Low Angle Rescue Operations Level
Low Angle RescueOperations LevelPresented by: Mukilteo Fire Department
Contents Standard Operating Guideline Low Angle High Angle Equipment Review Skills Review Practical Application
Low Angle RescueStandard Operating GuidelineLow angle shall be defined as any angle that is less than vertical;or an angle or incline in which a rope or system failure wouldnot result in the rescuer falling to his/her death or sustainingserious injury.Personnel trained, to the Operations level, in low angle rescuemay attempt to gain access to patients in low angle situations.This access will be limited to those actions necessary to stabilizeand/or treat the patient. Packaging and extrication of the patientshall be done with the assistance and direction of the TechnicalRescue Team.Operations level personnel shall employ the following guidelineswhen faced with a low angle rescue incident:
1. Request a technical rescue response from dispatch.2. Initiate the Incident Management System (IMS)- including theestablishment of a staging area for incoming units and personnel,as well as the implementation of the passport accountabilitysystem.3. Isolate the scene and deny entry to prevent further danger tovictim(s), personnel and bystanders.4.Gather information:Low angle –vs- High angleNumber of victimsSpecific victim informationPossible or potential injuriesReason for rescue situation
Location of victim(s)Last seen or heardRescue –vs- recoveryMost logical access to victim(s)5. Establish an equipment area in close proximity to the access/retrieval point.6. Ensure that all personnel working within 5’ of the edge are secured to ananchor with a “travel-limiting device”.7. Locate and establish a safe anchor point from which to rappel using one of thefollowing anchors3-biteMulti-wrapAnchor strap (1 or 2 carabiner method)
Direct Tie8. Gain access to the patient utilizing an 8-plate rappel, bringingall necessary equipment to secure the patient to the mainline.9. Safety-check all rope systems prior to loading them. Begin atthe anchor point and work towards the rescuer.10. Assist the Technical Rescue Team as directed, staying withinthe scope of Operations level training. Tasks to include:Identify and locate potential anchor pointsActing as a haul team memberAssist in the rigging of raising/lowering systems11. Keep all unnecessary communications to a minimum duringrescue operations.Please note that only “life safety” rope and equipment shall beused for any low angle rescue operation.
High Angle RescueStandard Operating GuidelineHigh angle shall be defined as any angle that is vertical or nearvertical; or any angle or incline in which a rope or system failurewould result in the rescuer falling to his/her death or sustainingserious injury.No attempt shall be made by operations level personnel to gainaccess to a victim in a high angle rescue situation.High angle rescue shall require personnel trained to the Technicianlevel to perform any attempts at rescue.Operations level personnel shall employ the following guidelineswhen faced with a high angle rescue incident:
1. Request a technical rescue response from dispatch.2. Initiate the Incident Management System (IMS)- including theestablishment of a staging area for incoming units and personnel, aswell as the implementation of the passport accountability system.3. Isolate the scene and deny entry to prevent further danger tovictim(s), personnel and bystanders.4. Gather information:Low angle –vs- High angleNumber of victimsSpecific victim informationPossible or potential injuriesReason for rescue situationLocation of victim(s)
Last seen or heardRescue –vs- recoveryMost logical access point to victim(s)5. Establish an equipment area in close proximity to theaccess/retrieval point.6. Ensure that all personnel working within 5’ of the edge are securedto an anchor with a “travel-limiting device”.7. Identify and locate at least two independent and secure anchorpoints to be used for the mainline and belay line.8. If possible, lower a rope to the victim only if it appears that theyhave a harness on and they are able to follow directions. Direct thevictim to clip an already tied-in carabiner to a safe location on theirharness.
9. Assist the Technical Rescue Team as directed, staying within thescope of Operations level training. Tasks to include:Serving as a haul team memberEdge positionRope managementSecuring of rescue siteServing as a belayer on a single person loadEquipment gathering and supply10. Keep all unnecessary communications to a minimum duringrescue operations.
Equipment Review
Rescue Rope 12.5mm or ½”9000lb Rated200’ LengthMeets NFPA 1983If inspected after each useand with proper recordkeeping rope may last up to10 years Inspect after each use and atleast bi-annually Correctly fill out RopeHistory Card after each useand Inspection ID Tag required on bothends of the rope
Carabiners 9000lb RatedSteel- LockingUse long axis onlyDO NOT side loadIf dropped from 6’ orgreater remove from serviceand send to Station 25 (A-shift) with anexplanation – includingDate, From Whom, WhatHappened and Unit #LoadedLong-AxisSide LoadedCarabiner
Rescue 8 with Ears 9000lb Rated Aluminum or Steel Steel will have less frictionthan the aluminum If dropped from 6’ orgreater remove from serviceand send to Station 25 withan explanation- includingDate, From Whom, WhatHappened and Unit #
Seat Harness 2” Flat Webbing- 6000lb RatedD-Ring 5000lb RatedOverall rating for harness is5000lbsOne Size Fits AllParachute type buckles- donot require back-up knots10 Year LifeNFPA 1983 CompliantContrasting Stitching to Aidin InspectionInspect after each use and atleast bi-annually
Anchor Strap 1” or 2” mil specwebbing Minimum breakingstrength of 4000lbs andmaximum of 6000lbs Straps with D-rings arerated at 5000lbs 10’ Length
Prusik Loops Two Sizes 4’5” and 5’6”8mm CordBreaking Strength of 3300lbsJoined with a Double OverhandBend and pre-tensionedDo not untie prusik loopsUsed as a rope grab device forHauling, Belaying and as anattachment to the StokesWhen used as a 3-Wrap Prusik itwill slip at 1000-1200lbs
Webbing Three Lengths 5’- Green 12’- Yellow 20’- Red 1” Tubular Webbing 4000lb Rated Other sizes not carriedon the engine company 15’ – Blue 25’- Black 30’- Orange
Rope Bag Double Ended Ensure that rope isknotted, with Figure 8Stopper knots, prior tostuffing MUST have RopeHistory Card attached Lifetime Warranty- Ifdamaged please returnto Station 25 for repairor replacement
Saddle Bag Used for storing rescueSoftware andHardware Please remove fromRope Bag prior toopening pouches Same LifetimeWarranty applies
Edge Protection Used to preventdamage to rope Protects rope where itmoves over an edge Two styles Rope Sleeve Canvas
Miscellaneous EquipmentRope History CardRope Rescue Gloves
Skills Review
Knots and BendsPlease tie a Figure 8Stopper Knot
Knots and BendsPlease tie a Figure 8 Follow ThroughPlease note that a Safety Back-Up is NOT required whentying the Figure 8 Family of Knots
Knots and BendsNow a Figure 8 on aBight
Knots and BendsThe Bowline While this knot is nottaught at theOperations level- Ifyou are a “Bowline”person it is allowed Please note that aSafety Back-up isrequired on theBowline
Knots and BendsThe Waterbend1245Please note that a Safety Back-upis not required when the tails areat least a palms width in length3Begin by forming an overhandbend in one end of the webbingthen, with the opposite end ofthe webbing follow throughyour overhand bend so thatwhen finished the two ends areopposite from each other
AnchorsThe 3-Bight Begin with a length ofwebbing and tie awaterbend into it Next, wrap youranchor, ensuring thatyour knot/bend isrunning up one of thesides and place acarabiner through thetwo looped ends
AnchorsMulti-Wrap (Wrap 3- Pull 2) Using webbing, wrap your123anchor three times Tie a waterbend to join theends Pull the two pieces ofwebbing away from theanchor, ensuring that yourwatrerbend is located on theload side of the anchor toreduce the force on the knotand aid in untying later.
AnchorsThe Direct Tie-In Tie the beginning step ofyour Figure 8 FollowThrough before wrappingyour anchor Wrap the anchor Complete your Figure 8Follow Through Knot Again,the Bowline isallowed if tied correctly
AnchorsAnchor Strap 1 Carabiner Method Wrap your anchor andconnect the two ends, withor without D-rings, using acarabiner Ensure that the anglecreated by the two sides ofthe webbing is less than 45degrees If greater than 45 degreesuse the 2 Carabiner method
AnchorsAnchor Strap 2 Carabiner Method Use the same process asdescribed in the 1 Carabinermethod Once connected, with acarabiner, simply slide thestrap to one side and place asecond carabiner into thesystem to act as yourattachment point for therope
Rescue 8 with EarsRiggingRun a bight of rope up and through the backof the 8-Plate. Ensure that the “running” endof the rope is on your Right if you are Righthanded; and to the Left if you are Left handedPull the bight around the bottom of the 8-PlateAttach the 8-Plate to your Carabiner,ensuring that you lock the gate.
Rescue 8 with EarsRappellingPictured is the “maximumfriction” position. In thiscase a “R” handed personon rappel has his “R” handbehind him and on his hip.The left hand is placedunder the 8-Plate, to aid inbraking and rope control.To reduce the friction, and increase the speed ofdescent, while on rappel simply move the brake handaway from the body. For “R” handed rappel your handwould come off the hip, out and forwardsimultaneously
Rescue 8 with Ears Lock-Off Tie-Off In most instances the Low Angle rescuer should be able to removehim/herself from the line once theyhave reached the patient. If due toangle, slope or other concerns youmust remain attached to themainline you must use the lock-offtie-off as a means of securingyourself to the line and ensuringthat you will remain at thenecessary point on the line toperform your workDirections are for “R” handedrappel Once stopped,move the “L” handover to the running portion of therope; to act as a brake Now move your “R” hand forwardand in front of the “L” hand,grabbing the running portion ofthe rope12
Rescue 8 with EarsLock-Off Tie-Off Now, return your “L” handto the 8-Plate and with anunderhand grip grab the 8plate, squeeze the roperunning around the bottomand rotate the 8-plate tothe “R” At this time bring your“R” hand forward, withthe rope, wrapping itaround the back of the 8plate and capturing thestanding portion of theline- Pull back towardsyour body once thestanding line has beencaptured34
Rescue 8 with EarsLock-Off Tie-Off Repeat the previous stepso that you end up withtwo complete wraps thathave captured the standingportion of the rope Now pull up a length ofrope, from the runningend, form a bight and feedit through the bottom ofthe 8-plate Finish by tying anoverhand safety to thestanding portion of the line You are now locked-offand tied-off567
3- Wrap Prusik13Begin byplacing theknot of theprusik looponto the rope.Wrap theprusik ontothe rope threetimes, thenpull offcenter so thatyour knotends uprunning upone of thesides, asshown24
The Emergency or Hasty HarnessThis harness may be tiedusing either red (20’) oryellow (12’) webbing.The yellow webbingallows the harness to becompleted with acarabiner only, while thered webbing requires asquare knot and a safetyback-up to complete.Please note that theyellow webbing may notfit all individuals whilethe red should be longenough for most all sizesof people
The Emergency or Hasty HarnessTo tie the harness: Tie a water bend into alength of webbing and placethe knot in the “small” ofthe victim’s back- creatinga “3-bight” around thevictim (1) Allowing the bottom loopto hang down behind thevictim, reach between theirlegs and bring the loopforward to a point even withthe “3-bight” loops in yourhand (2)12
The Emergency or Hasty Harness3 Once even with yourfront loops reach infrom the outsides andgrab the loop that isnow running throughthe victim’s legs (3) Begin to pull tensionon the webbing, bypulling from thebottom of the loops(4), until snug againstthe victim’s waist (5)45
The Emergency or Hasty Harness At this time, if you haveused the yellow webbing,you may simply connect theloops with a carabiner tocomplete your emergencyharness (6). (Red webbingusers will need to tie offtheir excess webbing with asquare knot and safetyback-up) The square knot is formedby tying two overhandknots in a specific order.Begin by placing the pieceof webbing in your “L”hand over the piece in your“R” hand (6a) and tying anoverhand knot (6b)66a6b
The Emergency or Hasty Harness Now, take the piece ofwebbing in your “R” handand place it over the top ofthe piece in your “L” hand(7a) and tie the secondoverhand (7b). The subsequent tighteningof the knot should result inthe formation of a “V”shape; thus letting youknow that the knot has beentied correctly7aV-shape7b
The Emergency or Hasty Harness Complete your, red,webbing harness bytying a safety back-upon either side of yoursquare knot andplacing a carabineraround the square knot.(8)8SafetyOverhand
Internal/External Lash The Internal lash (yellowwebbing) is meant to keepthe patient from sliding upor down while in theStokes basket. The External lash (orangewebbing) is intended tosecure the patient into theStokes basket
Internal/External LashThe Internal Lash Once the victim has beenplaced into the Stokesbasket, with an emergencyharness in place, begin theinternal lash by girthhitching a length of yellowwebbing around thecarabiner and running theends towards the victim’shead Tie the loose ends aroundthe vertical posts of thebasket, above the level ofthe head, using a round turnand two half-hitches
Internal/External LashThe Internal Lash Once both sides of the headof the basket have beentied, girth hitch a secondlength of webbing aroundthe first and run towards thefoot of the basket Again tie off around thevertical posts, near theknees of the victim, using around turn and two halfhitches
Internal/External LashThe Internal Lash The completed InternalLash
Internal/External LashThe External Lash Using a length of Orangewebbing, supplied by theTechnical Rescue Team,find the center of the lengthand place it on the victim’schest. Begin to run the endsaround the vertical postsand cross ends over thevictim’s body forming an“X” at each cross
Internal/External LashThe External Lash Once you have reached thevictim’s feet tie-off one endof the webbing using around turn and two halfhitches Tension the webbingbeginning at the securedend and working yourself tothe running end Once all of the slack hasbeen removed from thesystem secure the remainingend with a round turn andtwo half-hitches.
Internal/External LashThe External Lash The completedInternal/External Lash
Securing the Mainline to theStokes12Once the patient has beensecured, using theinternal/external lash, thestokes basket must besecured to the mainline.To do this you must:1. Begin by tying a figure8 up from the end of theline2. Wrap the mainline overthe top of the bar, at thehead of the basket
Securing the Mainline to theStokes343. Continue to wrap as youmove across the head ofthe basket. Wrapping overthe top of the bar to formmultiple loops around thehead of the basket;ensuring that you DONOT wrap around thearea at the center of thebasket. (See photo 4)
Securing the Mainline to theStokes565. Once all loops havebeen completed, across thehead of the basket,complete the tie-off byperforming a followthrough of the figure-8that you had used to beginwith. (See photo 6)Please note that the linebeing used is the same linethat the rescuer had usedto access the patient.
Practical ApplicationUpon completion of this presentation please assembleyour Engine Company Rope Bag and practice thefollowing skills: Knots and Bends Figure-8 Figure-8 Follow Through Figure-8 on a Bight Bowline WaterbendAnchors 3-Bight Multi-Wrap (Wrap 3 Pull 2) Direct Tie-In Anchor Strap ( 1 and 2 CrabinerMethods) Rappelling 8-Plate– Rigging– Rappeling– Lock-Off Tie-Off Prusik– 3-Wrap Prusik Emergency or Hasty Harness Use both Red and Yellowwebbing Tie onto yourself and to a crewmemberContact your shift’s Rescue Tech if you need assistance.
Low Angle Rescue Standard Operating Guideline Low angle shall be defined as any angle that is less than vertical; or an angle or incline in which a rope or system failure would not result in the rescuer falling to his/her death or sustaining serious injury. Personnel trained, to t
Technical Rescue Rope Rescue Trench Rescue Confined Space Rescue Heavy Extrication Rescue Large Animal Rescue Technical Rescue and Hazmat are the same team. 20 Low Angle Rope Training at the Brevard County Zoo
and rescue calls. Incidents that require Technical and Mountain Search and Rescue encompass a wide variety of situations including; high angle or rope rescue, water rescue, confined space rescue, trench rescue, and structural collapse. This handbook may lean toward a wilderness or county sheriff’s system, but it can be adapted toward other .
German Shepherd Rescue Alliance of WI Imminent Danger German Sheperd Rescue Shepherds to Love White Paws GSD Rescue Save our Shepherds Southeast German Shepherd Rescue TN Valley Golden Retriever Rescue Adopt A Golden Middle Tennnesse Golden Ret
Technical search and rescue operations following a structural or other infrastructure collapse (e.g., highway overpass, bridge, mine, etc.). b. Technical search and rescue operations following natural disasters (e.g., tornado, flood, earthquake etc.) c. Land and water-based search and rescue operations. d. Air-based search and rescue operations. 5.
Before measuring an angle, it is helpful to estimate the measure by using benchmarks, such as a right angle and a straight angle. For example, to estimate the measure of the blue angle below, compare it to a right angle and to a straight angle. 90 angle 180 angle A right angle has a measure of 90
An angle is said to be an obtuse angle if it is greater than 90 but is less than 120 . Straight Angle An angle whose measure is 180 is a straight angle. This angle got its name as it forms a straight line. AOB is a straight angle. Reflex Angle A reflex angle
MUSAR Region 1 team for a tower rescue. (Video at the beginning of this presentation) Community outreach and communicate with structure owners to see if they have self-rescue programs or a rescue plan Work with county emergency managers to see what MUSAR Regions have for high angle rescue
5 SIMULIA To be published by ASM: www.asminternational.org ASM Handbook Volume 22B Application of Metal Processing Simulations, 2010 The Deterministic Single Objective Problem In the case of a single objective problem, we are maximizing or minimizing a single output and/ or constraining a set of outputs to stay within a certain range.
