AMAPBotany and ComputationalPlant Architecture(CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, UM2)44 scientistsDirector: Pierre Couteron,diramap@cirad.frhttp://amap.cirad.frX Presentation page 58UMR CEFECentre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle etÉvolutive(CIRAD, CNRS, EPHE, INRA, IRD,Montpellier SupAgro, UM1, UM2, UM3)125 permanent staff (or 160 scientists)Director: Philippe Jarne,philippe.jarne@cefe.cnrs.frwww.cefe.cnrs.frX Presentation page 24. continued on page 16One of the current lines of researchis aimed at gaining insight intothe spatiotemporal variability inobserved levels of compatibilitybetween different populations of thisschistosome and their molluscanhosts. At this stage of the hostparasite interaction, phenotypicvariability is highly expressed inthe key molecules involved in hostdefence mechanisms and parasiteinfectivity. In this setting, the UMR isjointly developing: functional genomic and proteomicapproaches aimed at characterizingthese molecular determinants studies on diversity-generatingprocesses that genotypically and/or epigenotypically involve thesedeterminants population-oriented approachesthat enable real-time monitoring ofthese markers in their coevolutionarydynamics.Male and female schistosome couplesform and sexually reproduce in thevertebrate host, thus generatinggenetic diversity. At this level, theUMR is developing research on theimpact of reproductive systems andstrategies (genotype-dependentrecruitment, mating choices, divorcerates, etc.) on phenotypic diversity inthe parasite offspring.Some of the main programmesunder way, supported by ANRprojects, include BIOMGENIM forstudies on the evolution of innateimmunity in the molluscan hosts,SCHISTOPHEPIGEN for geneticand epigenetic mechanismsunderlying phenotypic plasticity,MONOGAMIX for pairing systems,and SCHISTOMED for research onanti-schistosome molecules.The laboratory, which is aWHO Collaborating Centre forSchi
Biodiversity—Science for humans and nature 8 Origin and evolution of biodiversity The Diversity Department addresses the need to compare evolutionary and ecological processes (evolutionary ecology) to gain insight into mechanisms underlying biodiversity dynamics. This department is focused on understanding the effects of global
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Reading Comprehension Study Guide and Practice Test 2015 Page 6 Part C: Reading Skill: Making Inferences Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow it. Of all the farm animals a person might own, the goat is the best personal pet. For one thing, you can keep it for a longer time than other farm animals. Even after a doe is .
