Why Pay More For Paint?
Paint?Why PayMore forAt one end of Lowe’s 60-ft.-long paint aisle is a shelf stocked withvalspar Duramax exterior latex paint, 33.98 a gallon. nearbyis olympic Premium exterior latex paint, 22.98 a gallon.Is the valspar 33% better than the olympic? And otherthan price, how would a buyer know?“Good paint and cheap paint look the same when you open thecan,” says bob Welch, technical director for the master Painters Institute. Where they differ is in the binders, pigments,and additives the manufacturer has used to make them. Howlong paint lasts, how easy it is to apply, and how well it hidessurface imperfections all depend on its ingredients.even if the ingredients are listed on the label (often they’renot) or on the material safety data sheet, buyers likely won’tunderstand what they are or what they do. Still, there are waysto narrow the field. Understanding how the basic components ofpaint work together is a good place to start.Latex has won the paint warsIncreasingly, house paint means latex paint. Water, rather than oils oralkyds, makes up the carrier, a liquid that disperses other ingredientsinto a uniform paint film. one reason for the shift toward latex paint istougher government regulations on the amount of volatile organic compounds (vocs) allowed in paint. Another is that latex paints perform well,especially outside, and now rival the workability of oil-based paint.manufacturers haven’t abandoned oil paints, but that’s not where their moneyis going. “they are not investing research-and-development dollars into alkydtechnology,” says Steven revnew, marketing director at Sherwin-Williams. “It’s allgoing into waterborne technology.”Professional painters have made the switch, too, although some prefer oil-based paintsfor high-wear surfaces like handrails or kitchen cabinets because they think the paintfilm is harder and more durable. tim Leahy, a painter in newport, r.I., loves the “beautiful, hard, glossy oil shine” and the way oil-based paint behaves in spray equipment.Leahy also likes exterior oil-based primer because it soaks deep into raw wood.Leahy isn’t alone, but latex paint is getting undeniably better as oil-based paintbecomes harder to find. “the reasons for using oil are shrinking as each year goes by,”richmond, va., painter brian Doherty says, somewhat wistfully.Binders add durability, flexibility, and sheenof the main ingredients in paint, the binder (also called the resin or polymer) is amongthe most expensive. binders are the glue that holds the paint film together, and they arewww.finehomebuilding.comBecause the binders,pigments, andadditives that makelong-lasting, durablefinishes don’t comecheapBY SCOTT GIBSONoctober/november 2008COPYRIGHT 2008 by The Taunton Press, Inc. Copying and distribution of this article is not permitted.63
CARRieRs4THEBASICINGREDIENTSBiNdeRsOf the main ingredients in paint, thebinder is one of the mostexpensive and most important. Common binders inlatex paints include acrylic, vinylacrylic, and styrene resin. Bindersare the key to performance qualities such as durability, UV-lightresistance, color retention, andflexibility. And binders givepaint its sheen.PiGMeNtsAdditiVesAdditives are used toenhance a paint’s workability, including leveling andsplatter control, and performance, including mildewresistance.the key to durability, resistance to Uv-light, color retention, flexibility, and a variety of other performance attributes that are particularly important in exterior paints. the most common bindersused in latex paints are acrylic and vinyl acrylic, though styreneresins are sometimes used.All-acrylic paints are typically more durable and more expensive than paints made with vinyl-acrylic binders. this distinctionshould be clearly marked on the label. revnew calls vinyl-acrylicthe “entry point” for exterior coatings. Using vinyl-acrylic instead ofall-acrylic binders reduces costs, but it also lowers the paint’s ability toexpand and contract and to protect against damage from Uv-light.the supremacy of 100% acrylic resin is not absolute, though. Welchprefers to think of it as an indicator of quality, not a guarantee. manufacturers can make proprietary resin blends that are just as good.Unfortunately, you might not know it from reading the label.resins also help to give paint its hardness and sheen. In paintindustry lingo, flat paints have a high pigment-volume concentration,or a high ratio of pigments to binders. Gloss and semigloss paints havea lower pigment-volume concentration. because binders often costmore than pigments, glossier paints are generally more expensive.Carriers are typically the largest volume component of paintand are used to transport theingredients that form the curedpaint film from the can to thesurface. Water is the carrierin latex paints, and mineral spirits is the carrierin most oil or alkydpaint.Pigments give paint color aswell as a quality called hide,the paint’s ability to cover asurface with a minimumnumber of coats.Pigments help paint to cover effectivelyPigments give paint its color and what the paint industry calls hide,the paint’s ability to cover a surface with a minimum number of coats.Prime pigments include red and yellow iron oxide, phalocyaninegreen or blue, and titanium dioxide. titanium dioxide is white incolor but is used in both light and dark paints. It is an important pigment because it is particularly effective at giving paint better coveringqualities than low-cost bulk pigments, called extenders.Getting the right proportion of titanium dioxide in a paint formulation is tricky. “the challenge is that more isn’t always better,” saysrevnew. “It’s really the whole pigment package. there is a certainlevel of titanium dioxide where you optimize hide, and adding anymore is not going to make a difference.”extenders, such as calcium carbonate, talc, silica, and clay, couldcost less than prime pigments, but Welch says it would be a mistakeiNside the hOuseMost roomsrequire at leastthree different types ofpaint, one forthe ceiling, onefor the walls,and one for thetrim. Color isan importantfactor, but so issheen. Kitchensand baths haverequirements alltheir own.64FIne HomebUILDInGbottom photos: Karen tanaka (left, center); eric roth (right).COPYRIGHT 2008 by The Taunton Press, Inc. Copying and distribution of this article is not permitted.
Painting the way to better air qualityWhat’s coming out of paint isjust as important these days aswhat’s going into it. Government regulations and a pushfor healthy indoor-air qualityare driving down the levels ofvolatile organic compounds(VOCs) allowed in paint.VOCs, the solvents that waftinto the air as paint dries, area contributor to smog. Rulesin effect nationally allow 380grams of VOCs per liter (g/l)in nonflat paints and 250 g/lin flat paints. (Specialty paintshave higher limits.)In two regions of the country, however, the regulationsare less forgiving. The OzoneTransport Commission, whichwrites model regulations for11 states in the Mid-Atlanticand Northeast, limits VOCs innonflat paints to 150 g/l andflat paints to 100 g/l. Rules inthe South Coast Air QualityManagement District, coveringparts of the Los Angeles areaof California, are even tougher.The national rules are due tostiffen in 2009.Manufacturers are alreadyproducing low- and no-VOCpaints, but there’s a catch:Government VOC rules applyto the tint base, not to the colorant added at the paint store.Further, national rules coveronly VOCs that contributeto smog while exemptingpotentially harmful chemicalssuch as acetoneand limonene, apowerful citrussolvent.Both latex andalkyd paints havetraditionally beentinted with universal colorants,and their contribution to thetotal VOC content of paint canbe “significant,”says Carl Minchew, directorof product development atBenjamin Moore. How much,exactly, depends on the colorand the volume of tint addedat the store, but Minchew saysit’s possible that a colorantcould push paint over the allowed threshold for VOCseven though the tint base itself falls within the guidelines.Benjamin Moore and ICI areamong manufacturers thathave developed new typesof colorants that do not addVOCs to paint. BenjaminMoore’s is called Gennex,which goes into its Aura lineof latex paints. ICI’s no-VOCcolorant canbe found inits Freshairepaints. A number of smallercompaniesalso havedeveloped noVOC and lowVOC paints.At least threeorganizationsset greenstandards forpaint—Green Seal, Greenguard, and the Master Painters Institute (MPI)—and theylist certified products on theirWeb sites.Green Seal’s certificationrequirements (called GS-11standards) cover several performance standards as wellas limit VOC content and bansome chemicals altogether(www.greenseal.org). GreenSeal’s revised rules releasedearlier this year cap VOCs at100 g/l for nonflat and 50 g/lfor flat paints. By 2010, GS11 standards also will covercolorants added at the pointof sale.Greenguard takes a differentapproach, measuring chemicalemissions from applied paintrather than setting limits onwhat’s in the can. As a result,its standards already measurethe effect of colorants (www.greenguard.org).MPI, which also writes performance standards for paintfor the U.S. and Canadian governments, maintains a list ofapproved green products at itsWeb site (www.paintinfo.com).Air-emission standards arebecoming increasingly important for builders trying to meetgreen-building requirements,such as those of the LEED forHomes program, a set of criteria that covers a long list ofconstruction and performanceissues. When it comes to paint,LEED for Homes uses GreenSeal’s GS-11 rules.W allsT rimC eilingK itchens & B athsIf durability and scrubbabilityare priorities, choose a highersheen. Higher sheens typicallymean better wear resistanceand washability, but they alsoshow surface imperfections.Flat paints, on the other hand,hide imperfections on olderwalls but could develop shinyburnish marks if scrubbed.At the high end of the costrange, manufacturers areintroducing lower-sheen paintswith good burnish and stainresistance. Higher prices alsomean better coverage andease of application, and lesssplatter. Expect to pay 10 to 45 per gallon.Interior trim and builtins are two of thelast strongholds foralkyd paint. Many proslove the way oil paintlevels out into a glasssmooth finish beforecuring, and the hardpaint film holds upwell to wear. High-end,semigloss latex paintsand enamels are starting to rival this performance, and regulations limiting volatileorganic compoundswill speed the trend.Expect to pay 25 to 50 per gallon.Durability is not acommon issue on theceiling, so flat paintsthat mask surface flawsand touch up easilyare preferable. Topquality ceiling paintsare more uniform insheen and cover infewer coats with lessroller splatter. Ceilingpaints that changecolor as they dry (frompink to white, for example) make it easy toget even coverage ona shadowy overheadsurface. Expect to pay 10 to 30 per gallon.Kitchen and bath paints areno gimmick. In these hardworking, wet rooms, durability, scrubbability, andmildew resistance are extraimportant. These paints haveexcellent wear resistance andstain-release characteristics sothat surfaces can be washedwithout damaging the film.They’re also formulated withmildewcides that block thegrowth of mold and mildew.Satin sheen is a good choicefor the walls. Use semiglosstrim paint for cabinetry, andconsider using a ceiling paintwith a mildewcide. Expect topay 20 to 50 per gallon.www.finehomebuilding.comoctober/november 2008COPYRIGHT 2008 by The Taunton Press, Inc. Copying and distribution of this article is not permitted.65
Written warranties are anindication of the manufacturer’sconfidence in the paint’s durability,manufacture and handle, Zimmer says, soleaving this ingredient out is an easy wayand therefore are a good measure of overall quality.to save money. Really cheap exterior paintWarranties range from a year or two all the way upmight not have one at all.to a “lifetime,” typically meaning for as long as theIn general, consumers have no real waypaint buyer owns the house.of knowing what additives a manufacDuration, a top exterior paint from Sherwinturer has used. It’s a fair bet that a comWilliams, for example, is warranted not to blister orpany’s top-of-the-line exterior paint willpeel for as long as the purchaser owns the home. Ifhave more additives than its economythe paint film does fail, the company says it will prograde interior paint. According to Welch,vide enough paint to fix the problem or will refundwhen buying paint, it is important to bethe original purchase price.specific about where it will be used. ForThe catch, of course, is that you’ll have to provideexample, additives that allow exterior paintproof of purchase if you want to file a claim. Andto shrink and expand with changes in moismanufacturers don’t pay for the labor required toture and temperature and that protect theprep the surface and apply a new coat of paint. Also,color from fading aren’t often importantthe deal is off if the surface has been improperlyfor interior paint. Paint for high-moistureprepped or if the paint has been applied incorrectly.areas such as bathrooms could have differLifetime warranties from other manufacturers areent additive packages than paint that won’tsimilar for the best (and most expensive) paints inbe subjected to high humidity.their lines. The warranties are generally not transferProfessional painters use several aftermarable to a new owner.Additives improve workabilityket additives to increase paint’s workabilityWhatever the fine print says, longer warranties areand performanceand performance. A favorite is Floetrol (orAdditives are the last principal ingredient typically a sign of better-quality paint.Penetrol for alkyd paints), a conditionerof paint, and they can affect everythingmade by Flood (www.flood.com) that isfrom workability and mildew resistance to leveling, stability, and used to improve flow and leveling, minimize brush and roller marks,splatter control. Although additives are not high-volume ingredients, and make it easier to use paint in spray equipment.they make a big difference in performance.Don DeMair, a New Jersey pro, keeps Floetrol on hand and saysMildew resistance is especially important for exterior and kitchen it can make a big difference in extremely dry conditions when paintand bathroom paints, and it should be clear from the label whether a would set up too quickly. If he uses an additive, however, DeMairparticular type of paint contains a mildewcide, according to Debbie says he’s careful to mix it into all the paint he’s using so that sheen andZimmer of the Paint Quality Institute. Mildewcides are expensive to color are the same from one can of paint to the next.to think their only role is to make paint lessexpensive to manufacture. “The propercombination of prime and extender pigments will give better performance thanusing only prime pigments and add properties not obtainable with prime pigmentsalone,” Welch says.Taken together, pigments and resinsmake up most of paint’s solids, the materials that form the film when the carrier hasevaporated. One old chestnut in the paintindustry is that higher solids content predicts a better-performing paint. Is at leastthis much true?“It can be,” says Jim Stange, senior brandmanager at ICI Paints, which manufactures several brands. “It’s one of the thingsthat indicate quality. Paint solids are onething, but thickness (viscosity) and ease ofapplication also are important.”Outside the housesidingT rimfloorsThe preparations that go into exterior painting are gruelingChoose all-acrylicwater-based formulations over thosemade with vinylacrylic or styrenebinders, but keepin mind that somemanufacturers useproprietary ingredients that mightnot be listed on thelabel. Higher pricesbuy better grades ofbinders and additivesthat offer highermildew and UVresistance, bettercolor retention, andmore film flexibilityto reduce crackingand peeling. Expectto pay 20 to 55per gallon.As is the casewith sidingpaint, allacrylic latextrim paint lastslonger thanother blendsand enduresseasonal woodmovement.For decorative purposes,trim paintsoften haveslightly moregloss than siding paint. Butmore gloss alsotranslates tohigher durability. Expect topay 20 to 55per gallon.Few surfacestake as muchabuse as afloor. Moreexpensivepaints thatare labeledspecificallyfor porchesand floorshave all thecharacteristics of otherexteriorpaints plusincreasedabrasionresistanceand betteradhesion.Expect to pay 25 to 50per gallon.tasks. Don’t let your hard work go to waste by choosing inadequatepaint. When in doubt, stick with mildew-resistant, 100% acrylic paint.66FINE HOMEBUILDINGPhotos this page: Charles Miller (left); Charles Bickford (right).COPYRIGHT 2008 by The Taunton Press, Inc. Copying and distribution of this article is not permitted.
Are“boutique” paints bogus?A good paint store can mix just about anycolor you want, but if you’re looking fora little help in picking just the right shadeof blue, you can turn to Eddie, Martha,or Ralph.That’s Eddie Bauer, Martha Stewart, andRalph Lauren, each of which has a line ofdesigner paint. Judging from Web sites foreach of the three paintlines, the choice ismore about color thanperformance. EddieBauer paints, forexample, are dividedinto four groups:Lakeside Cottage(“light, refreshing”), American Farmhouse(“warm, natural”), Craftsman Bungalow(“dark, muted”), and Ridgeline Cabin(“deep, rich”). Martha Stewart paint represents an “extraordinary collection ofcolors drawn from nature, from history,and from Martha’s favorite things.” Martha Stewart and Eddie Bauer paints areboth manufactured by Valspar, a brandsold at Lowe’s.The Web site for Ralph Lauren paint,which is made by ICI Paints, is the onlyone of the three that directly mentionsthe paint itself. According to ICI, RalphLauren paints are high-quality coatingswith a high solids content, all-acrylic resins, and a lifetime warranty—the sameclaims that could be made by othermanufacturers for their top paints. Butinstead of having to look through thousands of individual color samples, consumers already have some of the sortingdone for them, ICI says, and that can beperceived as a big benefit.In addition to solid colors, the RalphLauren line includes paints that producesuede and metallic finishes. And they canbe well worth the premium price, saysinterior designer Debbie Wiener.“I like Ralph Lauren paints and I do thinkthey offer some unique textures and painteffects that warrant the higher price tag,”Wiener says. “They’re more expensive,Packaged mildewcide can be added as further protection againstmold and mildew growth. top-quality paints might already containthis type of protection, and a mildewcide doesn’t guarantee that mildew won’t appear on a painted surface under the right conditions.“I’m more of a fan of doing an extreme wash preparation beforeI paint,” says rhode Island pro tim Leahy. He uses a commercialcleaner like Jomax (www.zinsser.com) and believes that starting witha clean, mildew-free surface is probably the best insurance.virginia painter brian Doherty, however, uses a mildewcide if hethinks it will help. “If I can see that mildew is a recurring problem,I will go ahead and use a mildewcide no matter how good the paintitself is, just as a backup,” he says.Although additives can be helpful, the paint industry doesn’t universally recommend them. Zimmer says that additives have thepotential to hamper paint performance, especially when used inexcess. “While you may be able to apply the paint better and have itopen longer, down the road that paint may not perform as well as youexpected,” she says.the best advice is probably to use additives judiciously, and neverin higher concentrations than recommended by the manufacturer. AsZimmer puts it, if it’s 100 F outside and the paint dries on the brushbefore you can apply it, maybe it’s not the best day to be painting.everyone agrees that you get what you pay forWhile consumers have little way of knowing exactly what’s in a canof paint, both the paint industry and paint professionals say price is awww.finehomebuilding.combut you can save by not hiring a professional decorative painter.”The world of boutique paints also includesFarrow & Ball, a small English companythat makes oil- and water-based paints in132 colors and 13 finishes. Some cost morethan 160 a gallon. Farrow & Ball attributes the high cost to small-batch manufacturing, the use of naturally occurringpigments where possible, quality testingat each stage of production, consistentcolor accuracy, and no cheap fillers. Moreover, the paints have no formaldehyde orammonia, and most are classed as no-VOCcoatings, according to the company.But is the color really any different?Some designers think so, but not necessarily paint pros. One painter who typicallyworks on high-end jobs where Farrow &Ball paint is specified has substitutedanother brand “in a pinch.”“We’ve matched their colors at ourlocal paint store and applied it, and thedesigner comes through and says, ‘Oh,yes, we love this color,’” the painter says.good indicator of quality. “the do-it-yourselfer can most often identify the top-of-the-line paint by a top-of-the-line price.” says Zimmer.“Purchase your favorite manufacturer’s paint, but always ask for thehighest price point because in a can of paint, you will absolutely getwhat you pay for.”Pros agree. “It definitely matters,” says Leahy. “Quality is there withthe higher-priced paints. You get what you pay for. If you go to abig-box store and buy cheap paint and apply it, you’re going to berepainting your house in 500 days.”In the end, buyers will do well by sticking with a brand they’vecome to trust, or by relying on recommendations from a professional.Whether it’s benjamin moore, Sherwin-Williams, Pittsburgh, or Farrow & ball, you can be sure that it won’t be their cheap stuff.one other thing: even the most expensive paint will fail if you don’tprepare the surface properly. “If you do proper prep and the surface isready to go, sometimes that cheaper paint might do oK,” says Leahy.“but if you do a lousy prep job, it’s going to fail.” Scott Gibson is a contributing editor. Photos by Krysta S. Doerfler, except where noted.FineHomebuilding.comLook for the Magazine Extras section on our home page for acollection of articles about proper painting preparationand techniques.october/november 2008COPYRIGHT 2008 by The Taunton Press, Inc. Copying and distribution of this article is not permitted.67
powerful citrus solvent. Both latex and alkyd paints have traditionally been tinted with uni-versal colorants, and their con-tribution to the total VOC con-tent of paint can be “significant,” says Carl Minchew, director of product development at Benjamin Moore. How much, exactly, depends on
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