NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION METHODS, BASIC THEORY
TO 33B-1-1NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1TM 1-1500-335-23TECHNICAL MANUALNONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTIONMETHODS, BASIC THEORY(ATOS)THIS MANUAL SUPERSEDES TO 33B-1-1/NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1/TM 1-1500-335-23, DATED 15 MAY 2014.ARMYPERSONNEL:NAVYPERSONNEL:Wherever the text of this manual refers to Air Force technical orders for supportive information,refer to the comparable Army documents.OPNAV instruction 4790.2 and weapon system specific manuals take precedence over this manual.DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. PA Case Number 72ABW-2013-0007. Submitrecommended changes or problems with this Technical Order to AFLCMC/LZPTP.Published under Authority of the Secretary of the Air Force15 OCTOBER 2016
TO 33B-1-1NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1TM 1-1500-335-23INSERT LATEST CHANGED PAGES. DESTROY SUPERSEDED PAGES.LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGESNOTE: The portion of the text affected by the changes is indicated by a vertical line in the outermargins of the page. Changes to illustrations are indicated by shaded or screened areas,or by miniature pointing hands.Dates of issue for original and changed pages are:Original . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 15 October 2016TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS MANUAL IS 888, CONSISTING OF THE FOLLOWING:PageNo.*ChangeNo.Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A .i - xxv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxvi Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 - 1-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1 - 2-127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-128 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1 - 3-128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1 - 4-108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1 - 5-103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-104 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1 - 6-247 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-248 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1 - 7-32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-1 - A-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-12 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Glossary 1 - Glossary 84 . . . . . . 00*Zero in this column indicates an original pageAUSAF
TO 33B-1-1TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageINTRODUCTION. xxiSAFETY SUMMARY.xxiii1NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION METHODS, GENERAL INFORMATION .1-1SECTION I NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION (NDI) METHODS .1-11.11.1.11.1.21.1.31.1.4Why We Do Nondestructive Inspection (NDI).1-1Nondestructive Inspection Data .1-1Structural Management Programs.1-1Mechanisms for Using NDI Data .1-1Tools for Gathering NDI Data.1-2SECTION II PERSONNEL TRAINING/QUALIFICATION/CERTIFICATION .1-31.21.2.11.2.21.2.31.2.41.2.51.2.6Personnel Training/Qualification/Certification .1-3Training Introduction.1-3Training Requirements .1-3Certification Requirements.1-3Experience Hours Documentation .1-4Physical Requirements .1-4Requirement for Special Task Certification and Recurring Training.1-5SECTION III REPORTING NEW OR IMPROVED NDI TECHNIQUES .1-71.31.3.11.3.21.3.31.3.41.3.51.3.6Reporting New/Improved Nondestructive Inspection Techniques .1-7Need for Reporting New and Improved Techniques .1-7Authority .1-7AFTO Form 242.1-7Scope.1-7Responsibilities for Updating Techniques .1-7AFTO Form 242 Entries .1-8SECTION IV NDI EQUIPMENT .1-111.41.4.11.4.21.4.3Procuring NDI Equipment (AIR FORCE Only) .1-11Centrally Procured NDI Equipment.1-11Weapon System Specific/Special Purpose Equipment.1-11Local Purchase Equipment.1-11SECTION V PROCESS CONTROL.1-121.51.5.11.5.21.5.31.5.41.5.5Process Control.1-12Reason for Controlling the Process .1-12Scope of Process Control .1-12Process Control Documentation Requirements .1-12Establishing a Documentation Method.1-12Suggested Documentation Method .1-12SECTION VI LABORATORY INFORMATION .1-13i
TO 33B-1-11.61.6.11.6.21.6.31.6.42General Laboratory Information .1-13Constructing a Nondestructive Inspection Laboratory .1-13Building Requirements .1-14Electrical and Mechanical Requirements.1-15Room Identification.1-15LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION METHOD .2-1SECTION I LIQUID PENETRANT (LT) INSPECTION METHOD .92.1.102.1.112.1.12General Capabilities of Liquid Penetrant Inspection .2-1Introduction to Liquid Penetrant Inspection.2-1Background of Liquid Penetrant Inspection.2-1Why Use Liquid Penetrant Inspection.2-1Limitations of Liquid Penetrant Inspection .2-1Advantages of Liquid Penetrant Inspection.2-3Disadvantages of Liquid Penetrant Inspection .2-3Basic Penetrant Inspection Process.2-4Personnel Requirements .2-5Understanding Penetrant Classification and Processes .2-5Qualification of Penetrant Material .2-9Qualification of Penetrant Sensitivity.2-10Penetrant Material Performance.2-10SECTION II PRINCIPLES AND THEORY OF LIQUID PENETRANT 2.72.2.82.2.92.2.102.2.11Principles and Theory of Liquid Penetrant Inspection .2-11General.2-11Characteristics of a Penetrant.2-11Mechanisms of Penetrant Action .2-11How Liquid Penetrant Enters Discontinuities .2-17Mechanisms and Principles of Penetrant Removal .2-17Mechanisms of Developer Action .2-21Cleaning and Surface Preparation.2-22Surface Conditions Affecting Penetrant Inspection .2-22Contaminants and Soils.2-22Coatings .2-28Effects of Surface Deformation, Wear, and Surface Roughness on Penetrant Inspection .2-30SECTION III LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION .7Equipment .2-32General.2-32Portable Equipment .2-32Stationary Inspection Equipment - General Purpose .2-32Small Parts Inspection Systems .2-32Automated Inspection Systems .2-32Inspection Lamps.2-32Process Control Equipment.2-39SECTION IV LIQUID PENETRANT APPLICATION METHODS n Method.2-41General.2-41Basic Penetrant Processes .2-41Pre-Testing.2-46Pre-Cleaning Performed by NDI Personnel .2-46Penetrant Application .2-47Temperature Limitations .2-50
TO trant Dwell .2-52Penetrant Removal.2-58Water Washing/Rinsing Technique .2-71Drying .2-72Application of Developers .2-74Post-Cleaning After Penetrant Inspection.2-85Protection of Parts Following Penetrant Inspection .2-86SECTION V INTERPRETATION OF LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION on of Indications .2-87General.2-87Importance of Understanding the Interpretation Process .2-87Personnel Requirements .2-87Lighting.2-87Inspection Conditions .2-93Evaluating Indications .2-93SECTION VI PROCESS CONTROL OF LIQUID PENETRANT .6.72.6.82.6.92.6.10Liquid Penetrant Process Control .2-101General.2-101Need for Process Quality .2-101Why Test New Materials .2-101Why Test In-Use Materials.2-101Causes of Material Degradation.2-101Establishing Work Center Process Control Intervals .2-102Process Control Equipment.2-102Process Checks .2-105Control of New Materials .2-111Testing In-Use Materials.2-113SECTION VII SPECIAL PURPOSE LIQUID PENETRANTS .7.9Special Purpose Liquid Penetrant .2-123General.2-123Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Compatible Penetrants.2-123Low Sulfur, Low Chlorine Penetrant Systems.2-124High Temperature Penetrant Materials.2-124Dye Precipitation Penetrant Systems .2-124Reversed Fluorescence Method .2-124Thixotropic Penetrant .2-125Dilution Expansion Developers .2-125Plastic-Film Developers .2-125SECTION VIII LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION 3Liquid Penetrant Inspection Safety.2-126Safety Requirements.2-126General Precautions.2-126Personal Protection Equipment .2-126Ventilation.2-126Matting.2-127UV-A Hazards .2-127Hazards of Aerosol Cans .2-127MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION METHOD .3-1SECTION I MAGNETIC PARTICLE (MT) INSPECTION METHOD .3-1iii
TO 33B-1-13.13.1.13.1.23.1.3General Capabilities of Magnetic Particle Inspection.3-1Introduction to Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) .3-1Benefit of Magnetic Particle Inspection .3-1Basic Concept of Magnetic Particle Inspection .3-1SECTION II MAGNETIC PARTICLE PRINCIPLES AND THEORY.3-23.23.2.13.2.23.2.33.2.43.2.5Principles and Theory of Magnetic Particle Inspection .3-2Principles of Magnetization .3-2Basic Terminology .3-2Magnetic Field Characteristics.3-3Currents Used to Generate Magnetic Fields .3-9Ferromagnetic Material Characteristics .3-10SECTION III MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION EQUIPMENT .3-143.33.3.13.3.23.3.33.3.43.3.53.3.6Magnetic Particle Inspection Equipment and Materials .3-14Selection of Magnetic Particle Inspection Equipment .3-14Categories of Magnetic Particle Inspection Equipment .3-14Inspection Equipment Accessories.3-17Special Purpose Equipment.3-17Field Strength Measurement Devices .3-19Understanding and Selecting Magnetic Particle Inspection Materials .3-22SECTION IV MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION APPLICATIONS 4.93.4.103.4.113.4.123.4.13Magnetic Particle Inspection Application Methods .3-28Inspection Preparation .3-28Magnetic Particle Inspection Techniques .3-30Selecting a Magnetizing Current .3-32Magnetic Field.3-34Field Strength Measurement Techniques.3-40Methods of Particle Application .3-42Wet Fluorescent Inspection Technique.3-52Portable Magnetic Particle Inspection .3-53Special Magnetization Techniques.3-55Multidirectional Magnetization .3-57Demagnetization .3-58Post Inspection Cleaning.3-65Magnetic Rubber Inspection .3-66SECTION V MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION INTERPRETATIONS c Particle Inspection Interpretation.3-77Formation of Discontinuities and their Indications.3-77Definition of Terms.3-79Basic Steps of Inspection .3-79Classes of Discontinuities .3-85Non-Relevant Indications .3-104Interpretation and Elimination of Non-Relevant Indications .3-109Methods of Recording MPI Indications .3-109SECTION VI PROCESS CONTROL OF MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION .3-1123.63.6.13.6.23.6.33.6.43.6.5ivMagnetic Particle Process Control.
TM 1-1500-335-23 TECHNICAL MANUAL NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION METHODS, BASIC THEORY (ATOS) THIS MANUAL SUPERSEDES TO 33B-1-1/NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1/TM 1-1500-335-23, DATED 15 MAY 2014. ARMY Wherever the text of this manual refers to Air Force technical orders for supportive inform
ABS GUIDE FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF HULL WELDS. 2002 iii Foreword Foreword This Guide is the third edition of the Rules for Nondestructive Inspection of Hull Welds, which was originally published in 1975 and updated as the second editi
ProgTarnmed Instruction Handbook Introduction to Nondestructive Testing (5330.9) is home study material for familiarization and orientation on Nondestructive Testing. This material was planned and prepared for use with formal Nondestructive Testing. courses. Although these courses are not scheduled at this time the material will be a
INSPECTION METHOD (ASTM E1417) 6-3. INTRODUCTION Penetrant inspection is a nondestructive test for discontinuities open to the surface in parts made of nonporous materials. This is done by applying penetrant to the surface of the part which then penetrates the surface discontinuity. Excess penetrant is removed from the part surface with penetrant
"Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, held August 7-12, 1983, at the University of California, Santa Cruz, California"-Vol. 3, verso ClP t.p. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Nondestructive testing-Congresses. I. Thompson, Donald O. II Chimenti, Dale E. III. United States.
ACOUSTIC NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF STEEL REINFORCING MEMBERS IN CONCRETE . Michael K. McInerney*, Sean W. Morefield, Vincent F. Hock . developed an acoustic technique and sensor to make . INTRODUCTION . 1.1 Background . Acoustic waves are nondestructive, are capable of
5 HARDNESS TESTING Hardness pricing for Nondestructive Testing – See Nondestructive Testing on page 8. Brinell or Rockwell (minimum) 45.00 Brinell or Rockwell (when in conjunction with mechanical testing) 10.00 One (1) Quadrant Survey 80.00 Four (4) Quadrant Survey 125.00 *Rockwell Hardness Weld Survey (up to 18 points) 120.00 *Rockwell Har
Courtesy of Cognex Corporation. (d) Vision system for arc welding. Courtesy of Robotic Vision Systems, Inc. Source: Ref 2. Chapter 1: Inspection Methods—Overview and Comparison / 5 Hardness Testing Hardness testing is one of the simplest and most widely used inspection . methods. It is a nondestructive method that can be used to predict the
dan kinetik dari neuromuskuloskeletal tulang belakang (1,2,3). II. Anatomi Tulang Belakang Lumbosakral 2.1 Elemen-Elemen Tulang 2.1.1 Vertebrae Lumbal Ukuran tulang vertebrae lumbal semakin bertambah dari L1 hingga L5 seiring dengan adanya peningkatan beban yang harus disokong. Pada bagian depan dan sampingnya, terdapat sejumlah foramina kecil untuk suplai arteri dan drainase vena. Pada bagian .
