LOCOMOTOR, VOCAL AND OTHER BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES
Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 14 (1985) 27--3527Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam -- Printed in The NetherlandsLOCOMOTOR, VOCAL AND OTHER BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TOVARYING METHODS OF WEANING FOALSC.A. McCALL, G.D. POTTER and J.L. K R E I D EREquine Research Program, Department o f Animal Science, Texas Agricultural ExperimentStation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (U.S.A.)Technical Article 19160(Accepted for publication 5 October 1984)ABSTRACTMcCall, C.A., Potter, G.D. and Kreider, J.L., 1985. Locomotor, vocal and other behavioralresponses to varying methods of weaning foals. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 14: 27--35.Behavioral responses to weaning were studied in 21 foals assigned to one of five treatments: (1) abrupt, total separation of mare and foal, no pre-weaning creep feed (TSNC);(2) total separation but with creep feed (TSC); (3) partial separation o f mare and foalallowing fence-line contact, no pre-weaning creep feed (PSNC); (4)partial separation butwith creep feed (PSC); (5) control (CON), no separation of mare and foal with creep feed.Foals were observed for 5 h immediately after weaning. Vocalization frequency and timesof the following behaviors were recorded: lying down; standing still; walking; trotting;cantering. The TSNC foals spent more time walking than PSNC, PSC or CON foals, andspent less time standing still than foals on all other treatments. The TSC, PSNC, PSC andCON foals spent more time standing still than walking. There were no significant treatment effects on times spent lying down or cantering, but TSNC foals tended (P 0.06)to spend more time trotting than other foals. The PSC and CON foals were not differentin locomotor patterns, indicating that during weaning PSC foals utilized the same patternsof activity behavior as unweaned foals, and weaning stress was apparently minimal. Datafrom the weaned foals (CON excluded) indicated partial separation resulted in less postweaning activity in foals than total separation, and access to pre-weaning creep feedresulted in less activity than no pre-weaning creep feed. Treatments were not significantly different in mean times spent lying down, trotting or cantering. Total vocalizationsranged from 0 to 722. Foals on PSNC, PSC and CON treatments vocalized less (P 0.05) than TSNC or TSC foals. Foals weaned by total separation treatments vocalizedmore (P 0.001) than those weaned by partial separation. Pre-weaning feeding management did not affect (P 0.05) vocalization frequency during weaning. All weaned foalsexhibited aggression toward other foals, pawing and non-nutritional sucking of otherfoals. Non-nutritional sucking started within 2 h post-weaning and was observed up to2 weeks post-weaning. Results of this study showed that foals weaned by means of apartial separation management system exhibited fewer signs of stress than those weanedby abrupt separation.INTRODUCTIONSeveral systems of artificially weaning foals are practical in the horse industry and most suggest abrupt separation of mare and foal. In many0168-1591/85/ 03.30 1985 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
28conventional weaning management systems, foals are vaccinated, de-wormedand halter-broken during weaning, which multiplies potentially stressfulsituations. Some management systems do not allow foals access to creep feedprior to weaning and following weaning, foals do not readily consumeenough feed to meet their nutrient requirements. These situations are potentially very stressful and may lead to sickness, injury and economic loss.This study was conducted to examine behavioral responses o f foals weaned by varying management systems as a potential indication of stress incurredby foals at weaning time.EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURETwenty-one Quarter Horse foals were used in this study. All foals werehandled prior to weaning to facilitate data collection and to ensure datacollection itself would not be an extraneous source of stress. Handling beganat birth and continued twice weekly until the foal was 2 m o n t h s o f age. Eachhandling session lasted approximately 15 min and consisted o f catching andrubbing the foal while it was stalled with its dam. All foals were vaccinatedand de-wormed 1 m o n t h prior to weaning.Foals were blocked by sex and birth-date and randomly assigned to one o ffive different weaning management regimes in a randomized, blocked designwith two main effects; separation m e t h o d and pre-weaning feeding management. Weaning management regimes (treatments) were as follows:TSNC-- Abrupt complete separation of mare and foal; no pre-weaningcreep feed (n 5)TSC-- Abrupt complete separation of mare and foal; foals with preweaning creep feed (n 4)PSNC-- Partial separation o f mare and foal allowing visual, auditoryand olfactory contact; no pre-weaning creep feed (n 5)PSC--Partial separation of mare and foal allowing visual, auditoryand olfactory contact; foals with pre-weaning creep feed (n 4)CONControls; no separation of mare and foal; foals with pre-weaning creep feed (n 3)All foals were weaned at 4 m o n t h s o f age. Mares and foals were maintained on pasture prior to weaning. In TSNC and PSNC treatments, mares werefed their concentrate ration from buckets situated 1.5 m high on posts toprevent foals from eating their dams' feed. In TSC, PSC and CON treatments, mares were fed their concentrate ration from feeders on the ground.Foals o n these treatments could eat their dam's feed and also had access toadditional feed provided free choice in a 4 m 4 m creep feeder (16% crudeprotein commercially available diet 1).During weaning, all foals were placed in mesh wire pens approximately15 m 15 m with 1.2-m high fences. After placing the foal in the weaning--zCargill-Nutrena Feeds, Giddings, TX, U.S.A.
29pen, dams in TSNC and TSC treatments were moved so that their foalscould not see, hear or smell them. Dams in PSNC and PSC treatments wereput in pens adjoining the foals' weaning pens. Fence-line contact betweenthese mares and foals was permitted for 7 days following weaning, then damswere moved where their foals could not see, hear or smell them. In CONtreatments, both foal and dam were placed in the same pen. All foals werekept in the weaning pens for 14 days following weaning, then were turnedo u t to pasture. Mares and foals from the CON treatment were also kept inthe weaning pens for 14 days before being turned back to pasture. This ensured that CON foals were exposed to the same surroundings and experiences,except actual weaning, as weaned foals. Foals were always weaned in pairsor triplets to ensure any observed behavioral changes resulted from weaningrather than from isolation. Weaning always started between 07.00 and 10.00 h.Each foal was observed for 5 h immediately following weaning. This 5-htime-span was determined by watching the first 2 groups o f weaned foals for18 and 14 h, respectively. Five hours was determined to be sufficient timeto detect behavioral differences among foals on various treatments.Time spent in the various patterns of activity behavior (lying down, standing still, walking, trotting and cantering) was recorded during the observationperiod. Number and type of vocalizations were counted for each foal. Occurrences o f other behaviors such as aggression, pawing, non-nutritional suckingand playing were also noted. Behavioral data were analyzed for each hour o fobservation to investigate hourly differences after weaning. Analysis ofvariance in a randomized blocked design with t r e a t m e n t and sex as sourcesof variation were used in data examination from weaned and non-weaned(CON) foals. Least squares means of behavioral characteristics were compared using Duncan's new multiple range test (Steel and Torrie, 1980} onlyif the treatment F statistic was significant (P 0.05). When the F statisticfor weaning treatment was significant, effects o f separation m e t h o d andcreep feed on post-weaning performance of weaned foals (CON treatmentexcluded) were examined by analyses of variance in a 2 2 factorial analysis.Relationships among behavioral characteristics were studied using simplecorrelation analyses.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONLocomotor patternsThe a m o u n t o f time foals on each t r e a t m e n t spent standing still or walking are shown in Table I. Foals on TSNC t r e a t m e n t spent less time (P :0.05) standing still than foals on other treatments. The TSC and PSNC treatments did not differ (P 0.05) in mean time standing still, and these foalsstood still significantly longer than TSNC foals. The lower activity levels o fTSC and PSNC foals indicates t h e y were less upset during weaning t h a nTSNC foals, and suggests t h a t provision o f pre-weaning creep feed or partial
30contact with the dam m a y off-set some stress involved in separation of mareand foal. The PSC and CON foals stood still significantly longer than foalson other treatments. The CON foals were assumed to exhibit l o c o m o t o rpatterns typical of unweaned and non-stressed foals, and they spent themajority of their time standing by their dams. The PSC foals also spent themajority o f their time standing within 4 m of their dams in the adjoiningpen. The PSC foals did not differ (P 0.05) from CON foals in their locom o t o r patterns, indicating the PSC weaning method allowed foals to maintain l o c o m o t o r patterns they utilized prior to weaning.TABLEILeast squares m e a n s o f t i m e s ( m i n ) foals s p e n t s t a n d i n g still and walkingTreatmentS t a n d i n g stillWalkingTSNCTSCPSNCPSCCON93.9 a162.5 b175.8 b272.5 c283.8 c182.1 a118.8 v'b108.3 b27.5 c3.8 cS.E.9.O9.1a,b,c C o l u m n m e a n s w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t s d i f f e r (P 0.05).Mean walking times (Table I) for the TSNC and TSC foals were notsignificantly different. Walking in these treatmens seemingly contained anet-epimeletic component. These foals often vocalized while walking aroundthe perimeter of the weaning pen and then turned quickly around and walked or trotted in the opposite direction while vocalizing. Answering vocalizations or visible movements o f unrelated adult horses caused an immediateorientation in these foals to the direction of the sound or movement. Thisorientation movement was not observed in other treatments. The TSC treatment did not differ from the PSNC treatment, again suggesting that preweaning creep feed or partial contact with the dam may off-set some stressinvolved in weaning. The PSC and CON foals did not differ in mean walkingtimes and spent significantly less time walking than those from the othertreatments.Table II shows mean times foals on each treatment spent lying down,trotting and cantering. Treatment did not significantly affect times foalsspent lying down and cantering, b u t differences in mean trotting timeapproached significance. Although time spent lying down was n o t significantly affected by treatment, treatment differences in lying postures were observed. The PSNC, PSC and CON foals spent much of their lying time inlateral recumbency. In contrast, TSNC and TSC foals would lie in sternalrecumbency b u t were not observed for any length o f time in lateral recumbency. Their lying b o u t s usually consisted o f lying down, rolling and then
31TABLE IILeast squares means of times (min) foals spent lying down, trotting and canteringTreatmentLying downTrotting 36.30.00.01.30.01.30.00.03.13.90.3S.E.1Effect of treatment on trotting time approaches significance (P 0.06).TABLE IIILeast squares means of times (min) foals of each sex spent in the various locomotormodesL o co m o t o r modeColtFillyS.E.Lying downStanding still IWalking .51.03.19.09.13.90.31Effect o f sex of foal on time spent standing still approaches significance (P 0.07).2Effect of sex o f foal on time spent walking approaches significance (P 0.06).spending 1--4 min in sternal recumbency before standing. These differencesin lying posture may reflect levels of relaxation or anxiety in the foals.Houpt (1980) suggests paradoxical sleep occurs only during lateral recumbency in the horse, A calm, secure environment is apparently required before a horse will lie in lateral recumbency. Lack of paradoxical sleep couldbe an important factor involved in weaning stress, since foals sleep morefrequently than adult horses (Houpt, 1980) and since hormone releases(notably growth hormone) and cell division are intricately related to thesleep cycle (Tepperman, 1980).Table III shows mean times foals of each sex spent in the various patternsof activity behaviors. Sex of foal did not significantly affect any locomotionmode, but did influence times foals spent standing still (P 0.07) and walking (P 0.06). Colts tended to stand still longer and walk less than fillies.This tendency may reflect variations in stress perception, emotionality,maturation rate or mobility between the sexes (Critchlow et al., 1963; Gray,1971; Brain, 1972).Times the weaned foals (CON excluded) spent standing still or walkingwere significantly affected by both separation method (Table IV) and access
32TABLE IVInfluenceo f separation method on times (min) weaned foals spent standing still andwalkingISeparation methodStanding stillWalkingTotalPartialS.E.128.9 b230.3 c13.6149.9 b61.8 c13.4'Values are least squares means.b,CColumn means with different superscripts differ (P 0.01).TABLE VInfluence of pre-weaning feeding management on times (rain)* weaned foals spent standing still and walkingFeeding managementStanding stillWalkingNo creepCreepS.E.141.6 b217.5 e13.6138.5 b73.1 e13.41Values are least squares means.b,eColumn means with different superscripts differ (P 0.01).to creep feed (Table V). Foals on total separation weaning methods spentmore time walking and less time standing still (P 0.01) than foals on partial separation weaning methods. Foals w i t h o u t access to pre-weaning creepfeed also spent more time walking and less time standing still (P 0.01) thanfoals with pre-weaning creep feed.VocalizationsTotal vocalizations for each foal ranged from 0 to 722 during the 5-h observation period. Mean vocalizations for each treatment during each hour ofobservation are shown in Table VI. During the first, second and fifth hourpost-weaning, TSNC and TSC treatments elicited higher vocalizations (P 0.05) than other treatments. During the third and fourth hour post-weaning,TSNC treatment caused more vocalizations than any other treatment. Duringeach hour of observation, PSNC and PSC treatments did not differ significantly from the CON treatment, indicating that foals on these treatmentshad vocalization frequencies similar to unweaned foals.Vocalizations of the weaned foals (CON excluded) were affected (P 0.001) by separation method, with total-separation foals vocalizing morefrequently than partial-separation foals (Fig. 1). Foals on the partial separation weaning m e t h o d vocalized most often during the first hour post-wean-
33T A B L E VIL e a s t s q u a r e s m e a n s o f v o c a l i z a t i o n s o f foals d u r i n g e a c h h o u rTreatmentHour post-weaningTSNCTSCPSNCPSCCONS.E.1234597.4 a93.0 a3.3 b16.8 b1.5 b123.8 a128.8 a7.2 b8.3 b2.0 b97.0 a66.8 b7.2 c8.3 c2.0 c85.8 a53.3 b4.0 c3.5 c0.0 c50.3 a39.8 a2.7 b2.3 b0.0 b4.13.92.87.89.5a,b,CColumn m e a n s w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t s differ (P 0 . 0 5 ) .ing (87 vocalizations) and their vocalizations decreased steadily during theobservation period, with only 22 vocalizations occurring during the fifthhour post-weaning. Total-separation foals vocalized most during the secondhour after weaning. After the second hour post-weaning, vocalizations oftotal-separation foals decreased steadily but remained substantially higher1200--1100--1000--900-- 0800--N700--600--500--/D\/"/\Total Separation . Partial Separation\/\d" n--- --. \ 3 0\"\"\400300200 -I00- - ".O--/"0 . .4)" . . . . . . . . . . . n"2'/'1IIIIi2345Hour PostweaningFig. 1. T o t a l v o c a l i z a t i o n s d u r i n g e a c h h o u r p o s t - w e a n i n g f o r w e a n e d f o a l s o n e a c h separation method.
34than those of partial-separation foals through the 5 h of post-weaning observation.Access to pre-weaning creep feed did not affect (P 0.05) number ofvocalizations during any hour of observation.All vocalizations recorded were whinnies, which are considered to bedistress calls (Tyler, 1972; Feist and McCullough, 1976). As with l o c o m o t o rpatterns, vocalizations were related to et-epimeletic behavior. Visible movements of unrelated adult horses generated vocalizations in foals, and vocalizations of one foal were usually accompanied or followed b y vocalizationsof other foals.Simple correlation coefficients between total vocalizations over the 5-hobservation period and time spent in the various locomotion modes showthat vocalizations were negatively related to time spent standing still (r --0.67, P 0.001) and positively related to time spent walking (r 0.66,P 0.001) and trotting (r 0.48, P 0.05). These relationships suggest thatfoals upset enough to vocalize frequently also exhibited increased l o c o m o t o ractivity.Other behaviorsFoals on all treatments except CON exhibited aggression to other foalsduring the observation period. Most aggressive acts were threats to kick otherfoals, as described by H o u p t et al. (1978). Aggression began during the firsthour post-weaning. Sex of foal did not influence the incidence of aggression;6 colts and 5 fillies exhibited agonistic behavior during weaning. Pawing wasalso observed in all treatments except CON and began within the first hourafter weaning. Play behavior was seen only in CON foals during the observation period, b u t was observed in all treatments b y 2 weeks post-weaning.Non-nutritional sucking of other foals was observed in all treatmentsexcept CON. Non-nutritional sucking started within 2 h post-weaning andwas observed up to 2 weeks post-weaning. Foals are opportunistic suckers(Waring et al., 1975) which suck every 1--2 h at 4 months of age (Tyler,1972); therefore, some non-nutritional sucking episodes seem inevitableduring artificial weaning. Tyler (1972) stated that non-nutritional suckingacts as a comforting stimulus in unweaned foals, and it may be indicative ofweaning stress (Wood-Gush et al., 1975).These data on l o c o m o t o r patterns, vocalization frequencies and otherbehaviors indicate that different management regimes can cause behavioraldifferences in foals during weaning. When subjected to total-separation weaning management, foals which did not have access to pre-weaning creep feedexhibited more behavioral signs of stress than foals which had been creep-fedbefore weaning. Provision of creep feed prior to weaning decreased theactivity levels of foals weaned b y total separation b u t did not affect theirvocalization frequency. Foals on partial separation weaning treatments hadlower activity levels and vocalization numbers than foals on total separation
35treatments. Also, partially separated foals with access to pre-weaning creepfeed did not exhibit behaviors significantly different from unweaned foals.Further research is being summarized which measures physiological responses of these foals to the varying weaning management systems. Thosedata will be reported at a later date. In any event, behavioral responses offoals as measured in this study indicate that foals should be adjusted to creepfeed prior to weaning and weaned in a partial-separation management systemthat minimizes the stressful effects of weaning.REFERENCESBrain, P.F., 1972. Mammalian behavior and the adrenal cortex - - a review. Behav. Biol.,7: 453.Critchlow, V., Liebelt, R.A., Bar-Sela, M., Mountcastle, W. and Lipscomb, H.S., 1963.Sex difference in resting pituitary--adrenal function in the rat. Am. J. Physiol., 205:807--813.Feist, J.D. and McCullough, D.R., 1976. Behavior patterns and communication in feralhorses. Z. Tierpsychol., 41: 337--371.Gray, J.A., 1971. Sex differences in emotional behavior in mammals including man:endocrine basis. Acta Psyehol., 35: 29--46.Houpt, K.A., 1980. The characteristics of equine sleep. Equine Pract., 2: 8--17.Houpt, K.A., Law, K. and Martinisi, V., 1978. Dominance hierarchies in domestic horses.Appl. Anita. Ethol., 4: 273--283.Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H., 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill,New York.Tepperman, J., 1980. Metabolic and Endocrine Physiology. 4th edn. Year Book MedicalPublishers, Chicago.Tyler, S.J., 1972. The behavior and social organization o f New Forest ponies. Anita.Behav. Monographs, 5 : 87--196.Waring, G.H., Wierzbowski, S. and Hafez, E.S.E., 1975. The behavior of horses. In: E.S.E.Hafez (Editor), The Behavior of Domestic Animals. 3rd edn. Williams and Wilkins,Baltimore, pp. 330--369.Wood-Gush, D.G.M., Duncan, I.J.H. and Frazer, D., 1975. Social stress and welfare problems in agricultural animals. In: E.S.E. Hafez (Editor), The Behaviour of DomesticAnimals. 3rd edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 182--200.
TSC -- Abrupt complete separation of mare and foal; foals with pre- weaning creep feed (n 4) PSNC -- Partial separation of mare and foal allowing visual, auditory and olfactory contact; no pre-weaning creep feed (n 5) . additional feed provided free choice in a 4 m 4 m creep feeder
PHYSICAL EDUCATION SCORING GUIDE Elementary: K-2 PERFORM 5 4 3 2 1 A. Locomotor Skills A. Locomotor Skills A. Locomotor Skills A. Locomotor Skills A. Locomotor Skills Demonstrates mature pattern* of all four locomotor skills (hop, gallop, slide, skip) with fluid motion. *Mature Pattern for Hop: 1) Body erect with head facing forward
(Carnatic Music Association of Georgia) 8:30 AM- 9:45 AM 10:00 AM- 11:30 AM # Participants Category 1 Adithya Karthik Upadhyayula Vocal 2 Manvitha Sai Kaza Vocal 3 Pranitha Sai Kaza Vocal 4 Prarthana Bhaaradwaj Vocal 5 Sripoorva Prasanna Vocal 6 Sudarshan Prasanna Vocal 7 Sarah Jeyaraj Vocal 8 Arnav S. Raman Veena
Activity 2: Locomotor Skills Using masking or colourful tapes, create tracks or even a hopscotch to perform different locomotor skills. You can also use safe objects as obstacles to make this activity more fun and challenging. Ensure safety of your children. If you have smaller children, demonstrate how each movement is done.
music (CCM) vocal pedagogy through the experiences of two vocal pedagogy teachers, the other in the USA and the other in Finland. The aim of this study has been to find out how the discipline presently looks from a vocal pedagogy teacher's viewpoint, what has the process of building higher education CCM vocal pedagogy courses been
MOTOR SKILLS MOVEMENT CONCEPTS CURRICULAR CONCEPTS Locomotor Non-locomotor Manipulative Effort awareness, spatial . Children go back and forth using different locomotor skills (hopping, running, skipping, etc.) putting . Use laminated food pictures or plastic food.
adduction and vibratory aspects of the vocal folds, including the length and duration of vocal fold contact, the vocal fold length and thickness, and the mucosal wave of the vocal folds. The laryngeal sound is further altered by acoustic effects due to the shape of the pharyngeal, oral, and 1 Titze, Ingo R. Principles of Voice Production.
Semi-Occluded Vocal Tract Exercises (SOVTE) -used for many years by singers and voice professionals as warm-ups . Watch out for Forceful vocal folds adduction or phonation Do not overdrive any of breath (hyper function) or vocal closure Avoid staccato, more stressful vocal adduction.
To learn more, click the icon at the upper-right corner of the window and open the WaveSystem Guide. Waves Vocal Rider User Guide 5 Chapter 2 – Quickstart Guide Insert Vocal Rider as the last plug-in on your vocal or vocal group track.
