Ed I C In &N Journal Of Mitra Et Al.,J Nanomed Nanotechnol .
Journal ofchnologoteyanurnal of NanJoedicine & NomNanomedicine & NanotechnologyISSN: 2157-7439Mitra et al., J Nanomed Nanotechnol 2019, 10:2DOI: 10.35248/2157-7439.19.10.530Research ArticleOpen AccessProtective Role of Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles Using Terminaliaarjuna against Acetaminophen Induced Hematological Alterations in MaleWistar RatsMousumi Mitra1, Amit Bandyopadhyay2, Gouriprasad Datta3 and Dilip K Nandi1*PG Department of Human Physiology, Raja Narendra Lal. Khan Women’s College (Autonomous), Midnapore, West Bengal, IndiaPG Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India3PG Department of Physiology, Rammohan College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, India12AbstractBackground: The present study aim to investigate on the characterization of green synthesized gold nanoparticles(AuNPs) and to evaluate whether this herbal nanoparticle can increase the efficiency of herb for alteration ofhematological indices against acetaminophen induced toxicity in male Wistar rats.Methods: Bark extract of Terminalia arjuna was used for the green synthesis of AuNPs and then characterizationof the nanoparticles were done. Then experiment was conducted on 24 healthy male Wistar rats. The animals weredivided into four groups, each group having six rats. Group-1: Control; Group- 2: acetaminophen treated (500 mg /kg) for 14 days; Group-3: Co-administration of acetaminophen (500 mg/kg/day) along with Terminalia arjuna barkextract (175 µg/kg/day) for 14 days; Group-4: Co-administration acetaminophen (500 mg/kg/day) along with of greensynthesised AuNPs (175 µg/kg/day) for 14 days. Hematological indices were measured using standard hematologicaltechniques.Results: The green synthesized AuNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FESEM, HRTEM, EDX,FTIR, XRD, DLS analysis. UV-visible spectroscopy showed SPR band at 524 nm. FESEM, HRTEM and XRD analysesrevealed that green synthesized AuNPs were spherical shaped, crystalline in nature with size ranging between 20 and40 nm. Hematological analysis revealed that there was significant decrease in Red Blood Cells (RBCs), Hemoglobin(HB), Hematocrit (HCT)%, Lymphocyte percentage and Platelet Distribution Width (PDW)%, with acetaminophentreatment but White Blood Cells(WBCs), Red blood cell Distribution Width (RDW)% and Platelets (PLTs) significantlyincreases with acetaminophen administration. Then after co-administration with green synthesized AuNPs along withacetaminophen showed effective significant recovery in the hematological alterations.Conclusions: Overall the results highlighted the promising effect of green synthesized AuNPs againstacetaminophen induced hematological alterations in male Wistar rats.Keywords: Terminalia arjuna; Gold nanoparticles; FESEM; HRTEM;Hematological indicesIntroductionDevelopment in the field of nanotechnology has embossed thenecessity of utilizing therapeutic nanoparticles for the detectionand treatment of diseases. Among the metallic nanoparticles goldnanoparticles (AuNPs) has great importance because of its widerapplications in drug delivery [1], biomedical [2], biosensor [3],anticancer [4], antioxidant [5] due to its biocompatibility well definedsize, shape, stability and can be easily synthesized [6]. Chemicalsynthesis method of AuNPs is hazardous to the environment toxic tothe biological system. Green synthesis of nanoparticles by using plantsand its extract have received much interest due to its eco-friendliness[7,8], less biohazardous, non-toxicity, cost effectiveness and easilyscalable [9]. From different studies it has been reported that flavones,polyols, terpenoids, polysaccharides and proteins are involved in thebioreduction and stabilization of the metal ions during nanoparticlessynthesis using plant [10]. In last few years, for the development ofnanotechnology based drugs many pharmaceutical companies have gotapproval from the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA) as thereis a great urge for large investment in developing new nanotechnologybased medical tools for therapeutics [11].Investigations in the area of green synthesis of gold nanoparticlesusing living plants [12] were first reported by Gardea–Torresdey andhis co-workers. Scientific research reports demonstrated that severalJ Nanomed Nanotechnol, an open access journalISSN: 2157-7439plants were used for biosynthesis of nanoparticles, which includes Sidaacuta leaf extract [13], Beta vulgaris [14], crude extract of Syzygiumaromaticum [15], Piper nigrum [16]. Synthesis of AuNPs using severalplants have been reported which includes Terminalia arjuna [17],Morinda citrifolia L. [18], Murraya koenigii [19], Terminalia chebula[20], R. tuberosa& P. acidus [21], and Gnidia glauca [22]. Fromenvironmental issues it is clear that the green synthesis meets thesignificant potential in using of safe, harmless, renewable materials fornanoparticle synthesis. In this current study bark extract of Terminaliaarjuna is used for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Differentbioactive constituents such as triterpenoid, saponin, tannin, ellagic acid,gallic acid and proanthocyanidines are present in Terminalia arjunabark extract had been reported [23]. In ayurveda Terminalia arjuna isconsidered as miracle herb used for the treatment of cardiovascular and*Corresponding author: Dilip K Nandi, PG Department of Human Physiology,Raja Narendra Lal. Khan Women’s College (Autonomous), Midnapore-721102,West Bengal, India, Tel: 919434229882; E-mail: dilipnandi2004@yahoo.co.inReceived: March 13, 2019; Accepted: March 28, 2019; Published: April 06, 2019Citation: Mitra M, Bandyopadhyay A, Datta G, Nandi DK (2019) ProtectiveRole of Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles Using Terminalia arjuna againstAcetaminophen Induced Hematological Alterations in Male Wistar Rats. J NanomedNanotechnol 10: 530. doi: 10.35248/2157-7439.19.10.530Copyright: 2019 Mitra M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed underthe terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author andsource are credited.Volume 10 Issue 2 530
Citation: Mitra M, Bandyopadhyay A, Datta G, Nandi DK (2019) Protective Role of Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles Using Terminalia arjunaagainst Acetaminophen Induced Hematological Alterations in Male Wistar Rats. J Nanomed Nanotechnol 10: 530. doi: 10.35248/21577439.19.10.530Page 2 of 7oxidative stress mediated disorders [24]. It is one of the most versatilemedicinal plants having a wide spectrum of biological activity suchas anti-dysentric, anti-pyretic, astringent, cardiotonic, lithotriptic,anti-coagulant, hypolipidemic, anti-uremic [25] anti-oxidative, antimicrobial [26] and nephroprotective [27] properties.Complete blood count is essential to determine the types andnumber of cells in the blood. Assessment of standard hematologicalparameters i.e. Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs),Hematocrit (HCT)%, Hemoglobin (HB), Platelets (PLTs) counts,Lymphocyte percentage, Red blood cell Distribution Width (RDW) %and, Platelet Distribution Width (PDW)% are valuable indicators thathelp in diagnosing disease conditions such as anemia, infection andmany other disorders.energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to study the elementscomposition and estimate their proportions. In addition, the selectedarea electron diffraction (SAED) pattern was also conducted. Fouriertransform infrared spectra (FTIR) of Terminalia arjuna bark extractand green synthesized AuNPs was measured using (FTIR- NICOLET6700) with resolution 4 cm-1 and scanning range between 4000 to 500cm-1. The crystalline nature of green synthesized AuNPs was determinedby X-ray diffraction (XRD-Bruker, D2 PHASER) pattern operating at avoltage 30 kV and current 10 mA with Cu-Kα radiation. The size anddispersity of the nanoparticles in medium was using dynamic lightscattering (DLS) (Zetasizer Ver. 6.20, Malvern Instruments, and UK).Selection of animalsMaterials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted on 24 healthy male Wistar ratsobtained from authorized Chakraborty Animal suppliers, Kolkata (M/SChakraborty Enterprise Registration no.: 1443/PO/b/11/CPCSEA). Therats were nearly of same age, weighing 100-120 g. Animals were housedin appropriate cages three rats/cage at standard laboratory condition ina well-ventilated room with controlled temperature(25 40C, humidity:50 10% and 12 h day/night cycle). They were provided with standardfood and water ad libitum.ChemicalsTreatment scheduleChloroauric acid (HAuCL4) was purchased from sigma Aldrich(Lot#MKBZ67464, CAS: 16903-35-8HAuCl4), Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).The rats were divided into four groups, each groups having sixrats (n 6): Group-I: Control; Group- II: received acetaminophenintraperitoneally at concentration 500 mg/kg of body weight for 14days; Group-III: received intraperitoneal infusion of acetaminophen(500 mg/kg/day) along with co-administration of Terminaliaarjuna bark extract (175 µg/kg/day) for 14 days; Group-IV: receivedintraperitoneal infusion of acetaminophen(500 mg/kg/day) along withco-administration of green synthesized AuNPs (175 µg/kg/day) for 14days.Therefore, the present study has been focused on the characterizationof green synthesized gold nanoparticles using aqueous bark extract ofTerminalia arjuna and to evaluate whether this herbal nanoparticle canincrease the efficiency of herb for alteration of hematological indicesagainst acetaminophen induced toxicity in male Wistar rats.Green synthesis of AuNPs using bark extract of TerminaliaarjunaTerminalia arjuna was collected from Laterite region of Gope Palace(Raja N.L Khan Women’s College) Medinipur, Paschim Midnaporedistrict, West Bengal, India. Taxonomic identification was done byDepartment of Botany, Raja Narendra Lal Khan Women’s College(Autonomous).The bark samples was cut into small pieces and washed in runningwater to remove dirt and adhering debris. Then it was washed withethanol to sterilize the samples. Then samples were dried under shade.Then the dried barks were ground into fine powder. 1 gm of powderedbarksample was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water by using magneticstirrer and incubated at 50-600C for 15 min. The obtained crude extractwas filtered by using Whatman No.1 filter paper and then filtrate wascollected into 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and stored at room temperature.For green synthesis of AuNPs, 10 ml aliquot of bark extract wasmixed with 100 ml of 1 mM HAuCl4 solution and the mixture wasstirred for 10 min at 60-700C for AuNPs synthesis. The change in colormixture was noted by visual examination. Then the green synthesizedgold nanoparticles were lyophilized for freeze drying to get powderform. Then the green synthesized AuNPs powder was stored in air tightcontainer.Characterization of green synthesized AuNPsUV- Visible Spectrophometer (UV-2450, Shimadzu, Japan) wasutilized to measure Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) absorptionband of green synthesized gold nanoparticles at wavelength of 400800 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (CarlZeiss, Germany) used to determine the shape and morphology [28] ofthe green synthesized AuNPs. High resolution transmission electronmicroscopy (HRTEM) (JEOL JEM 210) was operated for size and surfacemorphology analysis of the nanoparticles. HRTEM was equipped withJ Nanomed Nanotechnol, an open access journalISSN: 2157-7439After the treatment the animals were anesthetized by inhalation ofchloroform and then sacrificed for blood collection. The whole bloodwas collected in polypropylene tubes containing Ethylene diaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA) for haematological assessment. In this studyall the experimental protocols were approved by the Animal EthicalCommittee(Reference number: 02/IAEC(3)/S/RNLKWC/2017) andwere maintained as per Committee for the Purpose of Control andSupervision of Experiments on Animal (CPCSEA), Government ofIndia (Registration no.: 1905/PO/Re/S/2016/CPCSEA).Hematological analysisBlood count was performed by Semi-Automatic HematologyAnalyzer (ABACUS Vet 5, Diatron) to determine differenthaematological parameters such as Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White BloodCells (WBCs), Hemoglobin (HB), Hematocrit (HCT)%, Lymphocytepercentage, Platelets (PLTs), Red blood cell Distribution Width(RDW)% and Platelet Distribution Width (PDW)%. Hematological analysiswas performed by using 25 µl whole blood sample. Electrical Impedancemethod was used for this analysis.Statistical analysisThe data were calculated and statistical analysis was done by usingstatistical package, Origin 6.1, Northampton, Mass, USA. The statisticallycalculated data were expressed as Mean SE, n 6. Comparison wasdone between the means of control and with all experimental groups,by ANOVA followed by multiple twotail t-test. Bars for a specific datadiffer from each other significantly (p 0.05).Volume 10 Issue 2 530
Citation: Mitra M, Bandyopadhyay A, Datta G, Nandi DK (2019) Protective Role of Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles Using Terminalia arjunaagainst Acetaminophen Induced Hematological Alterations in Male Wistar Rats. J Nanomed Nanotechnol 10: 530. doi: 10.35248/21577439.19.10.530Page 3 of 7Results and DiscussionCharacterization of green synthesized AuNPsVisual observations: This preliminary phytochemical analysisshowed the formation of green synthesized gold nanoparticles. Whenaqueous bark extract of Terminalia arjuna was added to chloroauricacid solution the color changed from pale yellow to ruby red colorwithin a minute due to the excitation of surface Plasmon oscillationinduced by electromagnetic field and reduction of gold ions (Figure1). This indicated Terminalia arjuna mediated transformation ofcholroauric acid into green synthesized AuNPs.UV- Visible spectral analysis: The UV- visible spectral analysisshowed a broad absorbance peak centered at 524 nm (Figure 2) dueto size dependent quantum mechanical phenomenon called surfacePlasmon resonance (SPR) [29]. When the SPR bands centred between500 to 600 nm it confirms the formation of green synthesized AuNPsin the solution.accurate size and morphology of green synthesized AuNPs in thedry state. In HRTEM analysis, actual diameter of the nanoparticleswas determined having size between 7-20 nm (Figure 4a-4c). Inaddition analysis through EDX spectroscopy confirmed the presenceof elemental gold (Au) signal and consistent distribution of the greensynthesized AuNPs (Figure 4d). The elemental composition analysis ofEDX indicated strong signal for gold and weak signals for oxygen andcarbon, which might be due to the bioorganic molecules bound to thesurface of AuNPs. The SAED pattern with bright circular rings explainsthat nanoparticles were highly crystalline in nature (Figure 4e) [30].FTIR analysis: FTIR spectrum envisages the moleculararrangements of different functional groups of aqueous Terminaliaarjuna bark extract and colloidal AuNPs (Figure 5). This study helps topredict the potential biomolecules responsible for the reduction of Au3 FESEM analysis: The FESEM study of green synthesized AuNPsconfirmed that particles were mostly spherical in nature and had sizesless than 40 nm (Figure 3). The size distribution study also revealed thatnanoparticles were well dispersed.HRTEM with EDX analysis: High resolution transmission electronmicroscopy (HRTEM) study is an important device to analyze theFigure 3: FESEM image of green synthesized AuNPs.Figure 1: Colour Change during phytoreduction of chloroauric acid to rubyred colour.Figure 2: UV- spectra of Terminalia arjuna containing AuNPs.J Nanomed Nanotechnol, an open access journalISSN: 2157-7439Figure 4: a-c- HRTEM images of green synthesized AuNPs with differentmagnification; d-EDX spectroscopy display chemical composition of greensynthesized AuNPs. e-SAED pattern of green synthesized AuNPs.Volume 10 Issue 2 530
Citation: Mitra M, Bandyopadhyay A, Datta G, Nandi DK (2019) Protective Role of Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles Using Terminalia arjunaagainst Acetaminophen Induced Hematological Alterations in Male Wistar Rats. J Nanomed Nanotechnol 10: 530. doi: 10.35248/21577439.19.10.530Page 4 of 7ions and capping of reduced Au0 NPs synthesized using Terminaliaarjuna bark extract. The strong IR bands were observed at 3379.84,2928.92, 1722.34, 1615.70, 1518.62, 1443.65, 1317.92, 1204.60, 1073.61,816.67, 780.41, 627.88, 464.35 cm-1. The strong peak at 3379.84 cm-1corresponds to N-H stretching vibrations of primary amines. Theband at 2928.92 cm-1 corresponds to C-H stretching of asymmetryand symmetry vibrations, respectively. Another peak at 1722.34 cm-1belongs to C O carbonyl stretching. The bands at 1615.70, 1518.62,1443.65 cm-1 attributed to similar conjugation effects of N-H and C cstretching vibrations. The IR bands observed at 1317.92, 1204.60,1073.61 cm-1 may be ascribed to C-N and C-O-C stretching modes,respectively. The bands at 816.67, 780.41 cm-1 may be assigned toC-H bending. The band observed at 627.88 cm-1 may be due to thebending vibrations of N-H groups in protein. Hence, FTIR analysisindicates that terpenoid, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides andpolyphenolic compounds are present in the bark extract of Terminaliaarjuna [31]. The absorbance of IR band observed at 464.35 cm-1 isascribed to the metal peak due to reduction of Au3 ions to Au0 of greensynthesized AuNPs.Figure 5: FTIR study of green synthesized AuNPs (blue) & Terminalia arjunabark extract (red).X ray diffraction pattern analysis: The XRD pattern showed fourdistinct diffraction peaks with 2θ values at 38.170, 44.370, 64.560, 77.540which can be indexed to (111), (200), (220), (311) reflections of FCC(face centered cubic) structure of metallic gold respectively;(JCPDS No.04-0784) revealing that the green synthesized AuNPs were composedof pure crystalline Au (Figure 6). In the literature similar results werereported for AuNPs synthesized using different biological entities [32].Dynamic light scattering analysisParticle size and dispersity of AuNPs generated and capped withaqueous bark extract of Terminalia arjuna were determined by DLSstudy [33]. In the present study, the size of the nanoparticles rangedfrom 7 to 90 nm with average range diameter of 20 nm (Figure7). The measured size of the green synthesized AuNPs have largerhydrodynamic diameter due to the hydrated state of the sample in DLSmethod.Figure 6: XRD study of green synthesized gold nanoparticles.Hematological analysisThe present study was conducted to evaluate the protectiveeffect of green synthesized AuNPs against acetaminophen inducedhematological alterations in Wistar rats. Acetaminophen chemicallynamed as N- acetyl p-aminophenol is widely used analgesic andanti-pyretic which at overdose can cause acute hepatic damage. Theprotective activity of the green synthesized AuNPs was obtained whenco- administered once daily at a dose of 175 µg/kg body weight for 14days with acetaminophen administration.In this study, it has been observed that RBCs count significantlydecreased after intraperitoneal administration of acetaminophencompared to control, indicating occurrence of anaemia and hypoxia(Figure 8). The decrease in RBCs count means destruction of Redblood cells and reduction in the rate of erythropoiesis. RBCs countconducted with co-administration of green synthesized AuNPsalong with acetaminophen treatment showed significant increasecompared to the acetaminophen treated rats but there was no effectivealteration in RBCs count with co-administration of Terminalia arjunaextract compared to acetaminophen treated rats. Normally RBCs areproduced from hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow and undergoesmaturation directed by erythropoietin. Thus, alteration in RBCs countmight be due to hematopoietic system [34].A decrease in the HB level and HCT% after acetaminophenJ Nanomed Nanotechnol, an open access journalISSN: 2157-7439Figure 7: DLS study of green synthesized AuNPs.treatment in contrast to the control rats was due to the destructionand decrease in production of RBCs. Haematocrit percentage orpacked cell volume measures the volume percentage of red blood cellsin blood. After co-administration of green synthesized AuNPs therewas significant elevation in the HB level and HCT% compared toacetaminophen treated rats but with co- administration of Terminaliaarjuna extract did not show effective alterations in HB level and HCT%contrast to acetaminophen treated rats (Figures 9 and 10).Lymphocytes are the first line of immune defense against differentinfections. The lymphocyte percentage accompanied byacetaminophenadministration significantly reduced compared to control, after coadministration of green synthesized AuNPs there was significantlyincreased level of lymphocyte percentage compared to acetaminophentreated rats but co-administration of Terminalia arjuna extract did notVolume 10 Issue 2 530
Citation: Mitra M, Bandyopadhyay A, Datta G, Nandi DK (2019) Protective Role of Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles Using Terminalia arjunaagainst Acetaminophen Induced Hematological Alterations in Male Wistar Rats. J Nanomed Nanotechnol 10: 530. doi: 10.35248/21577439.19.10.530Page 5 of 7Figure 8: Effect of Terminalia arjuna bark extract and green synthesized AuNPson RBCs count in rats after intraperitoneal administration of acetaminophen.Data are expressed as Mean SE (n 6).ANOVA followed by multiple twotail t-test and data with different superscripts (*, #) in a specific verticalcolumn differ from each other significantly (p 0.05). Groups, G I: control, GII:Acetaminophen (Uremic), G III: Acetaminophen aqueous extract of TA, G IV:Acetaminophen green synthesized AuNPs.Figure 9: Effect of Terminalia arjuna bark extract and green synthesizedAuNPs on Hemoglobin level in rats after intraperitoneal administration ofacetaminophen. Data are expressed as Mean SE (n 6). ANOVA followed bymultiple two-tail t-test and data with different superscripts (*,#,*#) in a specificvertical column differ from each other significantly (p 0.05).Groups, G I:control, GII: Acetaminophen (Uremic), G III: Acetaminophen aqueous extractof TA, G IV: Acetaminophen green synthesized AuNPs.show effective change against acetaminophen treated rats (Figure 11).Hence, during toxicity or infections lymphocyte percentage declines. Ithas been reported that AuNPs directly interacts with lymphocyte [35].This confirms the effectiveness of AuNPs as novel drug delivery systemto the lymphocyte [36].In, Figure 12 showed significant increase in the WBCs afteracetaminophen administration compared to control, after coadministration of green synthesized AuNPs there was significantlydecreased level of WBCs compared to acetaminophen and Terminaliaarjuna extract treated rats. WBCs are the cells of immune system thatare involved in protecting the body against infections. Hence, greensynthesized AuNPs manifested effective protection of WBCs duringinfections.There was significant increase in the RDW%, after acetaminophenJ Nanomed Nanotechnol, an open access journalISSN: 2157-7439Figure 10: Effect of Terminalia arjuna bark extract and green synthesizedAuNPs on Hematocrit % in rats after intraperitoneal administration ofacetaminophen. Data are expressed as Mean SE (n 6). ANOVA followed bymultiple two-tail t-test and data with different superscripts (*,#,*#) in a specificvertical column differ from each other significantly (p 0.05).Groups, G I:control, GII: Acetaminophen (Uremic), G III: Acetaminophen aqueous extractof TA, G IV: Acetaminophen green synthesized AuNPs.Figure 11: Effect of Terminalia arjuna bark extract and green synthesizedAuNPs on Lymphocytes(%) in rats after intraperitoneal administration ofacetaminophen. Data are expressed as Mean SE (n 6). ANOVA followed bymultiple two-tail t-test and data with different superscripts (*,#,*#) in a specificvertical column differ from each other significantly (p 0.05).Groups, G I:control, GII: Acetaminophen (Uremic), G III: Acetaminophen aqueous extractof TA, G IV: Acetaminophen green synthesized AuNPs.treatment compared to control, respectively but co-administrationof green synthesized AuNPs with acetaminophen showed significantdecrease in red blood cell indices compared to acetaminophen andTerminalia arjuna extract treated rats (Figure 13). Red cell distributionwidth (RDW) test is the measurement of the range in the volume andsize of erythrocytes. RBCs carry oxygen from lungs to every cell in thebody. The increase in RDW than normal indicates anemia a possibleproblem with body function that in turn may affect oxygen getting tovarious parts of the body.Volume 10 Issue 2 530
Citation: Mitra M, Bandyopadhyay A, Datta G, Nandi DK (2019) Protective Role of Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles Using Terminalia arjunaagainst Acetaminophen Induced Hematological Alterations in Male Wistar Rats. J Nanomed Nanotechnol 10: 530. doi: 10.35248/21577439.19.10.530Page 6 of 7Figure 12: Effect of Terminalia arjuna bark extract and green synthesizedAuNPs on WBCs count in rats after intraperitoneal administration ofacetaminophen. Data are expressed as Mean SE (n 6). ANOVA followed bymultiple two-tail t-test and data with different superscripts (*,#,*#) in a specificvertical column differ from each other significantly (p 0.05).Groups, G I:control, GII: Acetaminophen (Uremic), G III: Acetaminophen aqueous extractof TA, G IV: Acetaminophen green synthesized AuNPs.Figure 13: Effect of Terminalia arjuna bark extract and green synthesizedAuNPs on RDW% in rats after intraperitoneal administration of acetaminophen.Data are expressed as Mean SE (n 6). ANOVA followed by multiple twotail t-test and data with different superscripts (*,#,*#) in a specific verticalcolumn differ from each other significantly (p 0.05).Groups, G I: control, GII:Acetaminophen (Uremic), G III: Acetaminophen aqueous extract of TA, G IV:Acetaminophen green synthesized AuNPs.Figure 14, showed significant decrease in PDW% afterintraperitoneal administration of acetaminophen compared to control,respectively but co-administration of green synthesized AuNPs withacetaminophen showed significant increase in PDW% compared toacetaminophen and Terminalia arjuna extract treated rats.Platelets (PLTs) are small blood cells that help in clotting of blood.When bleeding occurs platelets rush to the site of damage and formsticky plug that repair the damage and stops the bleeding. Figure 15,showed PLTs count gets significantly elevated after intraperitonealJ Nanomed Nanotechnol, an open access journalISSN: 2157-7439Figure 14: Effect of Terminalia arjuna bark extract and green synthesizedAuNPs on PDW% in rats after intraperitoneal administration of acetaminophen.Data are expressed as Mean SE (n 6). ANOVA followed by multiple twotail t-test and data with different superscripts (*,#,*#) in a specific verticalcolumn differ from each other significantly (p 0.05).Groups, G I: control, GII:Acetaminophen (Uremic), G III: Acetaminophen aqueous extract of TA, G IV:Acetaminophen green synthesized AuNPs.Figure 15: Effect of Terminalia arjuna bark extract and green synthesizedAuNPs on Platelets count in rats after intraperitoneal administration ofacetaminophen. Data are expressed as Mean SE (n 6). ANOVA followed bymultiple two-tail t-test and data with different superscripts (*,#,*#)in a specificvertical column differ from each other significantly (p 0.05).Groups, G I:control, GII: Acetaminophen (Uremic), G III: Acetaminophen aqueous extractof TA, G IV: Acetaminophen green synthesized AuNPs.administration of acetaminophen compared to control. The increasein PLTs might lead to thrombosis inside blood vessels and progressionof atherosclerosis which is considered to be most toxic induced byacetaminophen. But after co-administration of green synthesizedAuNPs with acetaminophen treatment showed effective significantdecrease compared to acetaminophen and Terminalia arjuna extracttreated rats.ConclusionsThe current investigation focuses on the effective role of greensynthesized gold nanoparticles against acetaminophen inducedhematological alterations in male Wistar rats. The AuNPs weresynthesized using Terminalia arjuna bark extract, which actedas both reducing and capping agent. This greener herbal methodVolume 10 Issue 2 530
Citation: Mitra M, Bandyopadhyay A, Datta G, Nandi DK (2019) Protective Role of Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles Using Terminalia arjunaagainst Acetaminophen Induced Hematological Alterations in Male Wistar Rats. J Nanomed Nanotechnol 10: 530. doi: 10.35248/21577439.19.10.530Page 7 of 7approach is eco-friendly, cost effective, rapid and also can be easilyscaled up for large-scale synthesis. The finding results indicatedthat green synthesized gold nanoparticles might be a useful agent torestore hematological alterations. Hence, green synthesized AuNPssupplementation might serves as a harmless therapeutic approach forprotection against infections.16. Krishnan V, Bupesh G, Manikandan E, Thanigai AK, Magesh S, et al. (2016)Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Piper nigrum concoction and itsanticancer activity against MCF-7 and Hep- 2 cell lines. J Antimicrob Agents2: 123-128.Acknowledgments18. Suman TY, Radhika Rajasree SR, Ramkumar, Rajthilak C, Perumal P (2014)The green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using an aqueous root extract ofMorinda citrifolia L. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 118: 11-16.The authors are very much thankful to Department of Science and Technology(DST), Government of West Bengal for providing the financial support (VideSanction No.: 308 (Sanc.)/ST/P/S&T/1G-74/2017). The authors are grateful to Dr.Jayasree Laha, Principal, Raja N.L. Khan Women’s College, Midnapore and Prof.Somnath Gangopadhyay, Head, PG Dept. of Physiology, University of Calcutta,Kolkata, for providing the facilities to execute these work. The authors would liketo express their gratit
by X-ray diffraction (XRD-Bruker, D2 PHASER) pattern operating at a voltage 30 kV and current 10 mA with Cu-Kα radiation. The size and dispersity of the nanoparticles in medium was using dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Zetasizer Ver. 6.20, Malvern Instruments, and UK). Selection of animals T
Texts of Wow Rosh Hashana II 5780 - Congregation Shearith Israel, Atlanta Georgia Wow ׳ג ׳א:׳א תישארב (א) ׃ץרֶָֽאָּהָּ תאֵֵ֥וְּ םִימִַׁ֖שַָּה תאֵֵ֥ םיקִִ֑לֹאֱ ארָָּ֣ Îָּ תישִִׁ֖ארֵ Îְּ(ב) חַורְָּ֣ו ם
Advanced Financial Accounting Advanced Financial Accounting Richard Lewis and David Pendrill Richard Lewis and David Pendrill seventh edition seventh edition Rigorous in its approach, Advanced Financial Accounting tackles the more complex issues of the subject in a lively and engaging manner. Familiar in its structure and treatment of basic concepts, this seventh edition has been thoroughly .
dan kinetik dari neuromuskuloskeletal tulang belakang (1,2,3). II. Anatomi Tulang Belakang Lumbosakral 2.1 Elemen-Elemen Tulang 2.1.1 Vertebrae Lumbal Ukuran tulang vertebrae lumbal semakin bertambah dari L1 hingga L5 seiring dengan adanya peningkatan beban yang harus disokong. Pada bagian depan dan sampingnya, terdapat sejumlah foramina kecil untuk suplai arteri dan drainase vena. Pada bagian .
Artificial intelligence, or the idea that computer systems can perform functions typically associated with the human mind, has gone from futuristic speculation to present-day reality. When the AlphaGo computer program defeated Lee Sedol, a nine-dan professional master, at the game of Go in 2016, it signaled to the world that it is indeed possible for machines to think a bit like humans—and .
ASTM C 67 Test Method for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Tile. 3. ASTM C 150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement. 4. ASTM C 297 Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions. 5. ASTM C 578 Standard Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation. 6. ASTM D 968 (Federal Test Standard 141A Method 6191) Standard Test Methods for .
Blueprint one (TB) Blueprint one: Grammar Practice Bloomsbury grammar guide: grammar made easy The blue book of grammar and punctuation : an easy-to-use guide with clear rules, real-world examples, and reproducible quizzes The bilingual family : a handbook for parents Blooming English : observations on the roots, cultivation and hybrids of the English language The big book of being rude Beyond .
E.SSENTIAL TESTING EQU! YJMEYTS REQUIRED FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE DC Power Supply I' Power Source (0 V to -100 V DC) Precision nigital Multimeter CRO (500 MHz Digital phosphor oscilloscope ar Digital st orag'e osci ilascope) Digital hrfillion Meg- Ohm meter Breakdown Tester Rheostat PCM Channel Analyser or Primary Digital MuItiplexer Analyser Digital Transmission Analyser or SDHlPDH /ATM Analyser
excellence in a Christ- centered environment, cultivating excellence in Content Competence Cultural Connections Christian character.” “The vision of the School of Education is empowering educators, and transforming lives in a Christ-centered environment.” The shared beliefs developed initially in 1989-1994 with revisions in .
